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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF KITCHEN WASTE IN SWINE RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Kumar, Sunil; Sinha, A.P.The present study was carried out on 50 indigenous grower pigs randomly divided into five groups having 10 in each group. Pigs of all the five groups were fed iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets as per NRC (1988) recommendation. Pigs in control group (T1) was fed a standard concentrate mixture, whereas the same was replaced with kitchen waste (75% level) in T2, kitchen waste and rice fermented waste (1:1) at 75 percent level in T3, kitchen waste (100 %) level) in T4, kitchen waste and rice fermented waste (1:1) combined (100 % level) in T5 group. Body weight of pigs at various ages, digestibility of nutrients, plane of nutrition, balances of N, Ca and P, feed conversion efficiency, AST and ALT level in blood serum, status of internal parasites, carcass characteristics, reproductive behaviour and economics of feeding were recorded in different groups of pig. Initial average body weight of pigs in groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 7.55 ± 0.39, 7.65 ± 0.39, 7.50 ± 0.44, 7.50 ± 0.32 and 7.60 ± 0.42 kg, respectively, which did not differ significantly among themselves. Although, the effect of diet fed had non-significant influence on final body weight during growing period (1st to 9th fortnight) but higher body weight was recorded in pigs of T4 group (27.83 kg) followed by T2 (26.11 kg), T1 (24.50 kg), T5 (23.78 kg) and T3 (23.72 kg) groups, respectively. During the finishing period (10th to 17th fortnight), the effect of diet fed had significant influence on final body weight, significantly higher body weight was recorded in pigs of group T4 (55.33 kg) followed by T2 (49.83 kg), T5 (46.83 kg), T1 (45.49 kg) and T3 (44.11 kg) groups, respectively, but latter four groups did not differ significantly. The value of group T2 also did not differ significantly from group T4. With respect of total weight gain during growing period (1st to 9th fortnight), highest weight gain was recorded in pigs of group T4 (20.16 kg) followed by T2 (18.39 kg), T1 (16.77 kg), T3 (16.22 kg) and T5 (16.11 kg) groups, respectively. During finishing period (10th to 17th fortnight) total weight gain in pigs was significantly higher in group T4 (27.50 kg) than, T5 (22.72 kg), T1 (20.77 kg) and T3 (20.38 kg) groups, respectively. The values of latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The, value of group T2 (23.77 kg) also did not differ significantly from any other groups. The overall total weight gain during whole of the experimental period (1st to 17th fortnight) was recorded significantly higher in group T4 (47.67 kg) followed by T2 (42.11 kg), T5 (39.28 kg), T1 (38.00 kg and T3 (36.61 kg) groups, respectively, of which latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. With respect of average daily weight gain during growing period (1st to 9th fortnight) higher weight gain was recorded in pigs maintained on T4 diet (160.04 g) followed by T2 (150.55 g), T1 (133.15 g), T5 (128.74 g) and T3 diets (127.86 g), respectively. During finishing period (10th to 17th fortnight) average daily weight gain was significantly higher in pigs maintained on T4 diet (242.16 g) than T5 (202.81 g), T1 (185.51 g) and T3 diets (182.03 g), respectively. The values observed on latter three diets did not differ significantly. The value of diet T2 (212.29 g) also did not differ significantly from any other diets. Similar to finishing period the overall average daily weight gain as whole of the experimental periods (1st to 17th fortnight) was recorded to be significantly higher on T4 diet (200.29 g) than T5 (164.78 g), T1 (159.77 g) and T3 diets (154.00 g), respectively. The value observed on latter three diets did not differ significantly among themselves. The value observed on T2 diet (176.11g) was also did not differ significantly from any other diets. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were found to be superior in T4 group followed by T2, T5, T3 and T1 groups, but digestibility co-efficient of DM was higher in T1 group than T3, and digestibility coefficient of CF was higher in group T1 than all other groups. However, the differences in respect of CP and NFE were significant. Digestibility coefficient of CP was recorded to be significantly higher in T4 group (78.89 %) followed by T2 (74.76 %), T5 (68.43 %), T3 (67.00 %) and T1 (62.44 %) groups, respectively, of which the values of latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The value of group T2 did not differ significantly from groups T3, T4 and T5 but differed significantly from group T1. The value of group T5 also did not differ significantly from group T4. The digestibility coefficient of NFE was recorded to be highest in T4 group (84.83 %) followed by T2 (80.81 %), T5 (74.06 %), T3 (75.61%) and T1 (73.34 %) groups, respectively, of which latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The value of group T2 did not differ significantly from any other groups. There was non-significant influence of diets on intake of DM, CP, TDN, DE and ME, however, DCP intake was significantly higher in T4 group (218.69 g/day) compared to T3 group (147.62 g/day). The values of T1 (160.17 g/day), T2 (197.25 g/day) and T5 (169.73 g/day) groups did not differ significantly from any other groups. Balances of N, Ca and P were positive in all the five groups. The N balance was significantly higher in T4 group as compared to groups T1 and T3. The values of groups T2 and T5 did not differ significantly from any other groups. The balances of Ca and P was significantly higher in T4 group followed by T2, T5, T1 and T3 groups, of which latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The value of T2 group did not differ significantly from T4 and T5 groups. Diet had non-significant influence on blood serum AST and ALT level during the whole experimental period under study. The AST level at the end of the experiment varied from 28.97 to 32.56 U/ml. ALT level at the end of the experiment varied from 28.00 to 30.04 U/ml. Status of Internal parasites were almost equal in all the five groups at different stages. Significantly better feed conversion efficiency during growing, finishing and overall experimental period was recorded in T4 group (4.65:1, 4.88:1 and 4.76:1) followed by T2 (4.92:1, 5.41:1 and 5.15:1), T5 (5.46:1, 5.78:1 and 5.18:1), T3 (5.41:1, 6.18:1 and 5.77:1) and T1 (5.63:1, 6.48:1 and 5.94:1) groups, respectively, the values of latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The value of T2 group did not differ significantly from group T3, T4 and T5 during growing (1st to 9th fortnight), finishing (10th to 17th fortnight) and overall in whole of the experimental periods (1st to 17th fortnight). In general all the carcass characteristics were superior in pigs maintained in T4 diet than that T2 followed by T5 and lowest values were recorded in T1 and T3 diets. Significantly higher dressing percentage (without head) was recorded in pigs maintained on diets T4 (70.29 %), T2 (69.44 %) and T5 (67.69 %) than diet T1 (63.10 %) and T3 (63.60 %). The differences being nonsignificant among former three groups and between latter two groups. Significantly higher loin eye area was observed in pigs maintained on diets T4 (23.41 cm2) and T2 (19.75 cm2) as compared to diets T1 (14.53 cm2) and T3 (14.89 cm2). The value observed on diet T5 (16.10 cm2) did not differ significantly from diets T1, T2 and T3. Effect of diets fed had non-significant influence on reproductive performance of indigenous pigs in all the five groups. Effect of diets fed had non-significant influence on mortality percentage. However, preweaning mortality was highest in pigs maintained on T3 diet (23.66 %) and lowest on T4 (12.33 %). Cost of feed per kg gain in live weight was lowest in pigs maintained on T5 diet (Rs. 24.86, 25.94 and 25.24) followed by T4 (Rs. 27.60, 28.78 and 28.56), T3 (Rs. 32.79, 37.30 and 34.50), T2 (Rs. 34.98, 39.07 and 36.61) and highest on diet T1 (Rs. 58.70, 68.65 and 61.51) during growing period (1st to 9th fortnights), finishing period (10th to 17th fortnights) and overall as whole of the experimental period (1st to 17th fortnights). The per cent decreased in cost of feed per kg gain in body weight as compared to control (T1) was estimated to be highest in group T5 (57.65, 62.22 and 59.26 %) followed by groups T4 (52.99, 58.08 and 53.90 %), T3 (44.14, 45.67 and 44.31 %), T2 (40.31, 43.04 and 40.30 %), respectively, during growing, finishing and overall in whole of the experimental period.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF NIGER SEED CAKE WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTATION OF NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES DEGRADING ENZYMES IN QUAIL RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) SINHA, MUKUL RANJAN; Bhakt, R.200, day old Japanese quail chicks were procured from RVC quail farm and maintained at Hatchery Unit, Deptt. of Animal Nutrition. They were kept in a well ventilated cage (5 x 3 sqft). From 1st to 6th day they were given crushed maize and ad-lib. water to drink. On 7th day they were weighed and divided randomly into 5 groups (T1, T2, T3,T4 and T5). All the rations of different groups were prepared in such a way that they contained all the nutrients as per NRC (1971) recommendations. Group T1 (Control) was fed control ration containing GNC (32%), Maize (56%) fish meal (10%), mineral mixture (1.5%) and common salt (0.5%). In the ration of group T2 – 50% of GNC was replaced by NSC on protein equivalent basis. The diet of group T3 was the same as T2 but it was supplemented with Nutrizyme spl @ 10g/100kg of feed. In ration of group T4 the GNC protein was completely replaced by NSC and in group T5, ration was same as that of T4 but additionally supplemented with Nutrizyme sp. @ 10g/100kg feed. Birds were weighed at the start of the experiment and then at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. Metabolic trial was conducted at the end of 6th week of experiment with 2 days adjustment and 3 days collection. Daily feed intake, excreta voided were recorded. The samples of feed and excreta voided were analysed and balances of N, Ca and P were worked out. Economics of feeding was calculated on the basis of current market price of different feed ingredients. At the end of 6th experimental week of growth trial, 4 birds from each group were selected randomly for carcass quality study. Important findings of the experiment were as follows: 1. CP content of various rations varied from 23.44 percent to 23.74 percent and CF content varied from 4.69 percent (T1) to 8.99 percent (T5). The increase in the CF over and above the recommendation is due to the inclusion of Niger seed cake in the ration. 2. The average daily feed consumption of 5 groups were 21.15 ± 3.51, 20.89 ± 3.38, 20.20 ± 30.27, 20.74 ± 3.31 and 20.48 ± 3.26, respectively, which did not differ significantly among themselves 3. The average body weight of quails of group T5 was significantly higher (159.68) than those of T1 (142.43), T2 (144.00), T3 (149.73) and T4 (150.81). The mean body weight of quails of group T3 and T4 was significantly higher than those the quails of group T1 and T2, however, they did not differ among themselves. Similarly the mean body weight of quails of groups T1 and T2 did not differ significantly(P>0.05). 4. Quails of all the groups were in positive Nitrogen, Calcium and Phosphorus balance. 5. All carcass and organoleptic characters did not differ significantly among quails of various groups. 6. The average quantities of feed consumed per kg gain in live weight (feed conversion efficiency) were found to be 8.07 + 3.29, 8.74 + 3.60, 7.69 + 2.72, 7.63 + 2.51 and 6.92 + 2.27 g, respectively for groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. The ration of group T5 in which GNC was replaced by NSC and supplemented with NSP degrading enzyme showed the best FCR. 7. The cost of 100 kg compounded feed for groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were Rs.1290.50, Rs.1157.00, Rs.1187.00, Rs.1024.00 and Rs.1054.00, respectively. The ration of group T4 in which GNC was completely replaced by NSC was the cheapest. Inclusion of NSP (Non-starch polysaccharide) degrading enzyme in Niger seed cake feeding improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio in Japanese quail ration.ThesisItem Open Access PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION OF SOLVENT EXTRACTED mUSTARD SEED CAKE IN JAPANESA QUALITY RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Kumar, Rajesh; Thakur, S.Replacement of 50% of C.P. of G.N. cake with deoiled mustard cake either untreated or treated with copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate and combined copper & ferrous sulphate had no adverse effects on growth nutrient utilization and carcass qualities in growing, finishing quails. Moreover, it shows definite economic advantages in quail production and therefore may be used in their ration up to 15 parts replacing 50% of groundnut cake protein.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization Of Soybean (Glycine Max) As A Protein Substitute And Its Influence On Growth Performance In Piglets(Birsa Agricultural University;Ranchi, 2002) Devi, Asem Ameeta; Verma, A. k.