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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF VEGETABLE GROWING AREAS OF SAPROON VALLEY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) KAKAR, RIDHAM; TRIPATHI, D.ABSTRACT The amount of nutrients removed in harvested crops are generally much higher than the quantity added and hence resulting in exhaustive mining of nutrients from the soil, thus increasing the nutrient related stresses and yield losses. The problem has been further aggravated due to introduction of heavy nutrient feeders and high yielding hybrid varieties. Therefore, the present study was undertaken in 2013-14 to study the nutritional status of Saproon valley of H.P in surface and sub-surfacesoils and to work out a relationship between soil and leaf nutrient status, in order to get higher and sustainable production of vegetable crops. The pH ranged from 6.16 to 7.94 and EC of the surface and sub-surface soils ranged from 0.09 to 1.02 and 0.11 to 0.49 dS m -1 , respectively. The organic carbon content varied from 5.70 to 32.60 and 0.30 to 20.50 g kg -1 in the surface and sub-surface soils, respectively. Available N content ranged from 254.02 to 542.53 and 203.84 to 435.90 kg ha -1 in surface and sub-surface soils, respectively. In surface soils, available P content ranged from 11.20 to 156.80 kg ha -1 whereas, in sub-surface soils, it ranged from 2.24 to 98.56 kg ha -1 . In surface soils available K content ranged from 147.72 to 1915.20 kg ha -1 with and in sub-surface soils it ranged from 165.32 to 1377.60 kg ha -1 . The soils of the valley are medium in available N but high inP and K content. The neutral normal ammonium acetate extractable Ca and Mg content ranged from 1.53 to 7.11 and 1.10 to 3.67 [cmol (p + ) kg -1 ], with mean values of 3.98 [cmol (p + ) kg -1 ] and 2.43 [cmol (p + ) kg -1 ], irrespective of soil depth. The valley are rich in exchangeable Ca and Mg. Soils of the valley are high in nutrient status with regard to DTPA-Fe, Mn and Cu, medium with respect to DTPA-Zn and low with respect to available S. Macro and micro nutrient elements were found to decrease with soil depth. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in tomato leaf samples variedfrom 3.45 to 5.77, 0.28 to 0.89 per cent and 2.10 to 4.40 per cent. The average concentration of Ca, Mg andS in tomato leaf samples was recorded as 2.23, 1.17 and 0.46 per cent, respectively, showing adequacy of nutrient content in the leaf samples. The majority of leaf samples are sufficient in leaf micronutrient status.OC showed a positive and significant correlation with the nutrient status of the soil. A negative and significant correlation was found between pH and leaf Fe, Mn and Cu content. A negative and significant correlation was worked out between available K content and leaf Ca and Mg. A highly positive and significant correlation of leaf nutrient status with the nutrient status of surface soils indicates that, surface soil is contributing more towards nutrient uptake by the tomato plant. Addition of sulphur andzinc along with FYM and N, P and K fertilizers will help in achieving higher and sustainable production.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS OF DISTRICT SOLAN (HIMACHAL PRADESH)(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) DHINDSA, RAVNEET KAUR; UPADHYAY, G.P.ABSTRACT A laboratory incubation experiment entitled “Influence of organic amendments on chemical and microbiological properties of soils of district Solan (Himachal Pradesh)” was conducted in the Department of Soil Science and Water Management, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H. P.) during 2014. Eight types of soil samples were collected from selected areas of Solan district on the basis of soil texture from the depth of 0-15 cm and treated with three organic amendments (Farm yard manure, vermicompost and city waste compost) and one control. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (factorial) with three replications. The studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of organic amendments on different chemical and microbiological properties of different soils. Soil sampling was done from each treatment at an interval of 30, 60, 90 and 120 daysof incubation for determination of all the parameters. Available macro and micronutrients, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, water soluble calcium, potassium and microbial count were increased significantly, whereas exchangeable sodium, water soluble sodium and water soluble magnesium were having no significant effect while on addition of amendments. Organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon of different soils decreased with increase in time interval. Farm yard manure and vermicompost improved soil properties more effectively compared to city waste compost. The increase was more pronounced during first two months.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRITIONAL SURVEY OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN KULLU DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) JAMIO, WOSHANTHUNG; TRIPATHI, D.ABSTRACT The investigations entitled "Nutritional survey of apple orchards in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh" were undertaken to determine the nutritional status of apple orchards, located in different blocks of district Kullu and so as to establish therelationships among soil characteristics and nutrient content of soils and plants. Based on uniformity in respect of age and growth a total of 25 apple orchards were selected in five blocks (Kullu, Naggar, Banjar, Anni and Nirmand) of the district. Soil (0-20 and 20-40 cm depths) and plant (leaf) samplescollected from apple orchards were analyzed for some of the physico-chemical properties and for their macro-nutrient (N, P, K, S) and micro-nutrient (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) status. Soil reaction (pH) was found to be slightly acidic to near neutral and electrical conductivity values were in safe limits (0.8 dSm -1 ). Almost all the samples registered high organic carbon content. However, soils were low, medium to high in available N, K and Zn, high in P, Cu, Fe and Mn, whereas S was in sufficient range. Leaf analysis revealed sufficient levels of N, P, Fe and Mn. However, K and Cu were in low to sufficient range, leaf S was found to be medium to high, whereas, Zn was in low, sufficient to high range. Organic carbon was positively and significantly correlated with all the analyzed nutrients. However, its positive relationship with available Fe in surface soils and Mn in sub-surfacesoils was statistically non-significant. Organic was also positively and significantly related with leafN and K, while, P and S were positively related with organic carbon but was statistically non-significant. Surface as well as sub-surface soils exhibited positive relationship with all the analyzed leaf nutrients, however, only N exhibited a positive and significant relationship. It is expected that the present results will be helpful to the growers, planners and other extension agencies for effective and judicious application of fertilizers in order to have higher yields of quality fruits.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC INPUTS ON SOIL HEALTH, YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF TOMATO(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) NANGLIYA, ASHOK KUMAR; UPADHYAY, G.P.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of organic and inorganic inputs on soil health, yield and quality parameters of tomato” were conducted at the research farm of the department of soil science and water management, Nauni, Solan during 2013 with ten treatments and three replications in an organic experiment and six treatments with four replications in an Integrated nutrient experiment in a randomized block design. The representative and composite soil samples were collected from depth 0-20 cms after the harvest of tomato. The studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic inputs on soil health, yield and quality parameters of tomato, vis-à-vis, the benefit cost ratio of different treatment combinations. Application of organics along with inorganics proved to be significantly and numerically better than alone application of organics and inorganics. In the organic experiment, there were no significant difference in soil pH, EC between different treatments, however the soil health, yield, exhibits increasing trend with the application of organic manures. The fruit quality, however, did not show any specific trend with treatments. In the integrated experiment, it was found that the soil health, yield and fruit quality were best in T 6 treatment where NPK were applied in the ratio of 112.5:90:45 kg ha -1 along with 10 t ha -1 FYM and 10 t ha -1 Vermicompost. The minimum values were recorded for all parameters in T1 , where no organic and inorganic inputs were applied. The two experiment when studied in combination showed that the soil health was best maintained under an organic experiment. But when yield is the criterion the maximum yield was obtained under integrated nutrient experiment. The B:C ratio, which is main criterion for adoption of technology was found highest in T4where only inorganic inputs were applied. But in these experiments, it is also found that the soil health as well as yield optimization were best in Integrated nutrient experiment systems.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACY OF WATERSHED INTERVENTIONS ON WATER RESSOURCES, SOILPROPERTIES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SOME MICROWATERSHEDS OF NALAGARH BLOCK OF DISTRICT SOLAN OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) PRAVEEN, KUMAR; SHARMA, J.C.ABSTRACT Study entitled “Impact of watershed interventions on water resources, soil properties and socio economic status of selected micro-watersheds in Nalagarh block of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2013-14 to evaluate integrated watershed management programme (IWMP-II) covering an area of 6947 ha of Nalagarh block of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. Three micro-watersheds namely Bawasani (lAlDlD1d), Mittian (lA1D2D1b) and Koedi (1A1D1D2C) of Chikni khad sub-catchment with an area of 4,671 ha were randomly selected from IWMP-II to assess the impact of watershed interventions after one year completion of project on water resources, production systems, socio-economic status and fertility status of soil of micro-watersheds. Most of the respondents in all the micro-watersheds were resource poor and marginal to small farmers. Literacy rate (70%) and sex ratio (780) of these micro-watersheds were lower than both state and national levels. Intervention through the introduction of Kanchan variety of maize and Dhannaya variety of tomato, resulted increase in productivity of these crops by 0.15-0.35 q/ha and by 3.13-9.37 q/ha, respectively. Distribution of seedlings of suitable varieties of fruit crops encouraged the farmers towards horticulture sector and brought new area of 0.63 ha under different fruit crops in the micro watersheds. Good quality feed making intervention in dairy sector increased on an average half a litre of milk production per day per milching animal. New water harvesting structures (14 kaccha ponds and 4 tanks) were constructed in the micro-watersheds resulted increase in irrigation potential of 15.8 ha (from 212.0-227.8 ha). Watershed interventions on different farm activities led to a slight increase in the farm income of the benefited farmers, farm income of BPL families increased by 2.17 to 4.08 per cent. New livelihood activities like poultry and piggery and 5 SHGs for agriculture, horticulture, dairy, poultry and piggery were created in the micro-watersheds which led to increase in social participation of the watershed inhabitants. Soils of micro-watersheds were found slightly acidic to slightly alkaline in reaction, low to medium in OC and available N, high in available P and medium in available K. The nutrient index of OC was medium (<1.81) and whereas, NI of available N, P and K was found to be of low (<1.75), high (3) and medium (2) category.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED INTERVENTINS ON WATER RESOURCES, SOIL PROPERTIES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SOME MICROWATERSHEDS OF NALAGARH BLOCK OF DISTRICT SOLAN OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) THAKUR, NITESH; SHARMA, J.C.ABSTRACT Study entitled “Assessment of watershed interventions on water resources, soil properties and production systems of some micro-watersheds of Nalagarh block of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2013-14 to evaluate integrated watershed management programme (IWMP-II) covering an area of 6947 ha in Nalagarh block of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. Three micro-watersheds namely Badhokhari (1A2A2O2c), Baila (1A2A2O2b) and Matuli (1A2A2O1c) of Kawaj khad sub-catchment with an area of 2276 ha were randomly selected from six micro-watersheds of IWMP-II to assess the impact of watershed interventions after one year completion of project on water resources, production systems, socio-economic status and fertility status. The sex ratio (859) in the micro-watersheds was lower than both state and national level but literacy rate (78%) was lower than state level but higher than national level. Most of the respondents (50%) in all micro-watersheds were resource poor and marginal land holders. Water resources were developed by making five kaccha ponds in Badhokhari and Baila micro-watersheds which created additional irrigation potential of 1.17 ha. Intervention through the introduction of Kanchan variety of maize increase the productivity by 1.6 q/ha and there was increase in cultivated area under vegetables. Distribution of seedlings of suitable varieties of fruit crops encouraged the farmer towards horticulture sector and brought new area of 0.89 ha under different fruit crops in the micro-watersheds. Good quality feed making interventions in dairy sector increased on an average half a litre of milk production per day per milch animal. New livelihood activities like poultry and piggery and five SHGs for agricultural, horticultural, dairy, piggery and poultry were created in the micro-watersheds which led to increase in community participation and household income of the watershed inhabitants. Soils in the micro-watersheds were slightly acidic to slightly alkaline in reaction, low to medium in OC, low in available N, high in available P and medium in available K. The nutrient index of OC was medium (<1.88) and that of available N, P and K was found to be in low (1), high (3) and medium (2) categories, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF MULCHES AND NUTRIENT LEVELS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) IN MID HILLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2012) VIJAY, KUMAR; SHARMA, J.C.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Effect of mulches and nutrient levels on growth and productivity of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science and Water Management, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2009-10 and 2010-11. Twelve treatment combinations comprising four types of mulches viz. black plastic mulch (M1), grass mulch (M2), pine needles mulch (M3), unmulched control (M0) and three levels of nutrients i.e. F1 (125% of recommended dose of NPK), F2 (recommended dose of NPK) and F3 (75% of recommended dose of NPK) were replicated thrice in a randomized block design (factorial) in plot size of 3.0 ×2.5 m and spacing of 60×45 cm. The results revealed that all mulches maintained comparatively higher soil moisture contents over unmulched control. Among mulches, M1 conserved highest moisture being 39.6-47.0 and 45.3-47.4 per cent higher over M0 in 0-7.5 and 0-15 cm soil depths, respectively. Other mulches also conserved higher moisture over M0 and followed the order: M1 > M3 > M2 > M0. Mulches favorably moderated soil temperature and M1 recorded higher temperature during both the years at 7.5 and 15 cm depths and effectiveness of mulches in moderating temperature followed the order: M1 > M3 > M2 > M0 at 7:30 hrs and M1 > M0 > M2 > M3 at 14:30 hrs. Grass and pine needles mulches reduced the soil bulk density in 0-7.5 cm depth and increased the soil organic carbon. Mulching alongwith different levels of NPK increased the availability of NPK, Exch. Ca and SO4 2--S as well as leaf nutrient contents over unmulched control. Weed infestation was significantly checked by mulches. Black plastic mulch and 125 per cent NPK application together induced plant growth, yield and quality of cauliflower. Treatment combination M1F1 recorded 88.7 per cent higher curd yield (266.8 q ha-1) closely followed by M1F2 (83.6%, 259.6 q ha-1) over unmulched control with 75 per cent nutrient level (M0F3). The seasonal income under the treatments of M1F1, M1F2, M3F1, M3F2, M2F1 and M2F2 was 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0 and 2.0 times higher, respectively, compared to unmulched control with 75 per cent nutrient level (M0F3).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC SUBSTRATES ON QUALITY OF VERMICOMPOST(2013) DIPAK, KUMAR; UPADHYAY, G.P.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on the effects of different organic substrates on quality of vermicompost” was planned to work out the effects of various sources of organic matter such as animal dung, food waste, and kitchen wastes, saw dust, Parthenium, lantana, bagasse, pine needle etc. on the quality of vermicompost and population dynamics of earthworms. The nutrient contents viz. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, copper, manganese, and zinc were found significantly higher under lower carbon nitrogen ratio of vermicompost. The organic carbon content in the vermicompost was decreased at greater extent at lower carbon: nitrogen ratio (30:1) compared to higher one, whereas, decrease in C: N ratio was more under high C: N ratio (70:1) as compare to lower one. Other properties of vermicompost like pH, Electrical conductivity and Bulk density were also significantly higher in lower C: N ratio. Use of pine needle as substrate was found inferior compared to all other substrates, whereas, boiled pine needle proved to be better option for vermicomposting. The population dynamics of earthworm is greatly affected by quality of substrate and its carbon nitrogen ratio. The earthworm’s reproduction, growth and multiplication was also significantly affected by quality of substrates and their C: N ratio. The earthworm population in the vermicompost was higher in all the treatments at lower carbon: nitrogen ratio as compared to higher one. The quality of vermicompost and population dynamics of earthworms in vermicompost prepared from Parthenium in combination with cow dung, bagasse and kitchen waste was best compared to all other treatments. The use of boiled pine needle as substrate was found better as compared to un-boiled one for better quality. Substrates of higher carbon: nitrogen ratio produced poor quality of vermicompost and also takes more time for decomposition, however, carbon: nitrogen ratio of 30 to 40 was found optimum for the process of vermicompostingThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND MULCH ON SOIL HYDROTHERMAL REGIMES, WEED INCIDENCE, YIELD AND QUALITY OF APRICOT Cv. New castle(2013) SINGH, SUKHPREET; RAINA, J.N.ABSTRACT Consequences of drip irrigation and mulch on soil hydrothermal regimes, weed population and productivity of apricot have not yet been established in the Himalayan region. Studies were therefore, undertaken conducting field trials on 24 yrs old apricot trees Cv. “New castle” at the research farm of Dr. Y S Parmar, University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2011-2012. Different drip irrigation levels (equal to 100, 80 and 60% ETc.) were evaluated and compared with conventional practices (surface irrigation and rainfed), both with and without mulch. The experiment was arranged in RBD, wherein all treatments were replicated thrice. Under drip irrigation, maximum soil moisture remained confined in the surface (0-30 cm) soil layers. Contrary to this, deeper soil layers (30-50 cm) registered higher moisture content under surface irrigation. Laterally, the wetting front under drip irrigation extended up to 45 cm, however, maximum soil moisture was recorded within 30 cm distance from the emitting point. The moisture distribution under drip irrigation was noted to be three dimensional whereas, it was unidirectional under surface irrigation. Mulch application resulted in 2-3 per cent unit higher soil moisture especially in surface soil layers compared to unmulched condition. Application of mulch significantly increased the minimum soil temperature, however, it failed to alter the maximum soil temperature significantly over unmulched condition. Under drip irrigation, tree growth parameters (annual shoot growth, tree height, spread and canopy volume) were 32 and 35.per cent higher compared to surface irrigation and rainfed, respectively. Application of mulch further resulted in 10 per cent higher tree growth. Drip irrigation registered significantly higher fruit yield compared to surface irrigation and rainfed treatments. Drip irrigation increased the fruit size, weight and volume by about 19, 12 and 28 per cent, respectively over conventional irrigation. Apricot plantation under drip irrigation registered markedly higher water use efficiency (0.41 t ha-1) compared to surface irrigation (0.19 t ha-1). The results were comparable between drip irrigation equal to 100 (with and without mulch) and 80 per cent ETc., (with mulch). The study suggests a saving of 36.2 percent irrigation water under drip irrigation besides significantly higher fruit yield and improved fruit quality characteristics compared to surface irrigation. Drip irrigation in conjunction with mulch further resulted in 15 per cent more savings of irrigation water