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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF KITCHEN WASTE IN SWINE RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Kumar, Sunil; Sinha, A.P.The present study was carried out on 50 indigenous grower pigs randomly divided into five groups having 10 in each group. Pigs of all the five groups were fed iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets as per NRC (1988) recommendation. Pigs in control group (T1) was fed a standard concentrate mixture, whereas the same was replaced with kitchen waste (75% level) in T2, kitchen waste and rice fermented waste (1:1) at 75 percent level in T3, kitchen waste (100 %) level) in T4, kitchen waste and rice fermented waste (1:1) combined (100 % level) in T5 group. Body weight of pigs at various ages, digestibility of nutrients, plane of nutrition, balances of N, Ca and P, feed conversion efficiency, AST and ALT level in blood serum, status of internal parasites, carcass characteristics, reproductive behaviour and economics of feeding were recorded in different groups of pig. Initial average body weight of pigs in groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 7.55 ± 0.39, 7.65 ± 0.39, 7.50 ± 0.44, 7.50 ± 0.32 and 7.60 ± 0.42 kg, respectively, which did not differ significantly among themselves. Although, the effect of diet fed had non-significant influence on final body weight during growing period (1st to 9th fortnight) but higher body weight was recorded in pigs of T4 group (27.83 kg) followed by T2 (26.11 kg), T1 (24.50 kg), T5 (23.78 kg) and T3 (23.72 kg) groups, respectively. During the finishing period (10th to 17th fortnight), the effect of diet fed had significant influence on final body weight, significantly higher body weight was recorded in pigs of group T4 (55.33 kg) followed by T2 (49.83 kg), T5 (46.83 kg), T1 (45.49 kg) and T3 (44.11 kg) groups, respectively, but latter four groups did not differ significantly. The value of group T2 also did not differ significantly from group T4. With respect of total weight gain during growing period (1st to 9th fortnight), highest weight gain was recorded in pigs of group T4 (20.16 kg) followed by T2 (18.39 kg), T1 (16.77 kg), T3 (16.22 kg) and T5 (16.11 kg) groups, respectively. During finishing period (10th to 17th fortnight) total weight gain in pigs was significantly higher in group T4 (27.50 kg) than, T5 (22.72 kg), T1 (20.77 kg) and T3 (20.38 kg) groups, respectively. The values of latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The, value of group T2 (23.77 kg) also did not differ significantly from any other groups. The overall total weight gain during whole of the experimental period (1st to 17th fortnight) was recorded significantly higher in group T4 (47.67 kg) followed by T2 (42.11 kg), T5 (39.28 kg), T1 (38.00 kg and T3 (36.61 kg) groups, respectively, of which latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. With respect of average daily weight gain during growing period (1st to 9th fortnight) higher weight gain was recorded in pigs maintained on T4 diet (160.04 g) followed by T2 (150.55 g), T1 (133.15 g), T5 (128.74 g) and T3 diets (127.86 g), respectively. During finishing period (10th to 17th fortnight) average daily weight gain was significantly higher in pigs maintained on T4 diet (242.16 g) than T5 (202.81 g), T1 (185.51 g) and T3 diets (182.03 g), respectively. The values observed on latter three diets did not differ significantly. The value of diet T2 (212.29 g) also did not differ significantly from any other diets. Similar to finishing period the overall average daily weight gain as whole of the experimental periods (1st to 17th fortnight) was recorded to be significantly higher on T4 diet (200.29 g) than T5 (164.78 g), T1 (159.77 g) and T3 diets (154.00 g), respectively. The value observed on latter three diets did not differ significantly among themselves. The value observed on T2 diet (176.11g) was also did not differ significantly from any other diets. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were found to be superior in T4 group followed by T2, T5, T3 and T1 groups, but digestibility co-efficient of DM was higher in T1 group than T3, and digestibility coefficient of CF was higher in group T1 than all other groups. However, the differences in respect of CP and NFE were significant. Digestibility coefficient of CP was recorded to be significantly higher in T4 group (78.89 %) followed by T2 (74.76 %), T5 (68.43 %), T3 (67.00 %) and T1 (62.44 %) groups, respectively, of which the values of latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The value of group T2 did not differ significantly from groups T3, T4 and T5 but differed significantly from group T1. The value of group T5 also did not differ significantly from group T4. The digestibility coefficient of NFE was recorded to be highest in T4 group (84.83 %) followed by T2 (80.81 %), T5 (74.06 %), T3 (75.61%) and T1 (73.34 %) groups, respectively, of which latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The value of group T2 did not differ significantly from any other groups. There was non-significant influence of diets on intake of DM, CP, TDN, DE and ME, however, DCP intake was significantly higher in T4 group (218.69 g/day) compared to T3 group (147.62 g/day). The values of T1 (160.17 g/day), T2 (197.25 g/day) and T5 (169.73 g/day) groups did not differ significantly from any other groups. Balances of N, Ca and P were positive in all the five groups. The N balance was significantly higher in T4 group as compared to groups T1 and T3. The values of groups T2 and T5 did not differ significantly from any other groups. The balances of Ca and P was significantly higher in T4 group followed by T2, T5, T1 and T3 groups, of which latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The value of T2 group did not differ significantly from T4 and T5 groups. Diet had non-significant influence on blood serum AST and ALT level during the whole experimental period under study. The AST level at the end of the experiment varied from 28.97 to 32.56 U/ml. ALT level at the end of the experiment varied from 28.00 to 30.04 U/ml. Status of Internal parasites were almost equal in all the five groups at different stages. Significantly better feed conversion efficiency during growing, finishing and overall experimental period was recorded in T4 group (4.65:1, 4.88:1 and 4.76:1) followed by T2 (4.92:1, 5.41:1 and 5.15:1), T5 (5.46:1, 5.78:1 and 5.18:1), T3 (5.41:1, 6.18:1 and 5.77:1) and T1 (5.63:1, 6.48:1 and 5.94:1) groups, respectively, the values of latter three groups did not differ significantly among themselves. The value of T2 group did not differ significantly from group T3, T4 and T5 during growing (1st to 9th fortnight), finishing (10th to 17th fortnight) and overall in whole of the experimental periods (1st to 17th fortnight). In general all the carcass characteristics were superior in pigs maintained in T4 diet than that T2 followed by T5 and lowest values were recorded in T1 and T3 diets. Significantly higher dressing percentage (without head) was recorded in pigs maintained on diets T4 (70.29 %), T2 (69.44 %) and T5 (67.69 %) than diet T1 (63.10 %) and T3 (63.60 %). The differences being nonsignificant among former three groups and between latter two groups. Significantly higher loin eye area was observed in pigs maintained on diets T4 (23.41 cm2) and T2 (19.75 cm2) as compared to diets T1 (14.53 cm2) and T3 (14.89 cm2). The value observed on diet T5 (16.10 cm2) did not differ significantly from diets T1, T2 and T3. Effect of diets fed had non-significant influence on reproductive performance of indigenous pigs in all the five groups. Effect of diets fed had non-significant influence on mortality percentage. However, preweaning mortality was highest in pigs maintained on T3 diet (23.66 %) and lowest on T4 (12.33 %). Cost of feed per kg gain in live weight was lowest in pigs maintained on T5 diet (Rs. 24.86, 25.94 and 25.24) followed by T4 (Rs. 27.60, 28.78 and 28.56), T3 (Rs. 32.79, 37.30 and 34.50), T2 (Rs. 34.98, 39.07 and 36.61) and highest on diet T1 (Rs. 58.70, 68.65 and 61.51) during growing period (1st to 9th fortnights), finishing period (10th to 17th fortnights) and overall as whole of the experimental period (1st to 17th fortnights). The per cent decreased in cost of feed per kg gain in body weight as compared to control (T1) was estimated to be highest in group T5 (57.65, 62.22 and 59.26 %) followed by groups T4 (52.99, 58.08 and 53.90 %), T3 (44.14, 45.67 and 44.31 %), T2 (40.31, 43.04 and 40.30 %), respectively, during growing, finishing and overall in whole of the experimental period.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization Of Soybean (Glycine Max) As A Protein Substitute And Its Influence On Growth Performance In Piglets(Birsa Agricultural University;Ranchi, 2002) Devi, Asem Ameeta; Verma, A. k.