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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Common property resources and rural livelihood security: A study of common pasturelands in hills of Nepal(YSPU, 2012) Regmi, Sudarshan Prasad; Sharma, RavinderThe study analyzed the linkages of common property resources (pastureland) with the rural livelihood security of people in Rasuwa district of Nepal. A stratified multistage random sampling design was used to select a sample of 180 respondents from three different climatic zones, viz., temperate (2000-3000 masl), sub-alpine (3000-4000 masl) and alpine (4000-5000 masl). The selected samples were further classified as users’ and non-users’ depending upon their dependence on common pastureland. The result of the study revealed that 63.33 per cent of sampled respondents were users and 83.33 per cent were exclusively dependent on agricultural farming. The pasture to herder ratio was found higher in the temperate zoneand lower in sub-alpine and alpine zone indicatingthat as the altitude increased the number of herder also increased. A maximum likelihood estimates using Tobit model was used to determine collective effort for the pastureland management. It was revealed that area of common pastureland, Gini ratio and income from livestock were positively and significantly whereas, membership to local organization and quadratic form of Gini ratio were negatively and significantly affected the management of the common pastureland. The Tobit analysis revealed that probability in thecollective effort of an average illiterate farmer having Gini ratio of 0.40 and non-member to local organization with landholding of 0.30 ha has probability of 0.261; which further decreased to 0.197 with increased landholding (0.60ha). Further increase in educational level from illiterate to primary lowered in probability to 0.158. The condition of pastureland in physical term and availability of forage were high in alpine zone than the other regions and overall condition was found to be fair to good; with highly weed infestation and unwanted shrubs (56.12 %). The major determinants of the good pastureland condition found using Tobit analysis; were land holding, land to man ratio, family size, household work force, forage availability index andthe status of respondent being user of the pastureland. The findings explicitly indicated that livestock income contributed 51.89 per cent to user household income whereas remittance as off-farm income constituted 59.92 per cent of the non-users’ household income. It was found that food availability based on their own production level of wheat, rice and maize) was deficit in all categories of respondent and climatic zones. Whereas, when potato crop was considered as stable food, then the food available become sufficient. The analyze of the major determinants for willingness to pay for betterment of pastureland condition inferred that were cost of stay, management level, and livestock units were found positively and significantly, and family size and value of resource use negatively and significantly affecting the willingness to pay of with cost of stay being most important (<0.01) factor for both users and non-users of the pastureland. It was further investigated that probability of extent for willingness to pay (WTP) for average respondent in the study area increased with increased in cost of stay, livestock income and family size. The expected amount of WTP for average respondent in overall situation varied from NRs. 304.53 to 680.00 ha 1 yr 1, whereas, in case of nonuser it varied from NRs. 216.58 to 362.62 ha 1 yr 1 . In case of users it increased from NRs.2163.29 to2666505.45 ha 1 yr 1 implying thereby that users were highly motivated to pay more than the non-users in the study area. Itwas revealed that respondents were willing to pay higher price for the higher quality of pastureland improvement. The findings of the present study strongly recommend that there should be a separate pastureland policy to bring several activities related to the pastureland management so that livelihood of the users may be strengthening in future.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on the pollinator fauna in selected eco-environmental conditions of Himachal Pradesh and promoting pollinator husbandry(YSPU, 2012) Sharma, Rajesh; Gupta, J. K.The present study on “Investigations on the pollinator fauna in selected ecoenvironmental conditions of Himachal Pradesh and promoting pollinator husbandry” were carried out in the Departement of Entomology and Apiculture, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.). During the course of investigations, an initiative has been taken up to use standard protocol of sweep net method, counter method and pan trap to record base line data which can be used in future for making comparison of pollinators diversity in space and time. The studies were conducted in 3 different eco-environmental conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Forty seven insect species from blooms of different plants and 26 species from pan traps were found at Solan. The activity of wild honey bees, A. dorsata and solitary/other wild bees was found low as compared to earlier studies conducted by different workers in the same area. It is concluded that to characterize local bee fauna, there is need to supplement pan trapping protocols with the netting. On apple at Kullu, 9 species belonging to 6 families and 3 orders were observed. Some effect of distance from natural forest area on pollinator visitation and fruit set was visualized at Kullu. There was no effect of scented sugar syrup on directing A. mellifera to apple bloom. Further studies are required to work out the number of flowers for making scented syrup more effective in attracting the bees. Fourteen species belonging to 7 families and 3 orders were observed on apple bloom at Tabo (Spiti valley). However, in pan traps 12 species belonging to 7 families and 3 orders were trapped. Higher fruit set was observed at Tabo during 2011 when A. mellifera colonies were kept by farmers for pollination. Nesting sites of different solitary bees viz. Halictus sp., Ceratina sp. and Megachile sp. were located from Solan, Kullu and Tabo, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization of turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV) infecting radish (Raphanus sativus L.)(YSPU, 2012) Parmar, Nehanjali; Bhardwaj, S. V.Radish (Raphanus sativusL.) is an edible root crop of family Brassicaceaewhich is grown worldwide especially in Asia. Turnip mosaic potyvirus(TuMV; genus: Potyvirus, family: Potyviridae) is considered as one of the most important viruses in the world that infect field-grown vegetables and displays a large natural as well as experimental host range. TuMV was found to be prevalent in different regions of India. In all, nineisolates were collected on the basis of symptoms from areas comprising Himachal Pradesh (Mandi, Solan, Shimla and Kinnaur), Chandigarh, Punjab (Ludhiana), Haryana (Karnal), New Delhi (West Patel Nagar) and Rajasthan (Bharatpur). During serological detection, ELISA tests were conducted. All seven isolates except from New Delhi and Rajasthan reacted positively with monoclonal antibodies against TuMV. These studies were further confirmed through RT-PCR using specific primers for coat protein (CP) gene as a molecular detection procedure. A cDNA of approximately 1000 bp was amplified from all the seven TuMV Indian isolates. The RTPCR products were subsequently cloned and sequenced. The sequenced product of all the seven TuMV Indian isolates (IND1-IND7) was approximately 986 bp whichcomprised of 54 bp of the 3´ end of nuclear inclusion b (NIb) gene, the whole CP gene and 65 bp of the 3´ untranslated (UTR) region. CP gene of all the seven Indian isolates of TuMV was 867 bp long, encoding 288 amino acid residues which were submitted to NCBI. Accession numbers JQ246074 to JQ246080 and AFE55681to AFE55687 were assigned to seven TuMV Indian isolates IND1 to IND7 CP gene nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. Conserved motif DAG (Asp-Ala-Gly) and NAG (Asn-Ala-Gly), which has beenreported to be important for potyvirustransmission by aphids, were found at positions 6-8 and 56-58 aa residues, respectively in the seven TuMV Indian isolates CP gene sequences. Another conserved motif, GDD (Gly-Asp-Asp) which has been identified as a hallmark of RNA dependent RNA polymerase was observed at 158-160 aa position in all the seven CP gene sequences of Indian isolates of TuMV. Percent homology of CP gene of seven Indian isolates among themselves and with other TuMV isolates retrieved from NCBI database was within the range of 87-99% and 92-100% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based upon nucleotide and amino acid sequences using UPGMA, NJ, MP and ME methods inferred classification of seven TuMV Indian isolates, tentatively into basalBR group, due to its occurrence nearest to those isolates of TuMV which have been earlier classified to this group. Conserved domain for TuMV CP gene was observed at 51-287aa position in all the seven test Indian isolates. Computational predictions for various restriction enzymes were also carried out. Alpha helixconsensus secondary structure was predicted and found to dominate in all the seven protein sequences of CP gene of Indian isolates of TuMV.ThesisItem Open Access Anthocorid bugs as predator of insect and mite pests on cultivated crops(YSPU, 2012) Nisha Devi; Gupta, P.R.The present studies were primarily carried out in the laboratory and partially under field conditions at Nauni, Solan during January 2009 to August 2011. Anthocorid bugs belonging to 3 genera and 5 species, viz. Anthocoris confususReuter, A. dividens Bu and Zheng, Orius bifilarusGhauri, O. nigerWolff andLippomanus brevicornis Yamada and Hirowatari, were identified on the basis of habitus, biometry and morphological features, mainly the genitalia (copulatory tube in the female and paramere in the male). Except A. confusus, all are being reported for the first time from HimachalPradesh and A. dividens and L. brevicornisare new records from India. Field activity of anthocorid bugs continued from March to November on one or other flora among the 16 plant species. Amongst these, Orius bifilaruswas the predominant one and this as well as A. dividens were amenable for laboratory rearing. The growth pattern of O. bifilarus and A. dividensin subsequent five nymphal stadia was heterogonic as the various body parts increased with varied growth rates and the growth increment adhered to Brooks-Dyar law. Developmental Biology of three anthocorids A. dividens, O. bifilarus and O. nigerwas studied. Among the 4 tested food sources for O. bifilarus, thrips from cucurbits and Corcyra cephalonica eggs proved almost equally good for completing development in 22.8 and 24.6 days with nymphmortality of 8 and 8.7% at 25 o C; a nymph required 55.3 thrips or 144.1eggs of Corcyrafor its development. At 28 o C, it took 20.1 and 20.9 days (14.8 and 13.8% mortality, respectively). Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Tetranychus urticae were poor food sources and these protracted the nymphal duration to 35.3 and 38.6 days and mortality was very high (71.9 and73.1%). The adult bug consumed 228 Corcyra eggs and 146.4 thrips during survival of 14.9 and 17.7 days, respectively. O. nigerwas difficult to rear on thrips and Corcyraeggs as the nymph mortality was high (43.8 and 49.9%, respectively). However, A. dividens was easy to rear and it completed its development on Corcyraeggs and thrips (from Bauhinia and cucurbits) in 21.8 and 25.8 days and nymph-mortality was 15.8 and 20% respectively. It required either 137.2 Corcyra eggs or 74.6 thrips for development and adult bug consumed 260.7 eggs or 109.8 thrips during its survival of 18.5 and 15.0 days, respectively. Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius (a species being advocated for biological control in India) required 208.5 Corcyra eggs for nymph development and adult consumed 296.4eggs during its survival. In all these species, feeding potential of the females were higher than that of males. B. pallescensfailed to complete its development on T. urticae and all nymphs died by IV-stadium. Gross morphology of the male reproductive system of three anthocorids, A. confusus, O. bifilarus and B. pallescenswas studied and illustrated; all these having almost round two testicular follicles in each testis. In female reproductive system of A. confusus, A. dividens, O. bifilarus and B. pallescens each ovary contained 6-7 ovarioles. Copulatory tubes measured 1.5-1.7mm in A. confusus, 0.3mm in A. dividens, 0.07-0.12mm in O. bifilarus and 0.02-0.03mm in O. niger. Fertility analysis revealed that for O. bifilarus intrinsic rate of increase was marginally higher onthrips than on Corcyra eggs (r m =0.088 and 0.085 respectively), while for A. dividens andB. pallescensreared on Corcyra eggs vaule of r m was 0.069 and 0.079, respectively. B. pallescensexhibited Holling’s type II and curvilinear type II functional response to increasing density of Corcyra eggs as prey.ThesisItem Open Access Impact Of Industrialization On Water Quality And Soil Health In Baddi-Barotiwala-Nalagarh Industrial Hubs Of Himachal Pardesh(Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry;Solan, 2010) Khajuria, Neetan; Tripathi, DThesisItem Open Access Detection and characterization of gene encoding bacteriocin in lactic acid bacteria and to study preservative potential of purified bacteriocin(YSPU, 2012) Gautam, Neha; Sharma, NiveditaThe present investigation was carried out to isolate most efficient bacteriocin producing potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria from rare and unexplored food sources, their screening, identification,optimization to enhance the maximum bacteriocin producing potential, purification, characterization of purified bacteriocin on biochemical as well as on molecular level and application of bacteriocin as food biopreservatives. In addition, probiotic attributes of bacteriocin producing lactic acid bacteria and its role in cell mediated preservation was studied. In total 53 bacterial isolates were isolated from fermented/ non fermented food sources. out of all, 41 bacterial isolates which were catalase –ve were screened against ten spoilage causing food borne pathogens by bit/disc method. Among all, 8 isolates were further secreened to test bacteriocin production potential on the basis of their wide inhibitory spectrum against tested pathogens. Finally two isolates UN and G2 were selected for further studies being hyperbacteriocin producers, which were isolated from Dhulliachar and Gundruck respectively which are traditional fermented food products of North east India. Isolate UN was identified as Lactobacillus breviswhile G2 identified as Lactobacillus spicheriby 16S r RNA gene technique and registered in NCBI under accession no. JX46150 and JX48191 respectively. Bacteriocin productionwas optimized through classical one variable at a time method. Both the isolates showed maximum bacteriocin production at early stationary phase, at pH4.0, temperature 35 0 C with an inoculum size of 1.5 OD @ 10 %. Bacteriocins from both the isolates were purified by single step gel exclusion chromatography and their molecular weights were found to be 14 kDa and 43 kDa respectively. Activity units increased from 2×10 3 to 8×10 3 AU/ml in both cases. Purified bacteriocin titers of L. brevis UN increased by 87.5 % against L. monocytogenes, 66.6 % againstS.aureus and 75 % against C. perfringens. In case of L. spicheriG2 bacteriocin titers increased by 75 % , against L. monocytogenes, S. aureusand 15 % against C. perfringensrespectively. Purified bacteriocins of both the isolates were characterized by studying the effect of temperature, pH , proteolytic enzymes and storage stability on them. Both purified bacteriocins were maximum active against all the tested pathogens at neutral pH, both were found to have moderate thermostability and were sensitive to proteolytic enzymes trypsin and proteinase k. Molecular determinants for bacteriocin production in L. brevis UN showed that gene for bacteriocin production was plasmid bound. 1H-NMR revealed the unique combinations of different amino acids in biochemical structure of purified bacteriocin which has beenreported for the first time in present study. Both isolates were tested for their probiotic attributes and werefound to have sound probiotic potential.The use of both the strains in bacteriocin mediated preservation and cell mediated preservation have been found quite satisfactory. The purified bacteriocins produced by L. brevis UN and L.spicheriG2 showed resistance to the spoilage causing microorganisms in milk and apple juice. L. brevisUN and L. spicheriG2 were used successfully to prepare healthy and refreshing probiotics drinks viz. bioyogurt I, II, III and nutritionally rich cereal based probiotic product.ThesisItem Open Access Innovative methods for the management of carnation wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi(Prill. and Del.) Snyd. and Hans(YSPU, 2012) Verma, Savita; Gautam, H. R.The present investigation entitled “Innovative methods for the management of carnation wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. dianthi(Prill. and Del.) Snyd. and Hans.” was conducted in the laboratories and experimental farm of the Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology and also at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping. During the survey of the disease, 12.9-37.35 per cent incidence of wilt was recorded. Among different fungicides tested in vitrobavistin was found most effective with 92.04 per cent average inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen. Among different soil amendments, neem cake was found most effectivein reducing the incidence of wilt and improving various plant growth as well as quality parameters. Soil solarisation with transparent polyethylene sheet for 40 days resulted in an increase of 8.2 ºC in average maximum soil temperature at 5cm soil depth in comparison to unsolarized soil in the polyhouse. Soil solarisation of the pathogen culture with transparent polyethylene sheet at 5cm soil depth for 40 daysresulted in 83.76 per cent reduction in viable propagules of the wilt pathogen in comparison to unsolarized beds at same depth in polyhouse. Soil solarisation increased the incubation period of thedisease by 43.6 per cent and also reduced the wiltincidence by 66.67 per cent with transparent polyethylene sheet at 5cm soil depth. Among different bio-control agents evaluated under in vitro conditions against wilt pathogen, T. viride and T. harzianum were found at par in efficacy with 67.5 and 65.6 per cent inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen,respectively. Among bacterial antagonists, A. chroococcumwas found most effective with 57.7 per cent mycelial growth inhibition. Out of nine bio-formulations tested in vitro condition, Neemazal was found most effective with 73.06 per cent average inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen. Dip treatment of unrooted carnation cuttings in Bavistin (0.1%) or Quintal (0.2%) was found most effective and completely checked the incidence of wilt in cuttings. Treatment of unrooted carnation cuttings with Bavistin alsoresulted in maximum increase in average plant height and root length by66.0 and 440.5 per cent. Among bio-control agents,dip of cuttings in Trichoderma viride was found most effective with 2.3 per cent incidence of wilt and it resulted in 73.1 per cent average increase in plant height and 586.4 per cent average increase in root length. Among botanicals and bio-pesticides, dip of cuttings in Neemajal was found most effective with 11.9 per cent incidence of wilt and it resulted in 51.9 per cent average increase in plant height and 597.6 per cent averageincrease in root length. Seven native species of AM fungi related to four genera viz., Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Entrophosporasp. were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of thecarnation field. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma virideformulation was found most effective with 90.9 per cent reduction in the wilt incidence and in improving various plant growth as well as quality parameters. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma virideformulation resulted in 81.5 per cent reduction in viable propagules of the wilt pathogen. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma virideformulation also found most effective with an increase of 2388.9 per cent in AMF spore population with root colonization of 21.6 percent. Treatment combination of soil solarization with root dip of cuttings in Bavistin (0.1%) along with application of Neemcake as soil amendment (1kg/m 2 ) and AMUHF + AZUHF (each 5g/plant as root inoculation of cuttings) + T. viride(10g/1kg of FYM/m 2 as soil application) was found most effective with97.1 per cent reduction in the wilt incidence and also recorded maximum increase of 50.97, 100.4, 39.2, 57.3, 122.2 per cent in plant height, number of flowers per plant, flower size, length of flowering stem and stem strength with A grade flowers, respectively and also recorded 15.22 and 52.55 daysto 1 st flowering and flowering period, respectively in comparison to unsolarized and unamended control.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of forest carbon stock and land use of Solan Forest Division(YSPU, 2012) Shah, Shipra; Sharma, D.P.The present investigation entitled, “Evaluation of Forest Carbon Stock and Land use of Solan Forest Division ” was carried out during 2009-2012 in Solan Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh, located between 30 o 45’ 00’’ to 31 o 10’00’’ N latitude and 76 o 55’00’’ to 77 o 15’00’ E longitude, at an elevation ranging from 600m to 2260 m a.m.s.l. to study land use change from 1998 to 2010 using IRS (LISS III) data, the temporal distribution of carbon stock and to assess the impact of climate change on forest growth. The major land use categories were Culturable Blank, Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), Cultivation, Broadleaved, Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), Ban oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) and Khair (Acacia catechu). Chir pine, Cultivation and Khair reported an increase in area of 191 ha (4.55%), 129 ha (13.81%) and 77 ha (23.40%), whereas Ban oak, Broadleaved, Culturable Blank and Bamboo reported a decrease in area of 181 ha (16.58%), 152 ha (6.30%), 71 ha (2.72%) and 7 ha (0.47%), respectively from 1998 to 2010. There was a declining trend in carbon stock over 1956-1984 period by 8875.87 t (20.39 t ha -1 ), an increasing trend over 1984-2002 period by 6201.34 t (14.25 t ha -1 ) and over 2002-2011 period there was a further increase by 2352.56 t (5.4 t ha -1 ). In 2011 total Vegetation Carbon Stock was 22253.43 t (51.13 t ha -1 ). In 2011the Soil Carbon Stock {Humus + Soil (0-100cm depth)} was 83076.05 t (189.29 t ha -1 ). Detritus carbon stock was 2544.94 t (5.61 t ha -1 ) and the total Ecosystem Carbon Stock (t) was 107874.40 t (247.87 t ha -1 . A significant linear relationship was observed between carbon stock and NDVI for 1998(R = 0.741) and 2010 (R = 0.663). The carbon prediction models were then used to develop carbon maps for Solan Forest Division. The carbon density (t ha -1 ) ranged from < 10.49 t ha -1 to 168.03 t ha -1 as per the 1998 imagery and as per the 2010 imagery it ranged from < 11.32 t ha -1 to 181.23 t ha -1 . The percent change in carbon stock ranged from < 0.71% to 11.49%. Current (2001-2010) and past (1983-2000) climatic scenario revealed that the region has experienced an increase in the maximum temperature while minimum temperature showed both an increasing as well as decreasing trend. Temperature in different seasons of the year viz. winter, spring, summer and autumn has shown increasing trends while precipitation in the form of rainfall decreased except in autumn. Ring width Index (RWI) was found to have a significant relationship with the average annual temperature ( 0 C) (R=0.68, P < 0.05) and with rainfall (R= 0.41,P < 0.05). Multiple regression between RWI & temperature and RWI & precipitation showed that temperature had a stronger effect on growth than precipitation and the effect of temperature became more pronounced in trees with advancement of age.fThesisItem Open Access Purification of cellulase and xylanase enzymes produced from potential microorganisms isolated from compost for industrial application(YSPU, 2012) Sanjeev Kumar; Sharma, NiveditaThe present investigation was carried out to isolate, screen and identify the most efficient cellulolytic and xylanolytic microorganisms from compost. Enzyme production, optimization, purification, characterization, kinetics, cellulase/xylanase gene encoding and scale up studies were performed with selected strains to recommend their use for industries. In total 102 microorganisms including 93 bacteria and 9 fungi were isolated. Among them, three bacteria SH8, SH0 and BM-1 and two fungal isolates i.e. T2 and W2were screened for cellulase and xylanase enzyme production studies. The bacterial isolates were identified as B. amyloliquefaciens, B. tequilensis and B. subtilisrespectively by 16S rRNA PCR technique and registered in NCBI under accession no. JX129360.1, JX129359.1 and JX129361.1 while fungiwere identified as T. longibracheatum and R. oryzae by ITS 5.8S rRNA technique and being assigned accession no. JX213811.1 and JX213812.1. in NCBI. Cellulase and xylanase enzymes were optimized through classical approach one factor at a time (OFAT) as well as response surface methodology (RSM) under submerged fermentation varying medium, pH, temperature, inoculum size, carbon source, substrate concentration and incubation time and in solid state fermentation using different pretreatments i.e. pH, temperature, moisture ratioand incubation time. The percent increase in enzyme activity obtained after optimization of different process parameters was 204.51% for cellulase of B. subtilis BM-1, 222.91% and 210.52% for xylanase of B. amyloliquefaciensSH8 and B. tequilensisSH0, respectively in SmF. The increase in cellulase and xylanase of T. longibracheatumT2 was recorded 63.65% and 95.96% while in R. oryzaeW2 it was 107.38% and 125.64%, respectively under SSF. The purification of hydrolytic enzymes was proceeded following multistep purification technique using ion exchange chromatography and gel exclusion chromatography and the molecular weight of partially purified xylanase enzymes of B. amyloliquefaciensSH8, B. tequilensisSH0 and T. longibracheatumT2 were found in the range of 14 kDa to 93.4 kDa, respectively. The partially purified xylanase of both bacterial and fungal origin were further characterized by studying, the effect of various parameters viz. the effect of pH, temperature, metal ions, substrate specificity, substrate concentrations and their kinetic parameters were derived. The partially purified thermostable xylanaseof bacterial origin was active at 90 o C, pH 6.0, showed high activity on xylan containingsubstrates and depicted cellulase free nature. The K m and V max of B. amyloliquefaciens SH8 xylanase for birch wood xylan were 166.67 µmol/mg/min and 5.83 mg/ml, while for B. tequilensisSH0 were 166.66 µmol/mg/min and 10.99 mg/ml. Similarly, partially purified enzyme of T. longibracheatumT2 was optimally active at 60 o C, pH 5.0 and showed high activity on xylan containing substrates. The K m and V max of T. longibracheatum T2 xylanase for birch wood xylan were 125.0 µmol/mg/min and 1.55 mg/ml. Cellulase and xylanase abilities of the isolates were targeted by amplification of eglS and Xyn genes. Optimum conditions i.e. inoculum age, inoculum size, aeration rate and agitation rate were explored at pilot scale for xylanase enzyme by B. amyloliquefaciens SH8. The inoculum age of 4h, inoculum size @ 10% concentration, 1.0vvm and agitation rate of 200 rpm were found best for production of xylanase enzyme in 7.5 L bioreactor. Mathematical model based on experimental results for xylanase production was proposed. The production of xylanasewas found growth associated. The model consists ofa set of ordinary differential equations taking into account the bacterial growth, substrate utilization and xylanase production with time.