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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan

Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry. The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services. The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Identification of actinobacteria from rhizosphere soils for growth promotion in tomato
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-01-26) Mankotia, Radhika; Saini, Raj
    The present investigation entitled “Identification of actinobacteria from rhizosphere soils for growth promotion in tomato” was carried out during 2019-2020 with the aim to explore native actinomycetes from rhizosphere of tomato crop grown at different locations in district Kullu and Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 109 actinobacterial isolates were obtained using different selective media for isolation viz., actinomycete isolation agar medium, yeast malt agar medium and starch M protein agar medium and the preliminary screening of the isolates for plant growth promoting attributes (PGP) attributes was carried out. It was found that only 88.99% of the total isolates showed phosphate (P) solubilization on Pikovskaya’s agar medium and the phosphate solubilization index varied widely from 1.11 to 6.0. All actinobacterial isolates displayed growth on nitrogen free Jensen’s medium and only 5.50% isolates exhibited siderophore production. The inhibition of fungal pathogens viz. Alternaria sp, Fusarium sp, Phytophthora sp and Sclerotinia sp., was demonstrated by 28.44%, 11.92%, 15.59% and 12.84% actinobacterial isolates, respectively and four isolates (NDF-10, HMS-4, HMM-1 and HMM-4) showed inhibition against all the phytopathogenic fungi.On the basis of initial screening, only fifteen actinobacterial isolates were further evaluated and found to exhibit high P solubilization (718.16 to 1418.16 μg/ml) in National Botanical Research Institute’s Phosphate broth with tricalcium phosphate and high indole-3-acetic acid/IAA (11.56 to 21.35 μg/ml) production. Maximum P solubilization and IAA production was observed in isolate KLK-8. The production of extracellular enzymes amylase, cellulase, gelatinase, lipase and protease varied among the isolates. All the fifteen actinobacterial isolates with filamentous morphology varied in their biochemical characteristics. Screening of actinomycete isolates for in vitro tomato seed germination and growth studies in filter paper assay revealed best performance of seeds treated with isolate KLK-8 which showed a significant increase in per cent germination, root length, shoot length and vigour index over untreated control. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, three promising actinobacterial isolates KLK-8, HMM-1 and HMS-8 were identified as Streptomyces tendae strain KLK8, Streptomyces sp. strain HMM1 and Streptomyces sp. strain HMS8, respectively. The present study clearly indicates that native actinomycetes exhibit promising PGP attributes and could serve as bioinoculants to achieve more sustainable and environment friendly crop production.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of conjoint application of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on soil properties and productivity of Peach
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-04-27) Thakur, Sumedha; Sharma, Rakesh
    The present experiment entitled “Effect of conjoint application of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on soil properties and productivity of Peach” was conducted at experimental farm of the College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, during the year 2020. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with thirteen treatments replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of T1 (100 % NPK + FYM 25 kg tree-1), T2 (75 % NPK+ FYM 25 kg tree-1), T3 (50 % NPK + FYM 25 kg tree-1), T4 (100 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1), T5 (75 % NPK + VC 15 kg tree-1), T6 (50 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1), T7 (Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at 15 days interval), T8 (Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at 15 days interval + FYM 25 kg tree-1), T9 (Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at 15 days interval +VC 15 kg tree-1), T10 (75 % NPK + FYM 25 kg tree-1+ Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at one-month interval), T11 (50 % NPK + FYM 25 kg tree-1+ Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at one-month interval), T12 (75 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1+ Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at one-month interval) and T13 (50 % NPK + VC 15 kg tree-1+ Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at one-month interval). The highest increase in tree height (26.70 %), annual shoot growth (58.47 cm), average fruit weight (95.04 g), fruit yield (10.67 kg tree-1) was recorded under 75 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1+ Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at one-month interval (T12). The advancement in flower initiation was also recorded in this treatment. Fruit quality parameters viz. total soluble solids (12.33 ⸰Brix), titrable acidity (1.18 %) and ascorbic acid (16.88 mg 100 g-1) were found highest in 100 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1 (T4). Leaf N (3.65 %), S (0.404 %), Mn (64.53 ppm) and Fe (227.49 ppm) contents were recorded significantly higher in 75 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1+ Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at one-month interval (T12) whereas, leaf P (0.310 %) and Zn (26.33 ppm) was observed significantly higher in 100 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1 (T4). Soil organic carbon (2.85 and 2.08 %), available N (428.59 and 397.23 kg ha-1), available P (70.63 kg ha-1), available K (443.52 and 436.05 kg ha-1), available S (50.09 and 49.39 mg kg-1) and Cu (0.92 and 0.88 mg kg-1) contents were significantly higher in 75 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1+ Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at one-month interval (T12), however, electrical conductivity (0.191and 0.188 dS m-1), cation exchange capacity (12 and 11.47 C mol p+ kg-1 soil), Zn (6.09 and 5.65 mg kg-1), Mn (31.78 and 29.79 mg kg-1), Fe (102.89 and 95.11 mg kg-1) in surface and subsurface layer were significantly higher in 100 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1 (T4). Further, maximum microbial count (219.00×105 cfu g-1) was recorded higher in 75 % NPK +VC 15 kg tree-1 + Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at onemonth interval (T12). From these results it is concluded that treatment comprising 75 per cent NPK +VC @ 15 kg tree-1 + Jeevamrit @ 6.6 % at one-month interval (T12) proved best in attaining maximum growth and yield parameters as well as physical, chemical and biological properties of soil over university recommendation of fertilizers and manures (100 % NPK + FYM 25 kg tree-1) (T1) for peach crop in subtropical region of Himachal Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Exploring lactic acid bacteria for probiotic attributes from fermented foods in low hill region of Himachal Pradesh
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-01-27) Shivani; Saini, Raj
    The present investigation entitled “Exploring lactic acid bacteria for probiotic attributes from fermented foods in low hill region of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from diverse local fermented food samples that included lassi, dahi, and batter or dough of jalebi, bhature, babroo, badi and seera, as well as raw milk on deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar and assess them for probiotic attributes. Thirteen out of total forty two bacterial isolates obtained from different foods, were presumed as LAB isolates on the basis of catalase test, Gram’s reaction and bacterial growth on MRS agar with bromocresol purple. They were screened initially for acid tolerance at pH 2 and pH 3. The LAB isolates showed good tolerance to pH 3 with a cell viability of 4.49±0.09 to 10.37±0.03 log cfu/ml after 180 min of incubation at 370C. Only some isolates could tolerate pH 2 for 120 min. Among the thirteen LAB isolates, seven isolates (NM2, NL1, NL2, JN1, JN2, NB2 and BS3) with good acidity tolerance (43.5 to 97.76% cell survival at pH 3 for 3 h) were further evaluated for growth at pH 9, bile tolerance, antimicrobial activity, safety assessment and functional probiotic attributes. The LAB well tolerated the alkaline conditions with high cell viability (10.06±0.05 to 11.14±0.03 log cfu/ml) at pH 9 after 8 h of incubation. The isolates showed resistance to 0.3% bile salt concentration with 39.18 to 88.36% cell survival for 8 h. The isolates variably displayed fair to good inhibition of pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lactic acid produced by the LAB isolates ranged from 6.33±0.14 to 7.86±0.10 g/l at 370C after 24 h, and the maximum was observed for BS3. All isolates displayed exopolysaccharide production. Their safety assessment revealed that most LAB isolates exhibited antibiotic susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, tetracycline and gentamicin; all were non-haemolytic and did not show gelatinase activity. The LAB isolates revealed high autoaggregation ability (87.47 to 90.13%), and maximum towards xylene (hydrophicity >40%) was exhibited by only one isolate BS3 (42.90%). The selected LAB were catalase negative, Gram positive cocci or coccobacilli, and differed in their biochemical characteristics. Based on the various probiotic attributes displayed by the LAB isolates, only one isolate BS3 from badi with overall good probiotic attributes was selected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and identified as Enterococcus faecium strain BS3. The study concludes that local fermented foods are a good source of lactic acid bacteria with promising probiotic traits. However, additional tests are required to meet the safety and functionality criteria as well as the technological usefulness of the isolates in the production of probiotic foods.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “Studies on biology and severity of Bactrocera scutellaris on cucumber in the low hills of Himachal Pradesh”
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-11-24) Kumar, Mukesh; Rana, V K
    The present investigations entitiled “Studies on biology and severity of Bactrocera scutellaris on cucumber in the low hills of Himachal Pradesh” The length and breadth of eggs ranged from 0.95 to 1.25 mm with an average of 1.03 ± 0.02 and 0.20 to 0.35 mm with an average of 0.29 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. The incubation period of eggs were varied from 0.70 to 1 day long with an average of 0.84 ± 0.03 days. The length of first, second and third instar larvae were 1.20 - 1.98 mm (1.59 ± 0.09 mm), 4.50 - 7.75 mm, (6.31 ± 0.27 mm) and 7.25 to 10.75 mm (8.98 ± 0.31 mm) whereas the width was 0.15 to 0.4 mm (0.27 ± 0.02 mm), 0.90 to 1.40 mm (1.25 ± 0.05 mm), 1.25 to 2.80 mm (2.10 ± 0.15 mm). The duration of respective instars were 1.15 ± 0.09, 1.6 ± 0.10 and 3.5 ± 0.12 days. The average larval period was 7.05 ± 0.25 days, with range of 6 to 8 days. The pupa measured 5.97 ± 0.13 mm in length and 2.34 ± 0.03 mm in width. The pupal stage lasted anywhere from 7 to 9 days, with an average of 7.8 ± 0.34 days. The pupa measured 5.97 ± 0.13 mm in length and 2.34 ± 0.03 mm in width. The pupal stage lasted anywhere from 7 to 9 days, with an average of 7.8 ± 0.34 days. The pre- oviposition, oviposition and post oviposition period were 11.52 ± 0.51, 7.05 ± 0.41 and 4.47 ± 0.50 days. The sex ratio was 1.18 ± 0.06 (male: female). The total life cycle ranged from 13 to 19 days with an average duration of 15.5 ± 1.07 days. The mean fruit infestation was positively and significantly correlated with average maximum temperature (0.9261) and negatively significantly correlated with minimum average temperature (-0.1016), while rainfall was negatively and non-significantly correlated (-0.3763) with mean fruit infestation of fruit fly and average relative humidity was negatively and significantly correlated (-0.0573), with mean fruit infestation of fruit fly. Mean fruit infestation severity was positively and significantly correlated with average maximum temperature (0.8270) and average maximum temperature, was positively and non- significantly correlated with minimum average temperature (0.1260). Rainfall was negatively and non- significantly correlated (-0.1922) with Mean fruit infestation severity of fruit fly and average relative humidity was positively and significantly correlated (0.6260) while minimum relative humidity was positively and significantly correlated (0.1583) with mean fruit infestation severity of fruit fly.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Nutritional status of vegetable growing areas of Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-10-22) Aanchal; Kumar, Anil
    The investigation entitled “Nutritional status of vegetable growing areas of Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken to evaluate the nutrient status of the area and to work out the relationship between soil characteristics and available soil and leaf nutrient contents. For this, 50 soil sampling locations were selected randomly and 100 representative surface (0-15 cm) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) soil samples were collected during FebruaryMarch, 2020. Soil samples were then analyzed for different soil physico-chemical properties viz., soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, water holding capacity, soil pH, EC, organic carbon, available macro and micronutrients. The soils of the vegetable growing areas varied from sandy loam to loamy sand in texture. Bulk and particle density exhibited an increasing trend, whereas, porosity and water holding capacity showed an opposite trend with increase in the soil depth. The soils were neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction and EC values of all the soil samples were under normal range. The overall soil organic carbon content was medium to high in status. The soil nutrient indices indicated that the soils of the study area were medium in available N and DTPA-extractable Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, whereas, high in available P, K S and exchangeable Ca and Mg. Representative tomato leaf samples were collected from the same farmer's field from which the soil samples were collected and analyzed for all the macro and micronutrients. Leaf nutrient status showed that all the samples were in medium in total leaf N, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. It further showed that most of the samples were medium in total leaf P, K S, Ca and Mg. Correlation studies showed that the organic carbon content had significant and positive correlations with all the soil macro and micronutrients. The leaf contents had a highly significant and positive correlation with their respective availability in soil.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “Diagnostic Survey of Agroforestry Systems in Nadaun Tehsil of Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh”
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-12-17) Thakur, Ayushi; Sharma, Som Dutt
    The present investigation entitled “Diagnostic Survey of Agroforestry Systems in Nadaun Tehsil of Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the year 2020-21 with the aim to identify agroforestry system types; estimate their biological yield and economic returns; technological gaps and thereby propose suitable agroforestry solutions. Fifteen gram panchayats were chosen and from each panchayat two villages were selected. In each village, three farmers of each category were selected which were divided on the basis of their land holding viz. marginal category (< 1ha), small category (1-2 ha) and medium category (2-4 ha). Data was collected through field sampling and personal interviews. The study revealed that five different agroforestry systems were practiced by the farmers in the study area namely; Agrisilviculture (AS), Agrihorticulture (AH), Agrisilvihorticulture (ASH), Agrihortisilviculture (AHS) and Pastoralsilviculture (PS) were identified. In medium and small category of farmers all five agroforestry systems were present while, in marginal category of farmers pastoralsilviculture system was absent. The average family size of sampled households was 4.67 person per household. The literacy rate was recorded highest (90.46%) in marginal category of farmers. Wheat, potato, garlic, cauliflower and cabbage were rabi crops, whereas maize, colocassia, tomato, ginger and turmeric were crops of kharif season. Prominent tree components in agroforestry systems were Acacia catechu, Grewia optiva, Celtis australis, Pinus roxburghii , Bauhinia variegata, Toona ciliata, Morus alba, Ficus roxburghii, Ficus palmata and Albizia lebbeck found in pastureland and along the bunds of agriculture fields, whereas fruit trees of Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Litchi chinensis, Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, Citrus limon and Punica granatum were retained on and around the bunds of the agriculture field. In pasture, the dominant grass species observed were as follows: Cenchrus ciliaris, Cenchrus setiger, Themada anathera, Panicum maximum and Setaria sphacelata. Irrespective of farmers categories, the highest grand total biomass (26.39 t/ha was observed in agrisilviculture system (AS) and lowest (18.74 t/ha) in pastoralsilviculture system (PS). Among all the category of farmers the maximum net returns (1,41,532 Rs/ha/yr) was reported from agrihortisilviculture (AHS) and least (7,875 Rs./ha/yr) from pastoralsilviculture system. Technological gaps identifying the socio-economic and other constraints have highlighted the inherent weakness of existing AFS types. The most prominent among these constraints includes disproportionate applications of insecticides/pesticides and fertilizers, occurrence of fragmented landholdings, communication gap between lab to land, ineffective implementation of government sponsored schemes for the benefits of farming communities. Relevant agroforestry solutions include conducting location specific diagnostic survey, strengthening of agro- processing facilities, voluntarily adoption of some villages by state agriculture universities and other related institutions etc. From the above study it is concluded that AHS system type was found to be the best for economic point of view whereas ASH system type was proved more profitable by providing maximum BC ratio.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “Heterosis, combining ability and gene action studies in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiformae)
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-11-22) kaplex, Abhishek; Kumar, Dharminder
    The present investigation entitled “Heterosis, combining ability and gene action studies in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiformae)” was carried out at vegetable farm located at Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Jachh (Nurpur), DistrictKangra (H.P.) during the year 2020 and 2021. The experimental material for the present study comprised of five parents and ten crosses, developed by crossing these five diverse tomato lines in half diallel design (excluding reciprocals). ). All the parents and their hybrids along with the standard check (Cheramy) were planted in a Randomized Complete Block Design for their evaluation in Summer, 2021. The observations were recorded on days to first flowering, days to marketable maturity, average fruit weight (g), number of fruits per cluster, number of fruit clusters per plant, harvest duration (days), number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plot (kg), plant height (cm), number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness (mm), total soluble solids (oBrix), fruit colour and observation on insect pest (if any). The analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied. Experimental results revealed that two lines viz., Punjab Red Cherry and Punjab Sona Cherry were found superior on the basis of mean performance and general combining ability studies. Three cross combinations viz., Solan Red Round × Punjab Sona Cherry, Pusa Cherry Tomato-1 × Punjab Sona Cherry and Punjab Red Cherry × Punjab Kesar cherry were found best on the basis of mean performance, specific combining ability and heterosis studies. Hence, these hybrid combinations can be tested further at multiplications before recommendation for commercial cultivation in Himachal Pradesh and in India as well. Gene action studies indicated predominance of dominance effects in governing most of the traits suggesting exploitation of hybrid vigour and developing hybrids for improvement of these traits in cherry tomato on the basis of present studies..
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic Studies in Spinach Beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. bengalensis Roxb.)
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-10-04) Abhishek; Singh, Shiv Pratap
    The present study entitled “Genetic Studies in Spinach Beet (Beta vulgaris L. var bengalensis Roxb.)” was conducted during rabi season of 2020-2021 at the Experimental Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur (HP). 15 genotypes of spinach beet including check “Pusa Harit” were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design to assess the extent of genetic variability and work out heritability, genetic advance, correlation, and path coefficient analysis with respect to different horticultural characters including yield. The Analysis of variance for all the above quantitative traits suggested sufficient variability for different quantitative traits; besides this variability was also found for the qualitative traits viz. leaf shape and leaf color. The best genotype in terms of total yield per plant was P-COHF-NERI-11 (95.53g) which was however, statistically at par to the genotypes viz. P-COHF-NERI-4 (85.13g), PCOHF-NERI-3 (84.06g), P-COHF-NERI-1 (81.46g) and P-COHF-NERI-2 (80.20g). High GCV and PCV values were expressed by the traits viz. fresh weight of leaves, dry weight of leaves and ascorbic acid content. Highest heritability was shown by the trait ascorbic acid content. Whereas, highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was seen for the trait dry weight of leaves. The highest significant genotypic correlation was seen in the characters leaf length and leaf area on the total yield per plant. Path analysis studies showed that the direct selection through the independent trait leaf area could bring maximum improvement in total yield per plant.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “Diagnostic Survey of Agroforestry Systems in Barsar Tehsil of Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh.”
    (College of Horticulture and Forestry Neri, Hamirpur (H.P.), 2021-12-23) Verma, Akanksha; Sharma, Som Dutt
    The present study entitled “Diagnostic Survey of Agroforestry Systems in Barsar Tehsil of Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh.” was carried out during the year 2020-21. The tehsil is located between 31°31'35" N latitude and 76°27'37" E longitude. To study the socio-economic status and vegetation composition of the land-use systems twelve panchayats were selected. A representative sample of two villages was selected from each panchayat and from each village a sample of nine farmers was selected and categorized as marginal (<1 ha), small (1-2 ha) and medium (2-5 ha) on the basis of the land holding. The data was collected through pre-structured schedule for the purpose through personal interviews with head of the each household and visit to the fields. Socioeconomic status of farmers has been analysed taking into consideration their average family structure, sex- ratio, educational status, literacy rate, livestock status, off-farm employment status and land holding size. The study revealed that six agroforestry systems types were prevalent among different categories of farmers in the study area viz., AS, ASH, AH, ASP, PS and SP. The most predominant AFS was AS, followed by ASH. The functional units recorded under different agroforestry system types in the study area under agriculture component were Wheat, Maize, Mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Tomato, Potato, Okra, Brinjal, Turmeric, Arbi and Fennel. The functional units under Silviculture component were Beul, toona, shisham, mulberry, kachnar, chir pine, khair etc. for horticulture component mango, papaya, banana, litchi, citrus etc. were recorded. Whereas, for grass species elephant grass, setaria, nut grass and natural grasses were recorded. Among all the existing agroforestry systems, irrespective of the farmer’s category the highest biological yield and net returns were recorded under agrisilvihorticulture (ASH) system i.e. 25.09 t/ha and 1,35,699 Rs./ha/yr., respectively. While, the lowest biological yield and net returns were recorded under pastoralsilviculture (PS) system i.e. 16.61 t/ha and 6,589 Rs./ha/yr., respectively. Fragmented landholdings, lack of irrigation facilities, non-availability of market, lack of awareness about high yielding variety seeds of crops and promising agroforestry tree species, low yielding varieties of horticultural plants, communication gap between lab to land and ineffective implementation of government sponsored schemes for the benefits of farming communities were some of the constraints found in the study area. Relevant agroforestry solutions can be conducting location specific diagnostic survey, strengthening of agro-processing facilities, voluntarily adoption of some villages by state agriculture universities and other related institutions and opening of govt. authorized sale centres at accessible places etc.