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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Crop Planning For Better Utilization of Land and Water Resources of Jumar Nala Watershed, Ranchi(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Braj Nandan Prasad; Dr. A. P. MishraThe present study aims to propose a suitable cropping pattern for Jumar nala watershed area of Ranchi . The investigation covered ,water recourse study and its availability , crop coefficient to estimate irrigation requirement of important Kharif and rabi crops, analysis of rainfall and evaporation data and formulation of linear programming model for optimal allocation of land and water resources of the watershed area. The sources of irrigation water are ponds and percolation wells only.The present storing capacity of ponds available in the study area is 66.7 % of total runoff expected at 30% risk.The total availability of water from these resources were estimated to be 62,156.9 ha-mm during Kharif and 35,348.6 ha-mm during rabi seasons . Excess and deficit analysis at 30% risk showed that excess period is continuous from 2nd July to 23rd September. The deficit period is also continuous from 24th September to 1st July during which there is need of supplemental irrigation for crop production. The analysis indicate that there is 20-25 % change of damage to Kharif crops under rainfed condition. The results of onset and withdrawal of mansoon indicated that field preparation and sowing operation of Kharif crops should be completed by 24th June and pudding operation by 8th to 15th July os that transplanting of paddy may be completed latest by 31st July of every year to get good Kharif crops at 30% risk. There is negligible amount of rainfed in post monsoon season. Winter season receives less than 40mm .rainfall even at 10% probability. Therefore, moisture resistant rainfed crops like Linseed Lentil and Gram may be recommended for watershed area during rabi season. Crop coefficient of approximately all crops were found higher between 23rd July and 16 th September which coincide with rainfall excess period. Crop coefficients of rabi crops were found higher between 17th December and 18th February which I rainfall deficit period. This is an indication of requirement of addition irrigation water during these period, but availability of water in the watershed area limits its application to selected crops at vulnerable growth stages. The existing cropping pattern was found deficient in producing balancedThesisItem Open Access Hydrological Investigations of Small Watersheds of Plateau Region of Bihar for Efficient Watershed Management(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Shoeb Quraishi; Dr. S. TiwaryOn account of undulating nature of terrain, light texture of upland soil with low organic matter content, unpredictable and erratic rainfall faulty cultivating practices and other biotic factors like uncontrolled grazing and destruction of forest the problem of soil erosion and water loss is the most alarming throughout the Plateau region of Bihar , Since the entire region cones under reinfed area, the improved natural resources development management and conservation to provide a reliable base for stable agricultural production are critically needed in the region. Under this situation watershed if the only natural focus of research where proper planning has to be made for soil and water management in relation to crop production system resource conservation and utilization. The present investigation was therefore undertaken with objective to formulate the reliable response ,model s for predicting runoff water retention soil loss and nutrient loss along with evaluation of crop response for rainfed conditions under different cropping system identification of low investment high return crop combination and optimal allocation of land resources for different crops to get the maximum net return with minimum soil loss from small agricultural watershed of plateau region of Bihar. For estimating and quantifying the runoff sediment loss and nutrient loss the experiment of runoff2 plot under controlled condition with Arhar and groundnut as cover crops was conducted. On the basis of the data generated from this experiment mathematical models for runoff water retention sediment loss and nutrient loss were developed. The experiment was also conducted on watershed basis under Arhar +groundnut ,Arhar + maize cropping system and the predicted values of runoff water retention, sediment loss and nutrient loss from mathematical models were compared with the observed values obtained from the watershed experiment to evaluate the validity of the models.In order to develop crop response under rainfed condition the effect of water retention on grain yield of different cropping systems.An experiment was also conducted to evaluate the most economical crop combination among different cropping system recommended for rainfed condition for the region All experiment conducted at soil conservation Reasearch station farm Demotanr Hazsaribagh. The optimal solution for land use pattern is evaluated for different activities with a view to maximum the net return and minimize the soil loss from Ranchi Swanrekha North potpoto Nala catchment in Kanke Block having 1820 ha of total agricultural land with consideration of meeting the food requirement of the population of the watershed area. On the basis of analysis of twenty five years rainfall was found in the month rainfall was found in the month of July followed by August The rainfall predicted in the range of 40 to 60 per cent probability level may be applied for the estimate of runoff and soil loss and cultivation of suitable Khaarif crops under rainfed condition. The effective storm was found to be in the reabge of 60 to 65 per cent of the total rainfall. Maximum value of erosion index as 188.16 metric unit was found in the month of july expressing the higher rate of erosivity. Mathematical model for prediction of per cent water retention was developed in terms of foliage cover and slope of the land .The runoff rediction model was developed by volumeThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING ON-FARM STORAGE STRUCTURE(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) SANGEETA TETE; Pramod RaiBased on the results obtained, the following summary and conclusions have been drawn in the present investigation: 1. The two evaporative cooling structures (zero energy evaporative cooling structure & hybrid evaporative cooling structure) were constructed with storage capacity of 400 kg (200 carats of 20 kg). The both the structures having same specification i.e. length of 2.4 m, width of 1.5 m and height of 1.8 m. 2. The evaporative cooling storage structures were constructed under protected shed structure. The length and width of shed were 7.2 m and 5.2 m respectively. The shed was covered with shade net material and plastic film. The cladding material was fixed with aluminium profile and gripper. 3. Zero energy evaporative cooling structure was constructed using brick, sand, cement and palm leaf mat. 4. The hybrid evaporative cooling structure was constructed using brick, sand, cement, palm leaf mat, exhaust fan, pad etc. 5. The other materials used for operating the cooling structure were pump, water tank, elbow connectors, drip pipe, PVC pipe and plastic carat. 6. The zero energy evaporative cooling structure cooling material i.e. sand was weighted with water using drip pipe and water flowed under gravity. 7. The hybrid evaporative cooling structure has both sand as a cooling material and fan & pad was used for cooling the storage structure. 8. The instrument used to measure environmental parameter under open field under the shed and evaporative cooling structure were laboratory thermometer, dry bulb & wet bulb thermometer, maximum & minimum thermometer and digital anemometer. 9. The variation of temperature under open field, shed, ZECC and HECS varied between 300C - 330C, 280C - 31.250C, 270C - 280C and 25.50C - 280Crespectively 10. The variation of relative humidity under open field, shed, ZECC and HECS varied between 15-33%, 32-70%, 39-79% and 19- 88% respectively 11. The temperature drops under ZECC and HECS in comparison to shed varied between 1.8% to 10.9% and 5.1% to 13.3% respectively 46 | P a g e 12. The air velocity at the walls of ZECC was recorded between 0.1 to 0.3 m/s. Similarly, the air velocity at the walls of HECS recorded between 0.1 to 4.1 m/s. 13. The saturation efficiency (%) of ZECC varied between 4.9% to 60% with respect to time. The saturation efficiency (%), cooling capacity and water consumption varied between 4.9 – 75.6%, 1.17 – 3.31kW and 0.7 – 4.9 kg/h respectively under HECS. 14. The maximum saturation efficiency (%) of ZECC and HECS was estimated as 60% and 75.6% respectively at 2.00 PM. The highest water consumption rate and cooling capacity was found (4.90 kg/h and 3.31kW) at 2.00 PM. 15. The PLW (%) for spinach and okra under ZECC and HECS varied between 2.9 – 36.1 & 3.7 – 37.2 and 1.3 – 7.7 & 1.8 – 10.4 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PUDDLING METHODS AND SOIL SEDIMENTATION PERIODS ON PERFORMANCE OF RICE TRANSPLANTERS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) WILLIAM BONEY HANSDA; Uttam KumarRice is one of the most important crops of India. The mechanical rice transplanting has been considered as the most promising option because it reduces the labor requirement, saves time and cost of transplanting and maintains desired plant density. In puddled soil condition, puddling methods as well as soil sedimentation periods effects the performance of rice transplanters. First ploughing with tractor drawn mould board plough and second ploughing with tractor drawn cultivator were kept common for the preparation of field for all the puddling methods. Third ploughing with three selected puddling methods (tractor drawn cultivator, tractor drawn puddler and tractor drawn rotavator) were used for performance evaluation of 8 row self-propelled transplanter with 25 days old seedlings at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours of soil sedimentation periods. Four selected rice transplanters i.e., 4 row manually operated rice transplanter (CRRI design), 2 row power operated rice transplanter (Kisan Kraft design), 8 row self-propelled rice transplanter 2 row manually operated rice transplanter (for root washed type seedling) were also evaluated with puddling by tractor drawn puddler at soil sedimentation periods of 36, 48 and 60 hours. The combination of first ploughing with tractor drawn M.B. Plough, 2nd ploughing with tractor drawn cultivator and final puddling with tractor drawn puddler was found best over other methods of puddling. Performance of the self-propelled rice transplanter was found best when puddled with tractor drawn puddler at soil sedimentation period of 48 and 60 hours on sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil, respectively. In sandy loam soil, 36 hours of soil sedimentation period was most suitable for transplanting with 4 row manually operated rice transplanter (CRRI design), 2 row power operated rice transplanter (Kisan Kraft design) and 2 row manually operated rice transplanter (for root washed type seedlings). Whereas in sandy clay loam soil, 48 hours of soil sedimentation periods is most suitable for transplanting with 4 row manually operated rice transplanter (CRRI design) and 2 row power operated rice transplanter (Kisan Kraft design) rice transplanter whereas 2 row manually operated rice transplanter (for root washed type seedlings) works satisfactory in 36 hours.ThesisItem Open Access PRIORITIZATION OF SUB WATERSHEDS THROUGH MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) AMIT RAJ TOPNO; Mintu JobRemote sensing and GIS techniques were integrated with various morphometric parameters for the prioritization of Rarhu watershed. The most susceptible watershed among 21 sub watersheds was determined using linear, areal, and relief parameters. Using ArcGIS 10.8 software, toposheets from the Survey of India were used to generate drainage maps, NASADEM satellite imagery was used to create digital elevation and slope maps. Land use land cover was prepared from the Sentinel-2 satellite. The watershed codification and delineation were done according to the Soil and land use survey of India. From the analysis, it was found that Rarhu watershed stream has a dendritic pattern, and the highest order was 6th. The elongated shape was observed in the entire watershed with a coarse drainage texture. The average drainage density value of the watershed is 1.650 km/ km2 indicating more runoff with scanty vegetation and high relief and a high bifurcation ratio. Stream frequency of an average value of 1.447 indicated the mountainous relief and uneven topography. The relief parameters values indicated how the variation of elevation and slope could be helpful for implementing any soil and water conservation structures. A multi criteria decision making method Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), was used to prioritize different sub watersheds, which involved a pairwise comparison matrix between morphometric parameters. Eleven morphometric parameters directly related to erosion and runoff were selected for prioritizing. Final prioritization was given to SW-18, the most susceptible watershed that needs immediate action for various soil and water conservation structures for sustainable development. To check the current situation, a physical verification was performed using a GPS device and erosion and runoff affected areas were located. In order to avoid adverse effects on land and the environment, various soil and water conservation measures such as gully plugs, gabion structures, loose boulder structures, and contour trenches was prepared, which can be implemented in various locations for sustainable development of the watershed.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF MULTIPURPOSE GREENHOUSE DRYER(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) GURIA, AUGUSTINE; Rai, PramodA walk-in type multipurpose greenhouse (MGH) dryer of 60 m2 floor area was constructed using bamboo and UV stabilized plastic film (200 micron). Construction cost, environmental parameters, thermal efficiency, drying capacity were studied and analysed economics of the MGH. Sides of structure is covered by insect proof net (40 mesh) accompanied by plastic film. The cost of MGH was estimated at around Rs. 290/ m2. The microclimatic parameters like temperature, RH, air velocity and Light intensity was recorded at half and full ventilation and data recording time during the experiments was at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM. The increase in minimum temperature under greenhouse varied between 0.34 to 0.75 °C over open field temperature and the increases in maximum temperature under greenhouse varied between 5.50 to 7.25 °C over open field temperature condition for half ventilation condition. The increases in minimum temperature under greenhouse varied between 0.13 to 0.33 °C over open field condition and the increase in maximum temperature under greenhouse varied between 1.50 to 4.66 °C over open field condition for full ventilation condition. The reduction in % RH under MGH over open field varied between 4.2 % to 19.1 %. The air velocity under greenhouse at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM found to be between 0 to 1.76 % of open field air velocity under half ventilation condition. The air velocity under greenhouse at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM found to be between 1 to 10 % of open field air velocity under full ventilation condition. The light intensity under greenhouse at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM found to be between 74% to 90 % and 59 % to 76 % of open field light intensity under half ventilation condition. The light intensity under greenhouse at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM found to be between 48 % to 93 % and 33 % to 84 % of open field light intensity under full ventilation. At central pole temperature increases from 0.7 m to 2.1 m and at fixed height of 1.4 m variation in temperature in east west direction (31.32, to 34.79 °C,) & north south direction (31.06, to 34.09 °C) was not significant. The capacity of MGH dryer was 396 kg for tomato drying and thermal efficiency is around 32.93 %. The B-C Ratio and Payback period is found to be 3.5, and less than 1 year respectively.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LOW COST MULTIPURPOSE GREENHOUSE FOR DRYING OF TOMATO(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) Tigga, Suman; Rai, PramodTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a highly seasonal, perishable and available in large quantities during peak season of production. It is an important vegetable for human consumption because of its vitamins and minerals content that provide the basic human nutritional requirements. There are various techniques of extending shelf life of tomato and dehydration is one of the important process by which tomatoes are preserved. The greenhouse is an enclosed structure and inside temperature is more than open field and can be used as direct solar dryer. The low cost multipurpose greenhouse (MGH) was used for drying of without blanched & blanched tomato under full and half ventilation condition. The construction cost of low cost MGH was around Rs 290/m2. The environmental parameters temperature & RH under full ventilation and temperature, RH & air velocity under half ventilation was recorded during drying of tomato. All the environmental parameters were measured at 1 h interval. The initial moisture content of fresh tomato was found to be 93.3% - 94.4 % (w. b.) and the blanching was done by dipping the cut tomato in sodium metabisulphite solution (6%) for blanching time of 5 minutes. The temperature & RH measured at full ventilation under MGH was found to be 3°C to 8.5°C more than open field condition and RH was found to be 5% to 7% lower than open field. The temperature variation at different location measured at along the length, width & height inside the MGH and the highest temperature was found to along the height at the 2.7 m. The final moisture content of dried tomato samples was around 11% (w. b) and the drying time of tomato at full ventilation for without blanched & blanched under open field condition is 29 h & 20 h whereas under MGH condition for without blanched & blanched tomato is 28.5 h & 19.5 h. The shrinkage ratio, rehydration ratio & dehydration ratio of dehydrated tomato under full ventilation were varied between 13.5 to 14.48, 1.7 to 1.8 & 12.68 to 13.3 respectively. The sensory evaluation was performed using Hedonic-rating test of 5- point scale and the blanched tomato dried under MGH was found to be best in comparison to open field. The MGH is used for drying of tomato apart from cultivation & cost efficient than stand alone greenhouse solar dryer constructed only for drying purpose.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF A MANUALLY OPERATED RICE TRANSPLANTER(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) MISHRA, ANMOL KUMAR; Kumar, Uttamcultivation. However manual rice transplanting is labour-intensive, time consuming, tiresome and results in non-uniform distribution of seedlings. Mechanical transplanting is an alternative to manual transplanting, in terms of timeliness of operation, reduction of drudgery and low cost of operation. Fragmentation of land into smaller plots further limits free movement of the machines. However, farmers of the state uses root wash type seedlings for transplanting. Therefore, there is a need to develop a rice transplanter suitable for small land holding with low cost. In order to develop manually operated rice transplanter the four bar linkage of the commercially available root washed type hand crank transplanter was analyzed and incorporated in the transplanting mechanism. The developed manual paddy transplanter consists of seedling picking mechanism, transplanting mechanism, power transmission system, seedling tray with frame, handle and float. The developed transplanter was evaluated at laboratory as well as at field condition. The effective field capacity of the transplanter was 0.026 ha/h at an operating speeds of 0.82 km/h. The average height of the seedlings was 197.82 mm, 235.78 mm, 280.50 mm, and 340.60 mm for 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days old seedlings, respectively. Average hill-to-hill spacing, average number of seedlings per hill and average depth of planting were 195.09 mm, 4.12 and 56.88 mm, respectively. Average missing hills, floating hills and visible damage of the transplanter were 11 %, 9 %, 11% and 10 %, respectively. Cost of transplanting by the transplanter was Rs 4,007/ha whereas by manual transplanting it was Rs 12,540/ha, thus there is a saving of Rs 8,533/ha. The performance of the machine was found satisfactory.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANIMAL DRAWN MULTI CROP SEED-CUM-FERTILIZER DRILL(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) Hapadgara, Roshan; Kumar, UttamDraught animal power is one of the major farm power sources of Jharkhand state. Bullock is one of the cheapest sources of draught power for all kinds of agricultural operations in Jharkhand because large agricultural machines like tractor and power tiller are neither practicable nor economically viable due to poor financial condition of farmers and fragmented land holdings. Considering the draught animal size as well land holding capacity of farmers of Jharkhand state, an animal drawn multi crop seed-cum-fertilizer drill has been developed. The seed drill was evaluated in laboratory as well as in field condition on wheat, horse gram, upland rice and black gram crops. The average draft and power requirement of the developed seed-cum-fertilizer drill was 416.74 N and 0.372 kW, respectively. The average effective field capacity and field efficiency of the developed seed-cum-fertilizer drill were 0.069 ha/h and 65.9%, respectively at an average speed of 2.37 km/h for sowing of wheat crop. The cost of operation for sowing of wheat by developed animal drawn seed-cum-fertilizer drill was Rs 790.4/ ha where as by existing animal drawn birsa seed drill (1442.9 Rs/ha) and sowing behind plough (2286 Rs/ha). Thus, there is a saving of amount Rs 1498/ ha with the developed seed drill. The machine is suitable for sowing of upland rice, wheat, black gram, horse gram and such other small seed. The performance of the machine was found satisfactory.
