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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access REMOTE SENSING APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING AGROFORESTRY AREA, SUITABILITY MAPPING AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-04-24) DIVYA KHATRI; DR BhardwajThe present investigation entitled " Remote sensing approach for estimating agroforestry area, suitability mapping and carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh " was carried out in Solan district of the Himachal Pradesh during the year 2021- 2023 for delineation of area under agroforestry practices, assessment of land suitability to agroforestry and estimation of carbon stock and carbon sequestration potential. The study demonstrates the superior performance of the random forest classification in land use mapping, particularly in Solan district. The district's land cover distribution, as determined by the random forest classifier, reveals that agroforestry constitutes 26.34 percent, making it the second-largest land cover. Forested areas encompass 43.40 percent, while agriculture occupies 9.03 percent. Grasslands and built-up areas contribute 7.03 percent and 6.77 percent, respectively. Barren land makes up 6.24 percent, and water bodies account for 1.20 percent of the district's total land cover. The overall accuracy of the classification is commendable at 85.78%, accompanied by a robust Kappa Coefficient of 0.8092. Notably, agroforestry class exhibits high accuracy, with producer and user accuracies reaching 88.56% and 80.81%, respectively. Utilizing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the study categorizes 17.32 per cent of the district as highly suitable for agroforestry, 22.37 per cent as moderately suitable, 20.19 per cent as marginally suitable, 26.45 per cent as currently not suitable, and 13.67% as permanently not suitable. Employing the Fuzzy-AHP technique, the results indicate 11.33 per cent highly suitable, 24.76 per cent moderately suitable, 15.74 per cent marginally suitable, 26.30 per cent currently not suitable, and 21.87 per cent permanently not suitable for agroforestry in Solan district. In terms of environmental impact, the projected carbon storage of 22.807 Tg C shows a substantial increase of 1.780 Tg C over 20 years, contributing to climate change mitigation. The Net Present Value of carbon sequestration is estimated at $27.037 million. Overall, the findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, facilitating informed decision-making and intervention strategies for the adoption, development, and management of agroforestry in Solan District, to address the challenges posed by climate change.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PLANTATION TREE SPECIES FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT CYCLING IN WARM TEMPERATE NORTH WESTERN HIMALAYAS(UHF Nauni, 2024-02-24) ANURADHA THAKUR; Dr. Manoj Kumar ThakurThe present investigation entitled "Evaluation of plantation tree species for biomass production and nutrient cycling in warm temperate North Western Himalayas" was conducted during 2021-2023 at the Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Bajaura. The study aimed to compare plantations named as Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus deltoides, Salix tetrasperma, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Alnus nitida managed under two different regimes i.e. institutional forest and community forest for biomass productivity. nutrient cycling and soil microbial status. Biomass allocated by different plantation type of both the management regimes was estimated using non-destructive method of sampling. The results of the experiments in plantation forest ecosystem have revealed that maximum biomass (142.97 Mg ha'') was recorded in Alnus nitida plantation managed under institutional forest. Vegetation carbon density in plantation ecosystems of both the management regimes was again reported maximum for institutional forest and followed the order: Alnus nitida (67.91 Mg ha ')>Eucalyptus tereticornis (49.50 Mg ha')> Populus deltoides (48.22 Mg ha'')> Salix tetrasperma (47.57 Mg ha')> Robinia pseudoacacia (38.84 Mg ha). Similar trends were also seen in respect of biomass carbon stock of different vegetation types managed under two different regimes. Soil carbon (humus+ soil 0-40 cm layer) density in plantation ecosystem was recorded maximum (51.67 Mg ha'') under Alnus nitida plantation. Total soil carbon density under plantation ecosystem did not varied significantly for both management regimes. In plantation ecosystem maximum total detritus carbon density was recorded (2.19 Mg ha'') in Alnus nitida plantation for institutional forest. Maximum ecosystem carbon density (125.94 Mg ha'') was displayed by Alnus nitida for institutional forest, which is followed by Salix tetrasperma, Populus deltoides, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Robinia pseudoacacia respectively in descending order. Among plantation ecosystems, Alnus nitida under institutional forest showed better nutrient cycling. In temperate harsh edapho-climatic conditions with riverain site better nutrient status was recorded in soil under Alnus nitida plantation for institutional forest. Except available phosphorus, all the soil physico-chemical and microbiological parameters decreased with increase in soil depth. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that in all Alnus nitida under institutional forest displayed maximum biomass production, carbon sequestration potential and better nutrient cycling followed by Salix tetrasperma, Populus deltoides, Eucalyptus tereticornis and R. pseudoacacia respectively in descending order. Tree felling for timber, firewood collection, lopping, and grazing in the community forest resulted in poor biomass production and finally the poor nutrient stock.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF TOURISM ACTIVITIES ON PLANT COMMUNITIES, REGENERATION AND SOIL PROPERTIES ALONG THE TOURIST TRAILS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-03-22) ANKUSH MORAN; Dr. Vipan GuleriaThe present investigation entitled "Impact of tourism activities on plant communities, regeneration and soil properties along the tourist trails in Himachal Pradesh" was carried out during 2021-23 to study the influence of tourist disturbance on plant composition, natural regeneration, biomass, carbon stock and soil properties in three locations viz., Hatu Peak (Shimla), Khajjiar Wildlife Range (Chamba) and Triund (Kangra). 112 plant species were recorded in the study areas, of which 18 were trees, 29 shrubs and 65 herbs and grasses. The total number of plant species in different tourist spots varied from 36 (Triund) to 62 (Khajjiar). Phytosociological attributes i.e. density and basal area of trees varied from 150.83 (Triund) to 250.97 (Khajjiar) ind. ha and 8.73 (Triund) to 17.62 (Khajjiar) m2 ha', respectively, in shrubs from 1584.71 (Triund) to 2517.37 (Khajjiar) ind. ha and 4.01 to 6.75 m2 ha', respectively and in herbaceous vegetation from 153018.01 (Triund) to 245430.19 (Khajjiar) ind. ha1 and 0.26 (Triund) to 0.57 (Khajjiar) m2 ha", respectively. Total biomass production of trees across the trail varied from 79.31 (0-10 m) to 152.24 (undisturbed) Mg ha', total biomass production of shrubs ranged from 8.45 (0-10 m) to 20.33 (undisturbed), Mg ha1 and total biomass production of herbaceous vegetation ranged from 0.95 to 3.18 Mg ha''. Carbon stock in trees across the trail varied from 39.65 (0-10 m) to 76.03 (undisturbed) Mg ha', in shrubs from 4.23 (0-10 m) to 10.16 (undisturbed) Mg ha1 and in herbaceous vegetation from 0.48 to 1.59 Mg ha'. All the characteristics of vegetation present in the tourist spots showed increasing trend with increase in distance from the trail. Among different tourist spots, maximum established stocking per cent (71.95 %) and regeneration per cent (69.70 %) was recorded in Khajjiar at mid elevation in undisturbed distance from the trail, whereas the lowest established stocking per cent (1.74 %) and regeneration per cent (3.75%) was observed in Hatu at top elevation in 0-10 m distance from the trail. Soil pH and bulk density under different forests of tourist spots followed the trend 0-10 m > 10-20 m> 20-30 m > 30-40 m > undisturbed. Maximum concentration of soil OC, EC, humus and soil nutrients (N, P and K) was observed at undisturbed distance from the trail whereas, near the trail (0-10 m) forest soil were poor in nutrients in all the tourist spots. Tourist inflow showed negative correlation between biomass and humus thickness. Our present study provides relevant information on the influence of tourism activities on flora, regeneration, live tree biomass, live tree C stocks and soil physico-chemical properties, thus, various strategies such as: implementation of visitor limits, controlled access, educational campaigns, guided tours, seasonal closures, collaboration with local communities, monitoring and research must be adopted to limit tourist activities inside the forest.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND CARBON STOCKS OF FIELD CROPS UNDER AONLA (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN FOOT HILLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-04-09) NASAM MIDHUN KUMAR; Dr. Atul GuptaThe current research, entitled “Impact of integrated nutrient management on biomass production and carbon stocks of field crops under aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) based agroforestry system in foot hills of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted at the experimental field of the regional horticulture research and training station (RHRTS) JachhKangra(HP), India during 2021- 2023. The experiment was designed in a Factorial RBD which includes three replications. The study sought to investigate the viability of growing cereals (Wheat and maize) and pluses (lentil and greengram) as an intercrop in anaonla-based agroforestry system and under open circumstances.The experiment included four major treatments of tree trunk distances (D1-0 to 1.5 m, D2-1.5 to 3 m, D3-3 to 4.5 m and D0-open) as well as eight nutrient sub treatments viz., T1 (Control), T2 (RDF), T3 (80% RDF + 20% FYM),T4 (70% RDF + 30% VC),T5 (60% RDF + 40% FYM), T6(60% RDF + 20% FYM + 20% VC),T7 (40% RDF + 30 % FYM + 30%) VC),T8 (100% FYM) were implemented to the crops under investigation. The results demonstrated that aonla tree trunk distances and nutrient sources had a substantial impact on cereals and pulses growth and yield parameters. D0 (open) improved vegetative growth and yield parameters in all four crops. which was on par with D3 and minimum in D1.Among fertilizers combinationsT6 (60% RDF + 20% FYM + 20% VC) produced considerably better yield parameter values in all four crops.The combination of lentil + maize + aonla has the highest carbon storage potential followed by wheat + green gram + aonla.Under tree trunk distances, various soil physico-chemical properties like pH, EC and bulk density were observed maximum in the control plots (D0). viz.SOC, available NPK revealed maximum values under D1.Among fertilizer combinations, pH, EC and bulk density was maximum in treatment T2.However, SOC available N P was maximum in treatment T8. and available K was maximum in treatment T6.The net returns and B:C ratio was greatest for all crops under T6 and T5 accompanied by the aonla tree canopy. As a result, it is determined that the development and production of cereals and pulses under an aonla-based agroforestry system with the adoption of T6 and T5 nutrient supplies at the greatest distance D3 of aonla trees is the most cost-effective combination.ThesisItem Open Access GEOSPATIAL ESTIMATION OF AGROFORESTRY AREA, SUITABILITY MAPPING AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN SHIMLA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-03-04) SAAKSHI; Dr. D.R. BhardwajThe current research, entitled “Geospatial estimation of agroforestry area, suitability mapping and carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh during the year 2021-2023 for delineation of area and estimation of carbon sequestration under different land use systems along with assessment of land suitability to agroforestry. The study's findings revealed that the D7 dataset combination, encompassing thirteen spectral bands, three biophysical parameters, ten vegetation indices, four water indices and four soil indices achieved superior performance with a random forest classifier compared to other dataset combinations. The land area estimates derived from the D7 dataset combination revealed the highest proportions in forests (45.20%), followed by agroforestry (28.57%), agriculture (15.13%), built-up areas (3.84%), barren land (2.50%), grassland (2.22%), snow (1.89%) and water bodies (0.65%). The classification model demonstrated an overall accuracy of 81.55%, a kappa coefficient of 0.78, with producer and user accuracy reaching 89.71% and 85.31%, for the agroforestry class. The carbon sequestration analysis was carried out in different land use systems for 2001, 2011 and 2021 by using InVEST model. It was found that dense forest exhibited the maximum carbon density followed by moderate forest, agroforestry, open forest, agriculture, grassland and barrenland while built up has the minimum carbon density. Over the years, an overall increase in carbon density was observed due to the expansion of various land uses such as agriculture, agroforestry, built-up areas, dense forests and moderate forests. Conversely, the area under barren land, open forests, grassland, snow and water bodies decreased. Furthermore, using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), about 19.97% of the area was categorized as highly suitable, 24.03% as moderately suitable, 4.36% as marginal suitable, 10.47% as currently not suitable and 41.17% as permanently not suitable. Whereas, using Fuzzy-AHP technique, about 16.24% of the area was classified as highly suitable, 25.14% as moderately suitable, 5.54% as marginal suitable, 16.53% as currently not suitable and 36.54% as permanently not suitable for agroforestry in the Shimla district. This study therefore provides valuable insights for policymakers, planners and scientists, offering guidance for the adoption, development and expansion of agroforestry policies in Shimla district which will contribute significantly to carbon neutrality, climate change mitigation and align with sustainable development goalsThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON YIELD AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FIELD CROPS UNDER AONLA (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(UHF Nauni, 2024-04-24) ALOK KUMAR SINGH; Dr. Atul GuptaThe present investigation entitled “Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and productivity of field crops under Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) based agroforestry system” was carried out at research farm of Regional Horticulture Research and Training Station, Jachh, Kangra (HP) India, during the years 2021- 2023. The experiment was designed with RBD factorial to analyse the impact of tree proximities viz., D1 (0.5 to 2 m), D2 (2 to 3.5 m), D3 (3.5 to 5 m) and D0 (control without trees) and nutrient doses viz., T1 (Control), T2 (Recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers), T3 (75% inorganic fertilizer + 25% FYM), T4 (75% inorganic fertilizer + 25% Vermicompost), T5 (50% inorganic fertilizer + 50% FYM), T6 (50% inorganic fertilizer + 25% FYM + 25% Vermicompost), T7 (25% inorganic fertilizer + 50% FYM + 25% Vermicompost) and T8 (100% FYM) on performance of four field crops (Cicer arietinum, Brassica juncea, Vigna mungo and Sesamum indicum) under E. officinalis based agroforestry system. The investigation demonstrated that both tree proximity and nutrient doses significantly influenced the growth and yield parameters of all crops studied. Notably, in terms of tree proximity, the growth and yield parameters for all four crops were superior under open conditions without trees where no trees were present (D0). Among nutrient doses, application of 50% inorganic fertilizer + 25% FYM + 25% Vermicompost (T5) resulted in significantly higher values of yield parameters in all four crops which was found to be statistically at par with T4 (75% inorganic fertilizer + 25% Vermicompost). Enhancements in soil physico-chemical properties were evident in the agroforestry system compared to the monocropping. The application of organic manures in both the agroforestry system and sole crop cultivation led to increased availability of N, P, K, and organic carbon in the soil. In terms of economic viability, the benefitcost ratio for cultivating field crops within the E. officinalis-based agroforestry system ranged from 1.49 to 2.66, presenting a more lucrative outcome compared to monocropping, where the benefit-cost ratio ranged from 1.23 to 2.54. The study concludes that integrating field crops with E. officinalis tree proves more effective in generating higher farm income compared to sole cropping. Notably, the nutrient combinations in Treatment T4 (75% inorganic fertilizer + 25% Vermicompost) and T6 (50% inorganic fertilizer + 25% FYM + 25% Vermicompost) are recommended for their cost-effectiveness in providing direct and indirect benefits to field crops within the E. officinalis-based agroforestry system. This sustainable approach also contributes to maintaining optimal soil health.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MANURES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND OIL QUALITY PARAMETERS OF LEMON GRASS UNDER WILD POMEGRANATE BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-12-02) MITALI MEHTA; K S PANTABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Effects of organic manures on growth, yield and oil quality parameters of lemon grass under wild pomegranate based agroforestry system” was conducted during 2021-2022 at the experimental farm of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). The study aimed to ascertain the effect of planting conditions and organic manures on growth, yield and quality parameters of lemongrass, soil physico-chemical properties and bio-economics of the system. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design comprising of two planting conditions (wild pomegranate-based agroforestry system and open condition) under which lemongrass was grown and applied with 10 treatments viz., T1: Recommended dose of nitrogen, T2: FYM (on nitrogen equivalent ratio basis), T3: Vermicompost (on nitrogen equivalent ratio basis), T4: Goat manure (on nitrogen equivalent ratio basis), T5: Jeevamrut @ 500 l/ha (5 %), T6: FYM and RDN on 50:50 equivalence basis, T7: Vermicompost and RDN on 50:50 equivalence basis, T8: Goat manure and RDN on 50:50 equivalence basis, T9: Jeevamrut and RDN on 50:50 equivalence basis, T10: Control. The results revealed that growth, yield and quality parameters of lemongrass were better under open condition compared to agroforestry system. Among different nutrient sources, treatment T8 (50 % goat manure + 50 % RDN) resulted in higher plant height, number of tillers per plant, plant spread, fresh & dry herb yield, oil yield, Citral a and Citral b content, showing superiority of integrated nutrient management in increasing growth and quality parameters over sole application of organic manures or inorganic fertilizers. The physical and chemical properties of soil i.e., soil moisture (%), electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available N, P and K were higher in T4 (goat manure) under wild pomegranate-based agroforestry system compared to sole cropping. Whereas, net return (Rs 173935.93 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.25) was recorded maximum in integrated nutrient treatment i.e., T8 (50 % goat manure + 50 % RDN) under agroforestry system than in open condition. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that integration of inorganic fertilizers with organic manures in agroforestry system can be used with optimum rates to improve crop productivity on sustainable basis. SignatureThesisItem Open Access ABUNDANCE, DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF UNDERSTORY VEGETATION ALONG THE ALTITUDNAL GRADIENTS AND OVERSTORY COMPOSITION TYPES IN TEMPERATE REGION OF HIMACHAL PARDESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-09-26) SAVEENA; PRAVEEN KUMARABSTRACT The present study entitled “Abundance, diversity and composition of understory vegetation along the altitudinal gradients and overstory composition types in temperate region of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted in the temperate region of Himachal Pradesh, The aim of the study was to understand the pattern of understory diversity, abundance and species composition of understory vegetation communities along the altitudinal gradients and overstory composition types. A total of 93 understory species including 31 species in the shrub layer, 62 species in the ground layer vegetation (55 vascular and 7 non-vascular) were recorded in the present study. The abundance, species diversity and composition of shrub and total understory vegetation differed significantly along the altitudinal gradients and dominant overstory composition types. Vascular and non-vascular species responded differently along the altitudinal gradients and dominant overstory types. The hump shaped pattern along the altitudinal gradients appeared to be the most dominant pattern of plant abundance and species diversity and call for more conservation concern towards the mid elevation zones in the temperate Himalayan region. The study also highlighted the importance of dominant overstory composition types in driving the abundance, species diversity and composition of shrub and total understory vegetation in the Temperate Himalayan region. Therefore management interventions should aim at maintaining diverse range of overstory composition types for conserving biodiversity and their ecological functions in the temperate Himalayan region. The study also found the positive correlation of vascular and shrubs cover to the vascular and shrub species diversity, and negative correlation of vascular and shrub layer cover to non-vascular species diversity, and supported the positive diversity and productivity hypothesis in the temperate Himalayan region. However, the magnitude and direction of diversity– productivity relationships was context specific and dependent on the surrounding environmental conditions.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra) and Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) UNDER AGRIHORTICULTURE LAND USE SYSTEM(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-08-03) PURNIMA THAKUR; C L THAKURABSTRACT The present study entitled “Performance of Abelmoschus esculentus L.Moench (okra) and Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under agrihorticulture land use system” was carried out at experimental farm of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan- 173230 (HP), India. The experiment was laid out in RBD (factorial) with three replications. The study aimed at exploring the possibilities of successful cultivation of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) as intercrop under different agroforestry system and in open conditions. The experiment comprised of 3 main treatments of system (SA-Apricot based agroforestry system, SP- Pear based agroforestry system, SO-Open system) and 3 varieties of okra viz. Kranti, P-8 and Tender under different fertilizer combinations i.e. F1 (Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer i.e. N=75kg ha-1, P=50 kg ha-1, K=50 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 15t ha-1), F2 (Recommended dose of jeevamrut i.e. 500 litres ha-1), F3 (FYM @ 15t ha-1) 3 varieties of wheat viz. HD-3086, MP-sharbati and local selection under different fertilizer combinations i.e. F1 (Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer i.e. N=80kg ha-1, P=60 kg ha-1, K=30 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 15t ha-1), F2 (Recommended dose of jeevamrut i.e. 500 litres ha-1), F3 (FYM @ 15t ha-1). The plot size was 2 m x 1 m. In case of systems, the maximum (63.00 cm) plant height, number of fruits per plant (11.53) and fruit yield (83.25 qha-1) was recorded in open system. Among varieties, the maximum number of fruits per plant (11.51), fruit length (12.33 cm) and yield (82.10 q ha-1) were recorded in P-8 variety which was at par with Tender and minimum was recorded in Kranti variety. The different fertilizer combinations revealed maximum number of nodes per plant (10.34), number of fruits per plant (11.69) and yield (85.11 q ha-1) was found in RDF + FYM. Among systems, maximum grains per spike (18.84), grain yield (27.30 q ha-1) and harvest index (59.63%) were recorded in open system. Different varieties revealed that maximum spikelet per plant (6.23), grain yield (26.82 q ha-1) and harvest index (58.80%) were recorded in local selection. Growth and yield parameters of wheat i.e. grain yield (26.54 q ha-1), straw yield (29.22 q ha-1) and spike length (7.78 cm) were recorded maximum in treatment combination of RDF +FYM and grains per spike (17.10) in FYM. Soil chemical properties like soil organic carbon, pH, EC and nutrient availability were improved under agroforestry system than sole crop system. The maximum net return from agroforestry (183076.83 Rs ha-1) was obtained when P-8 variety of okra was grown under the influence of jeevamrut in pear based agroforestry system. The findings of present study suggested that cultivation of okra and wheat in combination under different fruit trees may be recommended for better economic returns.
