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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. UNDER ORGANIC FARMING(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-20) NYAMKOI; Bhupender DuttThe present investigations on "Development of cultivation practices of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. under organic farming," were carried out in the experimental field and laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Among the two seed sources of Silybum marianum procured from CIMAP, Lucknow and UHF, Nauni have revealed that the species is an annual herb with hollow stems and a taproot system. Seed procured from CIMAP, Lucknow has shown flowering and fruiting period of 14-18 days and 12-16 days, while seeds from UHF, Nauni, had flowering and fruiting period of 20-23 days and 16-19 days, respectively. Maximum plant height (106.51 cm), number of primary flower heads (4.50), number of secondary flower heads (2.75), number of seeds per plant (670), seed weight per plant (12.73g) and silymarin content (1.93%) were exhibited by the seeds from CIMAP, Lucknow. Sowing of seeds in the nursery during November under protected condition with application of vermicompost + cocopeat showed maximum germination (97.67%), shoot length (8.10 cm) and root length (7.43 cm). A spacing of 50 x 20 cm resulted in maximum plant height (135.40 cm), seed yield (13.35q ha-1), and silymarin content (2.19%) with the application of vermicompost + PSB. Maximum number of primary branches per plant (5.90), number of secondary branches per plant (3.41), number of primary flower heads per plant (5.90), number of secondary flower heads per plant (3.41), number of leaves per plant (18.84), number of seeds per primary capitulum (95.29), number of seeds per secondary capitulum (65.30), number of seeds per plant (1049.20), and seed weight per plant (17.88g) were obtained using vermicompost + PSB at a spacing of 60 x 40 cm. Highest output-input ratio (1.73) was noticed at 50 x 20 spacing with the application of PSB. The study showed that seeds sourced from CIMAP, Lucknow exhibited superior traits and nursery sowing in November under protected condition with the application of vermicompost + cocopeat was suitable for germination as well as seedling growth. Application of vermicompost + PSB at a spacing of 60 x 40 cm and 50 x 20 cm was best for growth and seed yield, respectively. The application of PSB at a spacing of 50 x 20 cm has greater economic feasibility.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES AND DUS CHARACTERIZATION IN GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus L.)(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-24) RAGINI BHARDWAJ; Puja SharmaThe investigation entitled "Genetic Studies and DUS characterization in gladiolus (Gladiolus L.)" including 25 gladiolus genotypes was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan for two consecutive years, 2021-22 and 2022-23 following Randomized Block Design with three replications. Two separate sets of experiments were conducted. Eleven genotypes were planted under protected conditions while rest fourteen were planted under open field conditions. Among the genotypes tested under protected conditions ‘Pratap Glad -1’ and ‘Pusa Manmohak’ performed well for different flowering attributes. Under both protected and open conditions high values for GCV and PCV and high heritability with highest genetic gain were recorded for fresh weight of corms, fresh weight of cormels and number of cormels per plant. For protected environment, high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was observed for plant height and cut spike length and a significant positive correlation of number of florets per spike was found with percent sprouting of corms, number of leaves per plant, plant height, cut spike length, rachis length, vase life, fresh weight of corms and diameter of corms. The cut spike length however showed maximum positive direct effect on the number of florets per spike. For protected environment, the 11 genotypes were grouped into four clusters and the highest inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster-II & cluster-III. ‘Arka Amar’ performed best in open field conditions. High heritability with moderate genetic advance was however found for fresh weight of corms and significant positive correlation of number of florets per spike was found with percent sprouting of corms, number of leaves per plant, days taken for spike emergence, plant height, cut spike length, rachis length, diameter of floret, vase life and corm parameters. Maximum positive direct effect on number of florets per spike was however exhibited by fresh weight of cormels. All the 14 genotypes were grouped into four clusters with the highest inter cluster distance recorded between cluster-II & cluster-III. Selected 25 gladiolus genotypes were examined for a total of 66 morphological characteristics and DUS characterization was done. The morphological DUS descriptor was found to be particularly efficient in distinguishing and classifying genotypes according to specific traits.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PROPAGATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN DAHLIA (Dahlia variabilis L.)(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-24) MANISH KUMAR; Priyanka ThakurThe present investigation entitled “Studies on propagation and production technology in dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) was carried out at Experimental Farm of Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Dhaulakuan, District Sirmour (HP), under the aegis of Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan, HP. The research was conducted from September 2021 to June 2023 including two experiments i.e.; "Effect of propagation time and rooting media in dahlia" in CRD (Factorial) design with three replications. The main aim was to find out suitable rooting media, Sand, Cocopeat + Sand (1:1) and Cocopeat + Sand + FYM (1:1:1) and planting dates (September 15th, October 15th, and November 15th) under low hills of HP for the propagation of five dahlia cultivars namely Anarkali, Gargi, Giani Zail Singh, Matungini and Suryadev. Findings revealed that September 15th was found be the best planting date for the propagation of dahlia cultivars, in terms of root length (5.86 cm and 6.31 cm), number of days taken for rooting (22.18 days and 20.41 days), quality of rooted propagule (8.24 and 8.45) and survival percentage of cuttings (90.20 % and 91.35 %) in both the years. Among the media, Cocopeat + Sand (1:1) was found to be the best for propagation of dahlia in terms of root length (6.46 cm and 6.91 cm), number of days taken for rooting (31.03 days and 28.56 days), quality of rooted propagule (7.67 and 7.85) and survival percentage of cuttings (82.22 % and 83.08 %). Cv. Matungini was recorded best for number of days taken for rooting (27.53 days and 24.90 days), cv. Giani Zail Singh for root length (6.58 cm and 7.16 cm), and for quality of rooted propagule (8.39 and 8.61) and survival percentage of cuttings (85.65 % and 87.00 %), cv. Suryadev was found to be best. Overall, combination of Cocopeat and Sand (1:1) media and September 15th planting was found best for the propagation of dahlia. Second experiment was on " Standardization of planting time for growth and flowering of dahlia cultivars" in RBD (Factorial) design with three replications. The experiment was conducted on above mentioned same cultivars and aim was to observe flowering and tuber production in three different planting dates (October 15th, November 15th and December 15th). Maximum plant height (123.37 cm) and vase life (6.22 days) was recorded during November 15th in cv. Suryadev. Minimum days taken to flowering was observed in cv. Matungini (97.27 days) in similar month, maximum duration of flowering (98.27 days) and number of cut stems (18.05) was recorded during October 15th in cv Matungini. For tuber production, maximum tuber yield per plot was noted during October 15th (3988.67 g) in cv. Anarkali. Overall, October 15th was found to be optimal for flowering and tuber production, while November 15th was identified as the best time for vase life.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF CEREAL AND PULSE CROPS UNDER Grewia optiva DRUMMOND. BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN MID-HILL REGION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-05-22) PRAKASH; K S PantThe present study entitled “Performance of Cereal and Pulse Crops under Grewia optiva Drummond. based Agroforestry Systems in Mid-hill Region of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during the years 2021-2023 at experimental farm Majhgoan, Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design with eight organic and inorganic manure treatments (T1: RDF (Recommended dose of Fertilizer), T2: FYM (100% N equivalent basis), T3: Vermicompost (100% N equivalent basis), T4: Goat manure (100% N equivalent basis), T5: 50% RDF + 50% FYM,T6: 50% RDF + 50% VC,T7: 50% RDF + 50% GM, T8: Control) and two planting conditions (S1: under Grewia optiva Drummond. based agroforestry system and S2: open conditions) with three replications to evaluate the effects of planting conditions and integrated nutrient management on growth and yield parameters of field crops (wheat, lentil and maize, mash) along with physical and chemical properties of soil and economics of the systems. The results revealed that growth and yield parameters of cereals and pulses were better in the sole cropping system as compared to the tree canopy of Grewia optiva Drummond. Among various nutrient sources, T5 (50 % RDF + 50 % FYM) exhibited the best results for growth and yield attributes than the control (T8). All the physical as well as chemical properties of soil after harvest of field crops improved under Grewia optiva based agroforestry system along with the application of 100 % FYM (T2). Agroforestry system comprising Grewia optiva + wheat + mash proved to be the best system in term of gross returns (Rs.220897.72ha-1), net returns Rs. 85769.76ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.70) as compared to the agroforestry system comprises Grewia optiva + maize + lentil. Higher land equivalent ratio was observed in pulses + Grewia optiva as compared to cereals + Grewia optiva, which signifies the profitability of pulses over cereals Among all combinations studied, mash + Grewia optiva proved to be the best agroforestry system, from both ecological and economical point of view. However, combined application of organic and inorganic manures increased the yield as well as improved the soil properties together with mounted benefit cost ratio; offer an excellent opportunity to the farmers for better soil health and monetary benefits.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FIELD CROPS UNDER WILD POMEGRANATE BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS(UHF Nauni, 2024-06-24) AVINASH KUMAR BHATIA; K S PantThe present study entitled “Effect of integrated nutrient management on the performance of field crops under wild pomegranate based agroforestry systems” was conducted during the years 2021-2023 at Pandah, experimental farm of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design with twelve organic and inorganic manure treatments (T1: RDF (Recommended dose of Fertilizer), T2: FYM (100% N equivalent basis), T3: Vermicompost (100% N equivalent basis), T4: Goat manure (100% N equivalent basis), T5: Jeevamrut @ 500 l/ha, T6: 50% RDF + 50% FYM, T7: 50% RDF + 50% VC, T8: 50% RDF + 50% GM, T9: 50% RDF + 50% Jeevamrut, T10: 50% RDF + 25% FYM + 25% VC, T11: 50% RDF + 25% GM + 25% Jeevamrut and T12: Control) and two planting conditions (S1: under wild pomegranate based agroforestry system and S2: open conditions) with three replications to evaluate the effects of planting conditions and integrated nutrient management on growth and yield parameters of field crops (maize, wheat, mash and chickpea) along with physical and chemical properties of soil and economics of the systems. Besides this, CRD design was used to study the allelopathic effect of wild pomegranate leaf extract on field crops in laboratory condition with five concentrations (T1: 5 %, T2: 10 %, T3: 15 %, T4: 20 % and T5: control) and four replications. The results revealed that growth and yield parameters of cereals and pulses were better in the sole cropping system as compared to the tree canopy of wild pomegranate. Among various nutrient sources, T6 (50 % RDF + 50 % FYM) exhibited the best results for growth and yield attributes than the control (T12). All the physical as well as chemical properties of soil after harvest of field crops improved under wild pomegranate based agroforestry system along with the application of 100 % FYM (T2). Higher allelopathic effect of wild pomegranate leaf extract was obtained under T4 (20 % concentration) however, maximum germination percent, plumule length and vigour index was registered in mash, while, the maximum radicle length and growth rate index was recorded in wheat. From economics point of view, agroforestry system comprising wild pomegranate + wheat + mash proved to be the best system in term of gross returns (Rs. 149773.56 ha-1), net returns Rs. 154329.30 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.26) as compared to the agroforestry system comprises wild pomegranate + maize + chickpea. Higher land equivalent ratio was observed in pulses + wild pomegranate as compared to cereals + wild pomegranate, which signifies the profitability of pulses over cereals Among all combinations studied, mash + wild pomegranate proved to be the best agroforestry system, from both ecological and economical point of view. However, combined application of organic and inorganic manures increased the yield as well as soil properties together with mounted benefit cost ratio, offer an excellent opportunity to the farmers for increasing their yield along with improved soil health and better health as well. Signature of the SThesisItem Open Access OPTIMIZATION OF THE PARAMETERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINGER MILLET BASED LOW ALCOHOLIC MALTED BEVERAGE(UHF Nauni, 2024-05-09) DILEEP KC; Rakesh SharmaFinger millet (Eleusine coracana L.), cultivated in India and Africa for food and fodder. India, is the world's largest producer of this nutritious grain. Further, finger millet is rich in essential minerals, essential amino acids, and various bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, making it a valuable dietary source. Moreover, malting characteristics of finger millet is superior, ranks next to barley. On the other hand, the market of low alcoholic beer (LAB) or low alcoholic malted beverage (LMB) has shown extensive growth in recent days due to increasing health consciousness among people as well as the negative effects of alcoholic beverages like violent crime, vehicle accidents, civil disorder, and health problems. Additionally, LMB/LABs have the nutritional content of the cereals from which they are made. Further, many yeast species have capable of producing LAB/LMB include Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii., etc. So, present study was carried out to optimize malting and mashing parameters for brewing of finger millet as well as to screen some yeast strains to produce finger millet LAB/LMB. To carry out optimization of malting and mashing parameters a face-centered central composite design (FCCD) of RSM was created and analyzed using the software Design Expert. The malting parameters with 25oC germination temperature and 78 h of germination time were obtained on multi-response optimization with good amylase activity (58.65 U/g) and free amino nitrogen (120-160 mg/100g) as required for good quality malt. Additionally, the malting loss was also within the acceptable range (10-20% as in case of barley) in respect to economic considerations. Further, tannin content, a major antinutritional factor was found to be reduced significantly. While, the mashing schedule of protein rest period 22 Min. and conversion rest period 84 Min. was obtained with highest extract yield (76.65 %), TSS (13.93oB) and required amount of free amino nitrogen (214.45 mg/L). Further, among the yeast strains Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, all the yeast produced ethanol less than two per cent. Based on physico-chemical and sensory characteristics, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii was selected to produce finger millet low alcoholic malted beverage. Based on physico-chemical and sensory characteristics, finger millet low alcoholic malted beverage matured with Acacia sp. wood chips was found best. Thus, it can be concluded that, the finger millet, a nutri-cereal was successfully utilized and the process parameters were successfully optimized to produce low alcoholic malted beverage.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THEKI (MADE FROM Boehmeria rugulosa WEDD. TREE) ASSOCIATED MICRO FLORA RESPONSIBLE FOR THE NATURAL FERMENTATION OF MILK AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOOD(UHF Nauni, 2024-03-14) PRIYANKA ARYA; Devina VaidyaThe present study entitled “Molecular characterization of theki (made from Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd. Tree) associated micro flora responsible for the natural fermentation of milk and its application in the development of functional food” was conducted in the Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The evergreen tree Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd., vernacularly known as “gheti” belongs to the family Urticaceae and contains numerous phytochemicals possessing antimicrobial, antioxidant properties which significantly affects the taste and flavor of fermented foods. Among various solvents concentration viz., water, ethanol, methanol and acetone, the highest wood extract yield (%) was observed in 70 per cent aqueous ethanol containing total phenols (229.3 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (67.13 mg QE/g) while, 63 volatile compounds were identified by using GC-MS analysis. The extract was further evaluated for in-vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600 (18.45 mm) followed by Bacillus cereus ATCC 6633 (15.88 mm) and, Escherichia coli ATCC 1041(12.35 mm). Traditionally, the wood of B. rugulosa utilized in the production of theki, a closed-neck wooden vessel, wherein milk poured into wooden vessel and fermentation occurred without backslopping. However, the microbiological analysis revealed that a potential microflora was responsible for the natural fermentation of milk occurring within the wooden vessel “theki”. A total of 33 isolates (13 from B. rugulosa wood and 20 from Theki dahi) indicating 19 bacterial strains and 14 yeast strains. Out of which, 5 strains were selected on the basis of Cumulative Probiotic Potential (CPP) scoring viz., MBR1C, MBR5C and YBR6C (100%) followed by MBR4W (98.21 %) and MBR3C (91.07%) as compared to reference probiotic strain Lactobacillus delbrukii subsp. bulgaricus (92.86 %). The molecular characterization (16S rRNA ribotyping), strains were identified as Leuconostoc flakenbergenesis MBR1C, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroids MBR3C, Bacillus paramycoides MBR5C, Leuconostoc mesenteroids MBR4W and Naganishia adeliensis YBR6C assigned with NCBI GenBank assession no. as OR272008, OR272010, OR272007, OR272009 and OR272011, respectively. Among the various treatment combinations (Leuconostoc flakenbergenesis MBR1C + Leuconostoc mesenteroids MBR4W) emerged as the most promising strains for probiotic dahi on the basis of coagulation time (4.43 h), acidity (0.17 %), pH (4.41), water holding capacity (60.50 %), viscosity (815 mPa.s), syneresis (10.94 mL/100g), and exopolysaccharides (98.98mg/L). This treatment was further subjected to storage studies (14 days) under refrigerated conditions in different types of containers. The results revealed that theki showed higher nutritional properties which significantly affected the taste and flavor of dahi as compared to clay pot, steel, plastic and aluminum containers.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL COMMERCIALIZATION AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-01) VAISHALI THAKUR; Yasmin JanjhuaThe present study has been carried out on assessment of agricultural commercialization among smallholder farming households in Himachal Pradesh. The study employed a multi-stage random sampling technique to choose households for sampling in the study area. Primary data was collected from a sample of 388 farmers who were the primary decision-makers in their households. The data collection was done using a well-designed pre-tested schedule through a survey method. The necessary secondary data were gathered from a variety of publications and government departments. Statistical and econometric methods were employed to analyze the data. The level of commercialization was determined using the household commercialization index, the factors influencing the process of agricultural commercialization were identified using the double-hurdle model, the impact of commercialization on farmers' livelihoods was assessed using the livelihood assessment index, and the challenges faced by the chosen farmers during the commercialization process were identified using the Garrett ranking technique. Findings showed that the research area has a moderately high degree of commercialization (about 67.23%). Households in the districts of Kangra, Mandi, and Shimla sold, on average, 55.52%, 89.11%, and 53.30% of their entire agricultural production. Food grains were the most commercialised crop in the Kangra district, vegetable crops had the highest commercialization index in the Mandi district, and fruits had the highest level of commercialization in the Shimla district. This illustrates how agriculture has become more diversified as a result of the state's diverse agro-climatic conditions. The Probit model's findings showed that the intensity of agricultural commercialization was positively and significantly impacted by factors such as post-harvest storage facilities, farm size, farming experience, adoption of mixed farming, and access to credit. However, the degree of commercialization was negatively and significantly impacted by age, education, and the type of labour employed. According to the results of truncated regression, the degree of agricultural commercialization was positively and significantly impacted by gender, agriculture as the primary occupation, farm size, farming experience, adoption of mixed farming, kind of labour used, and animal ownership. The degree of agricultural commercialization of the commercialised farmers was, however, negatively and significantly impacted by factors such as age, household size, and distance from farm to market. The livelihood index results indicated that farmers' livelihood indices had increased after the commercialization process. The selected farmers' livelihood index was 0.27 prior to commercialization, and it increased to 0.59 after commercialization. The results indicate that the process of commercialization has a beneficial impact on the farmers' means of living According to the Garrett ranking results, the major resource-related challenges that smallholder farmers encountered were a lack of storage facilities, the size of their farms, and a labour shortage. The major input-output related issues that farmers encountered were price fluctuations, low output prices, and expensive improved seed. The major challenges that farmers in the research area encountered with regard to biophysical activities were unpredictable rainfall, crop pests and diseases, and limited access to irrigation. The study recommends the need for designing appropriate intervention mechanisms focusing on the abovementioned factors so as to improve the performance of agricultural commercialization. The results highlight the need to enhance smallholder market integration programmes and increase agricultural commercialization by encouraging the development of market information delivery platformsThesisItem Open Access AGRICULTURE OUTPUT MARKETING AND INPUT LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT OF FARMER PRODUCER ORGANIZATIONS (FPOs) IN MADHYA PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-05) RICHA KHUSHWAHA; Piyush MehtaThe study was done to know the agri-output market operations and input logistics management of Farmer Producer Organizations in Madhya Pradesh. Multistage sampling has been used for the study. Primary data has been collected from 20 FPOs of Madhya Pradesh. In the first stage Madhya Pradesh has been selected for study purposively. At the second stage CBBOMBCFPCL has been selected purposively for the study. At the third stage of sampling 20 FPOs has been selected purposively for the study. In fourth stage of sampling 5 BoD & CEO and Farmer or shareholders from each FPO has been selected for the study making the total sample size of 300. Secondary data is collected from various government sources. For analyzing the data Frequency, percentages, mean, AHP, FPC effectiveness Index, PCA, Perception Index and Garett ranking has been used. The finding reports that there are more female directors and shareholders in newly formed FPOs. All the FPOs are found to be active meeting all the regulatory compliances given by government. Nascent FPOs are not performing capital intensive activities while growing and mature FPOs mostly performs all activities. The effectiveness index of all FPOs for output and input operations found to be highly effective which shows the positive outcome of FPOs. Farmers/shareholders perception towards FPOs found to be positive for both output and input operations among all categories of FPOs. Nascent FPOs has turnover of less than 20 lakhs while growing FPOs has turnover in between of 41-60 Lakhs and mature FPO has more than 60 lakhs of turnover. Local resource utilization and group fund were the main motivating factor for farmers/ shareholders to join FPO. Capital intensive activities were mostly performed by growing and mature FPOs. The effectiveness index was found to be 53.28per cent and 45.69 per cent for output market operations and input logistics activities respectively.
