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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Carbon sequestration and effect of organic manures on yield and biomass production of medicinal and aromatic plants under kinnow based agroforestry system(YSPU, 2016) Yewale, Aalok Gulabrao; Pant, K.S.The present investigations entitled “Carbon sequestration and effect of organic manures on yield and biomass production of medicinal and aromatic plants under kinnow based agroforestry system” was conducted at the experimental field of Regional Horticultural Research Station, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Dhaulakuan, Sirmour (H.P.) during 2012 and 2013. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The study aimed at exploring the possibilities of successful cultivation of medicinal plants as intercrop under kinnow along with the different doses of organic manures used. The experiment comprised of 14treatments, which included three different doses of Vermicompost (2t/ha, 4t/ha, 6t/ha) and three different doses of FYM (15t/ha, 20t/ ha, 25t/ha) in combination with and without kinnow. The results revealed that MAPs can be grown successfully under agroforestry system. The use of Vermicompost and FYM at appropriate doses was found beneficial for minimizing competition for critical resources. Vermicompost @ 6t/ha was the most effective dose of organic manure, followed by FYM @ 25t/ha. It was observed that Ocimum sanctum, Andrographis paniculata and Withania somnifera could successfully be cultivated as intercrop under kinnow without any adverse impact on the performance and production ability of these MAPs. The use of organic manures further improves the production ability of intercrop by minimizing competition for critical resources. Performance of Ocimum sanctum, Andrographis paniculata and Withania somnifera were better under kinnow than control. The results revealed that intercropping of MAPs with kinnow also improved fruit yield as management practices and use of organic manures also benefited the tree growth under agroforestry system. Soil physical and chemical properties were found to be better in intercropping as compared to control (treeless area). The availability of nutrients like N, P, K, Ca and Mg were high where, higher doses of organic manures were applied in agroforestry system as well as in sole crop system. Soil pH and organic carbon were also improved in agroforestry system than sole crop system. In present study the biomass production was observed under kinnow based agroforestry system where, Ocimum sanctum was intercropped followed by kinnow + Andrographis paniculata and kinnow + Withanina somnifera. The carbon sequestration of kinnow based agroforestry system was recorded maximum than sole crop system. The bioeconomic appraisal of kinnow based agroforestry system has exhibited better benefit cost ratio as compared to sole crop system. Among three MAPs, Ocimum sanctum provides better returns in comparison to Andrographis paniculata and Withania somnifera. The findings of present study suggested that cultivation of these medicinal and aromatic plants in combination with fruit trees, especially kinnow may be recommended for better economic return from the agroforestry systems. Application of organic manures had significantly increased yield and growth performance of medicinal herbs intercropped under kinnow. Soil physico-chemical properties like soil organic carbon and nutrients availability were found to be improved under agroforestry system than sole crop system. It also suggested that the agroforestry system have higher potential of producing biomass (woody and non-woody) and have higher carbon sequestration potential than monocropping system.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on canopy distribution, stand growth and regeneration in Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud under temperate conditions of Himachal Pradesh(YSPU, 2016) Prahlad, V.C.; Gupta, N.K.Current investigation entitled “Studies on canopy distribution, stand growth and regeneration in Cedrus deodara(Roxb.) Loud under temperate conditions of Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken in the year 2011-13 in selected natural pure stands. The study intended to assess the growth and natural regeneration characteristics under different locations and age groups in relation to light pattern andsite quality. The stand structure study conducted at bole and canopy level for vital stand parameters through standard forest measurement technique on sampling base in four Periodic blocks (PBI, PBII, PBIII and PBIV) in three sites Habban, Chail and Cheog with three replications. Radiation study conducted beneath the canopy through capturing hemispherical images using CI-110 digitalplant canopy analyser. The site quality assessmentwas carried out plotting age and quality height curves of yield table against site height curves to denotebase years. Important statistical tools were employed to adjudge their significance. Subsequently results showed 943.33 to 203.33 stems/ha at Chail PBIV and Habban PBI. The stocking level was found irregular and clumped at middle age with missing stems in both lower and higher diameter classes. Cheog showed highest mean diameter (40.34 cm), height (26.67 m), stem volume (481.39 m3/ha). But, Chail showed good performance with stem density, mean basal area (m2/ha) and vital crown parameters in general. Attainment of maximum mean tree height at S3 (26.67 m) and in PBI (31.88 m) was attributed to good site quality and competitive vigor. The correlation study and regression study indicated strong correlation between diameter with height, crown width,volume and crown width with crown areas Further, crown width showed higher correlation coefficient with crown areas (surface and basal), crown projection ratio, crown volume and stem volume in general for all sites and PBs. The transmission coefficient or gap fraction values showed maximum 0.609 and minimum 0.46 this eastvariation might be the result of uniformity in canopy conditions as a result of present silvicultural management practices. The quantitative characterization of site quality, highest growing stock, highest crop height performance and highest LAI indicated the superior site quality for Cheog over others. Chail and Cheog indicated availability of large numbers of recruitsthan Habban due to low surface litter, low soil emperature and favorable PAR. The un-established seedlings/ha were maximum and minimum with values 8833.33 and 166.67 recorded at Cheog (PBIV) and Chail (PBI). The established individuals/ha at Chail PBIV showed highest (6333.33) and lowest values (500) at both Cheog (PBI and PBIII). The stablished stocking percent was highest at PBIV in all the sites with decreasing trend from PBIV toPB I. However, regeneration success as well as established stocking percent (more than 100%) found in all the regeneration PBs.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on crop regulation with chemical thinning, gibberellic acid and pruning in nectarine cv. May Fire(YSPU, 2016) Rimpika; Sharma, NThe present investigations entitled “Studies on crop regulation with chemical thinning, gibberellic acid and pruning in nectarine cv. May Fire” were carried out on 12-year-old trees of nectarine cultivar May Fire raised on wild peach seedling rootstocks at the experimental orchard of Horticulture Research Station, Kandaghat, District Solan and Farmer’s orchard at Kotla Barog, District Sirmaur during 2014-15. In experiment I, experimental trees were subjected to nine treatments viz. NAA at 40 ppm and 60 ppm; Ethrel at 200 and 300 ppm applied one and two weeks after petal fall and control with three replications in Randomized Block Design. At both locations, treatment with NAA at 40 ppm when applied two weeks after petal fall induced significantly higher thinning, increased shoot growth, tree height and spread, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, leaf to fruit ratio, superior grades’ fruit yield, fruit size, weight and volume. Total soluble solids, total sugar and reducing sugar contents were higher and acidity and firmness lower in the fruits from trees treated with NAA at 60 ppm two weeks after petal fall during both the years, irrespective of locations. Surface colouration was higher in fruits from trees treated with Ethrel at 300 ppm two weeks after petal fall during both the years, irrespective of locations. However, chemical thinners were more effective at Kandaghat, in respect of all these parameters and the induction of fruit abscission following application of treatments was higher during 2014 compared to 2015 over the control. In different NAA and Ethrel treatments, disintegration of cells in pith, vascular and cortex regions was advanced at Kandaghat in the year 2014 at 20.5- 24.5°C/ 13-14°C maximum and minimum temperature and 47.3-60.3% average relative humidity after application chemical thinners. In experiment II, experimental trees were subjected to 17 different treatments of crop regulation with chemical thinners, pruning and GA 3 ; chemical thinner were more effective in improving the production of superior grade fruits than reducing the crop load directly by pruning or indirectly by GA treatments.Again treatments with NAA at 40 ppm when applied two weeks after petal fall reduced the crop load to the greatest extent and improved fruit size, yield of superior grade fruits and fruit quality. Pruning to retain 40 fruiting shootstree-1+ NAA 40 ppm, 2WAPF increased the shoot growth, tree height, tree spread and leaf area.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. wood characteristics using plant extracts as biopreservatives(YSPU, 2016) Gupta, Heena; Sharma, K.R.The present investigation entitled “Studies on Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. wood characteristics using plant extracts as biopreservatives” was carried out in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, UHF Campus, Nauni, Solan (H.P.). The wood samples of Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. of size 5cm x 2.5cm x 2.5cm (longitudinal x radial x tangential) were prepared. These wood samples were dip treated in control, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2 % (w/v) plant extracts of Lantana camaraL. and Ageratum conyzoidesL. for 72 hours. These plant extracts were extracted by using two solvents viz. petroleum ether and methanol solutions. The wood samples were analysed for variation of specific gravity, swelling and shrinkage of wood in three different planes viz longitudinal, radial and tangential, per cent weight gain of treated anduntreated wood on dry weight basis, per cent weight gain of treated and untreated wood on wet weight basis, weight percentage gain, volumetric swelling coefficient, volumetric shrinkage coefficient, anti-swelling efficiency, anti-shrinkage efficiency, hromium absorption, Chromium leaching, Chromium retention, variation in treated and untreated wood after Chromium absorption on dry weight basis (Swelling) and wet weight basis (Shrinkage), variation in treated and untreated wood after Chromium leaching on dry weight basis (Swelling) and wet weight basis (Shrinkage), in vitromycelial growth of Polyporussp., per cent fungal growth on plant extracts and Chromium treated wood samples, per cent fungal inhibition by plant extracts and Chromium treated wood samples, ecay test for 2 months and three months period and qualitative and quantitative enzyme assays. The maximum value of specific gravity was recorded at 2.00 per cent concentration. The maximum swelling and rinkage of wood samples have been recorded for tangential plane followed by radial and longitudinal planes. The highest volumetric swelling and shrinkage coefficient, were observed for Ageratum conyzoides L. at T (2.00%) and control respectively. Per cent variation in weight of treated and untreated wood on dry weight basis (Swelling) and wet weight basis (Shrinkage) were found to be maximum for Lantana camaraL. The treated samples have shown improved anti-swelling and anti-shrinkage efficiency over untreated samples.The extract treated wood samples have shown an increased dimensional stability over untreated samples. With increase in plant extract concentration the Chromium retention in wood increased (upto 1%) and was found maximum for Ageratum conyzoidesL. reated samples where, petroleum ether was usedas a solvent. More variation in swelling and shrinkage after Chromium absorption was observed in Lantana camara L. treated wood samples. The treated wood samples have shown more fixation of Chromium trioxide over untreated samples. The maximum funguscolonization was observed in untreated samples. The decay test upto 3 months showed more weight loss ascompared to 2 months. The treatment of samples at higher concentrations where, petroleum ether was used as a solvent proved to be effective in protection against the fungal degradation. Quantitative and qualitative analysis indicated that the fungus was capable of producing cellulase, xylanase and laccase enzymes showing its capability of degreading the wood.ThesisItem Open Access Geographical Information System based assessment of location suitability for apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) production(YSPU, 2016) Belsare, Chaitanya Ramdass; Sharma, NThe present investigation entitled “Geographical Information System based assessment of location suitability for apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) production” was carried out at different locations and altitudes in district Shimla and Kinnaur during the years 2012 - 2014. The data on weather, geological, physical, production, quality, soil and socio-economic parameters were recorded. The result revealed that the temperature decreased linearly with the corresponding increase in altitude. Rainfall was recorded significantly lower at both the locations of district Kinnaur in comparison to all the locations of district Shimla. Depending upon the climatic variations at different locations during the course of study, dates of chilling unit initiation, rest completion, end of chilling period and full bloom stages of Starking Delicious apple showed discrepancy among the locations and between the years. According to present findings all the locations in Shimla and Kinnaur fulfilled the basic chilling requirement for apple. Different altitudes showed significant positive correlation with flowering intensity, fruit set, yield, productivity, fruit length, diameter, weight, TSS, TSS/acid ratio, sugars whereas, negative and significant association was found between altitudes and fruit acidity. Soil temperature and moisture increased with the progress in growth period and increase in altitudes. The suitability map of apple for Shimla and Kinnaur districts was obtained after running the geographically weighted regression model. The highly suitable areas includes Shimla, Kumarsain, Kalpa and Pooh blocks, where the temperature and altitudes were found to be in the exact optimum range and this area is about 211.79 sq km. In case of fairly suitable zone, there was moderate correspondence between climatic conditions and requirement of apple in these areas compared to best suitable zone. This zone includes Theog, Chopal, Jubbal, Rohru, Chirgaon and Nichar blocks with an area of 157.18 sq km. However, unsuitable zone considered as areas that are not suitable for apple because of non-compatibility between prevailing climatic requirements of apple. This zone includes Basantpur and Rampur covering an area of 47.26 sq km.ThesisItem Open Access Site characteristics and regeneration studies of bani oak (Quercus glauca Thunberg) in Himachal Pradesh(YSPU, 2016) Tesfaye, Amare; Bhardwaj, D.R.The study was carried out at Quercus glauca bearing forests of Solan, Nareg and Sarhan forest ranges of Himachal Pradesh, India during the year 2013-2015. Six forest sites viz.: Solan,Oachghat, Deothal, Narag, Chakla and Tikri were non randomly selected to assess effects of phytosociology, stand characteristics and site conditions in natural regeneration of the species as well as effects of stratification media, stratification duration, acorn size and pre-sowing treatments on germination and growth characteristics Quercus glauca seedlings. Data collection, analysis and interpretation were conducted based on standard field, laboratory and statistical procedures. Stand structure, species composition, site characteristics and status of natural regeneration varied a lot in the study sites. Natural regeneration of Quercus glauca was better at Oachghat and Narag forest sites, in which major tree associates were Machilus duthiei, Dalbergia sissoo, Bauhinia variegate, Pinus roxburghii, Pyrus pashia and Myrica esculenta. Natural regeneration of Quercus glauca was positively related to soil moisture content, organic carbon and organic matter layer and it was negatively related to soil pH and solar influx. In general, natural regeneration increased with increase in tree density but it decreased with increase in shrub and herb density. In the stratification trial, highest germination of acorns were recorded under farmyard manure media (51.8 %) and 45 days stratification duration (49.5%). Shaded growing conditions had been found better in germination, survival and seedling growth characteristics than open nursery conditions. Germination was higher in nutrient rich stratification media. Total sugar content was increasing, whereas, starch and soluble protein content of acorns was decreasing with increase in germination. Application of 100 ppm GA3 treatment and exposed embryo had higher germination for chemical and physical pre-sowing treatments under laboratory conditions, respectively. Physical pre-sowing treatments had also better performance in germination than chemical pre-sowing treatments. The study concluded that maintaining tree density and plant associates that enhanced natural regeneration of Quercus glauca should be preserved for the sustenance of the species. The use physical pre-sowing treatments in combination of shaded growing conditions should be encouraged for artificial reproduction of the species.ThesisItem Open Access Pollination studies and development of day neutral cultivars in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassaDuch.)(YSPU, 2016) Suman Lata; Sharma, GirishThe present investigation entitled “Pollination studies and development of day neutral cultivars in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) was carried out during 2011-12 and 2012-13 in the experimental field of Department of Fruit Science, Dr Y SParmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. In experiment 1,variability, correlation and path analysis were studied in sixteen strawberry cultivars. ‘Chandler’ outperformed all other cultivars for vegetative characters such as plant height, plant spread, number of leaves, leaf area, number of runners and number of fruits per plant. Fruit size, weight and yield were maximum in cultivar Gorella.High coefficients of variability for total yield, number of fruits per plant average berry weight and number of runners per plant may be used for improvement through selection. Total yield showed both high heritability coupled with high genetic gain.Yield per plant was positively and significantly associated with plant height , plant spread, leaf number per plant, leaf area, number of runners per plant, fruit length, fruit breadth, number of achenes per fruit, number of fruits per plant, average berry weight.Plant spread had positive direct effect on yield / plant in the first year and in second year for number of fruits / plant, number of runners / plant, leaf number, fruit breadth and fruit weight, days to maturity , number of achenes / fruit , TSS .In experimentII, malformed fruit formation was improved by hand and cross pollination. In hand pollination ‘Fern’ and ‘Shasta’ had least malformed fruits. When hand pollinated,‘Pajaro’ x ‘Catskill’ and ‘Belrubi’ x ‘Douglas’ showed least malformed fruits. Maximum fruit set with better fruit size was from cross-pollination, followed by hand and open pollination and least was in self-pollination.In experiment III, ethrel (500 ppm) resulted in higher (86.67 %) germination followed by 200 ppm gibberellic acid (84.33 %).The line ‘Chandler’ exhibited good general combing ability for plant height , spread, leaf area, fruit size, number of fruits per plant and TSS and ‘Sweet Charlie’ was good combiner for plant height, spread, fruit size, fruit weight and TSS.Among the testers ‘Torrey’ showed good GCA for plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fruit length, fruit weight and ‘Selva’ for leaf area, number of fruits per plant and TSS.Combining ability depicted prominent role of non-additive gene action formost of the traits except plant height, fruit breadth and TSS.Variability among the crosses was mainly due to higher contribution of lines compared to individual contribution of testers and line x tester interaction.ThesisItem Open Access Site characteristics and regeneration studies of bani oak (Quercus glauca Thunberg) in Himachal Pradesh(YSPU, 2016) Tesfaye, Amare; Bhardwaj, D.R.The study was carried out at Quercus glaucabearing forests of Solan, Nareg and Sarhan forest ranges of Himachal Pradesh, India during the year 2013-2015. Six forest sites viz.: Solan,Oachghat, Deothal, Narag, Chakla and Tikri were non randomly selected to assess effects of phytosociology, stand characteristics and site conditions in natural regeneration of the species as well as effects of stratification media, stratification duration, acorn size and pre-sowing treatments on germination and growth characteristics Quercus glauca seedlings. Data collection, analysis and interpretation were conducted based onstandard field, laboratory and statistical procedures. Stand structure, species composition, site characteristics and status of natural regeneration varied alot in the study sites. Natural regeneration of Quercus glauca was better at Oachghat and Narag forest sites, in which major tree associates were Machilus duthiei, Dalbergia sissoo, Bauhinia variegate, Pinus roxburghii, Pyrus pashia and Myrica esculenta. Natural regeneration of Quercus glauca was positively related to soil moisture content, organic carbon and organic matter layer and it was negatively related to soil pH and solar influx. In general, natural regeneration increased with increase in tree density but it decreased with increase in shrub and herb density. In the stratification trial, highest germination of acornswere recorded under farmyard manure media (51.8 %)and 45 days stratification duration (49.5%). Shaded growing conditions had been found better in germination, survival and seedling growth characteristics than open nursery conditions. Germination was higher in nutrient rich stratification media. Total sugar content was increasing, whereas, starch and soluble protein content of acorns was decreasing with increase in germination. Application of 100 ppm GA3 treatment and exposed embryo had higher germination for chemical and physical pre-sowing treatments under laboratory conditions, respectively. Physical pre-sowing treatments had also better performance in germination than chemical pre-sowing treatments. The study concluded that maintaining tree density and plant associates that enhanced natural regeneration of Quercus glaucashould be preserved for the sustenance of the species. The use physical pre-sowing treatments in combination of shaded growing conditions should be encouraged for artificial reproduction of the species.ThesisItem Open Access Environmental impact assessment of industrialization in Paonta Sahib – Dhaula Kuan – Kala Amb industrial hub of Himachal Pradesh(YSPU, 2016) Kashyap, Rachit Raghava; Verma, K.S.Environmental impact assessment of industrialization in Paonta Sahib - Dhaula Kuan - Kala Amb industrial hub of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during the year 2014-15. The objectives of study were to inventorization and characterization of major pollutant industries; estimation of greenhouse gases from different industrial sources; study the physicochemical properties of industrial effluents, soils, water resources and efficiency of field crops to bioaccumulate the heavy metals from soil. In order to prepare greenhouse gas inventory, the methodology given in the revised 1996 IPCC guidelines and 2006 IPCC guidelines for National greenhouse gas inventory was used. 62 industrial units were selected by using simple random sampling and enlisted under the broad emission categories viz. mineral, metal and other industries. On the basis of pollution potential categorization industries were sub-divided into red (highly polluting), orange (moderately polluting) and green (non-polluting). These two sub-categories had ten (10) industries in total out of which five (5) produce cement and five (5) was in glass production. Metal industries included three sub-categories viz. iron and steel, ferroalloy and aluminium. A total of nineteen (19) industries were covered under this category, out of which nine (9) were iron and steel producing, seven (7) were in ferroalloy production and three (3) aluminium producing. All metal industries were in red list, however three (3) were large and four (4) were medium scale industries. Twelve (12) remaining metal industries were small scale industries. Among other industries all pulp and paper were red, (13) food industries were in orange and rest was in green category. GHGs viz. CO 2 (749.298 Gg), CH 4 (0.024 Gg), N 2 O (0.067 Gg), CO (1.344 Gg), NMVOC’s (2.810 Gg) emitted from Paonta Sahib-Dhaula Kuan-Kala Amb industrial hub region annually. In terms of CO 2 eq. metal industry released (751.734 Gg CO 2 eq.) the highest amount followed by other industries (528.140 Gg CO 2 eq.) and mineral industry (44.078 Gg CO 2 eq.). Values of different parameters of pulp and paper industrial effluents were high in pre-monsoon as compare to postmonsoon season. Principal component analysis (PC) outcome of three and two factors revealed natural and anthropogenic activities as contributing factors for metal profusion in the rivers. Based on pollution index, Cr, As and Zn were seriously (24.74), moderately (0.616) and slightly (0.380) polluting metals, respectively in Yamuna river. Parameters like Zn, As and NO 3 were slightly polluting, while COD (moderately), BOD (strongly) and Cr (seriously) polluting, respectively in Markanda river. Ground water quality was overall good and heavy metals accumulated in leaf samples of wheat and maize were below permissible limits. Therefore, in industrial towns continuous monitoring of soil, water and crops are needed to maintain environmental quality on sustainable basis. Data obtained in this study can be used as a baseline and reference point when assessing further changes around industrial hub of Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh.