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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Diagnostic Survey of Existing Agroforestry systems in Bhoranj Tehsil of Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-19) Akshay Kalia; Kehar Singh ThakurThe present study entitled “Diagnostic Survey of Existing Agroforestry Systems in Bhoranj Tehsil of Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh.” was carried out during the year 2022-23. The tehsil is located between 31°38'37" N latitude and 76°38'32" E longitude. To study the socio-economic status and vegetation composition of the land-use systems twelve panchayats were selected. A representative sample of two villages was selected from each panchayat and from each village a sample of nine farmers was selected and categorized as marginal (<1ha), small (1-2 ha) and medium (2-5 ha) on the basis of the land holding. The data was collected through prestructured schedule for the purpose through personal interviews with head of the each household and visit to the fields. Socioeconomic status of farmers has been analysed taking into consideration their average family structure, sex- ratio, educational status, literacy rate, livestock status, off-farm employment status and land holding size. The study revealed that six agroforestry systems types were prevalent among different categories of farmers in the study area viz., AS, ASH, AH, ASP, PS and SP. The most predominant AFS was AS, followed by ASH. The functional units recorded under different agroforestry system types in the study area under agriculture component were Wheat, Maize, Mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Tomato, Potato, Okra, Brinjal, Turmeric, Arbi. The functional units under Silviculture component were Beul, toona, shisham, mulberry, kachnar, chir pine, khair etc. for horticulture component mango, papaya, banana, citrus etc. were recorded. Whereas, for grass species elephant grass, natural grasses were recorded. Among all the existing agroforestry systems, irrespective of the farmer’s category then highest biological yield and net returns were recorded under agrisilvihorticulture (ASH) system i.e. 26.57 t/ha and 1,14,738 ₹/ha/yr., respectively. While, the lowest biological yield and net returns were recorded under pastoralsilviculture (PS) system i.e. 17.03 t/ha and 3,617₹/ha/yr., respectively. Fragmented landholdings, lack of irrigation facilities, non-availability of market, lack of awareness about high yielding variety seeds of crops and promising agroforestry tree species, low yielding varieties of horticultural plants, communication gap between lab to land and ineffective implementation of government sponsored schemes for the benefits of farming communities were some of the constraints found in the study area. Relevant agroforestry solutions can be conducting location specific diagnostic survey, strengthening of agro-processing facilities, voluntarily adoption of some villages by state agriculture universities and other related institutions and opening of govt. authorized sale centres at accessible places etc.ThesisItem Open Access Appraisal of Existing Agroforestry Systems in Hamirpur Tehsil of District Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-10) Pathania Kajal; Sharma, Som DuttThe current study was conducted in 2022–2023 and is titled "Appraisal of Existing Agroforestry Systems in Hamirpur Tehsil of District Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh." The study area is located at an elevation of 786-1250m above mean sea level, with coordinates ranging from latitude 31°25' to 31˚52' N and longitude 76°18' to 76˚44 'E. Through multistage random sampling, eight panchayats were selected, and two villages were chosen from each panchayat to examine the socioeconomic standing of the farmers and the vegetation composition of the land use systems they practiced. A total of three farmers from each category viz.marginal category (<1 ha), small category (1-2 ha), and medium category (2-4 ha) were chosen from each village. Personal interviews with the heads of each household and field visits were used to gather the data according to a pre-planned schedule. Farmers in the study area were practicing five distinct agroforestry systems in accordance to the study viz. agrisilviculture (AS), agrisilvihorticulture (ASH), agrihorticulture (AH),agrisilvipastoral (ASP), and silvipastoral (SP). The sampled households' average family size was 4.57 individuals per family, and the overall sex ratio was 953. The medium category of farmers had the highest (91.80%) recorded literacy rate. The main crops of the Rabi season were Wheat, Potato, Garlic, Cauliflower, and Cabbage. Whereas, Maize, Tomato, Colocasia and Turmeric were the predominant crops of kharif season. Acacia catechu, Grewia optiva, Bauhinia variegata, Toona ciliata, Morus alba, Ficus religiosa, Mallotus philippensis, and Albizia lebbeck were among the prominent tree components found along the bunds and boundaries of farm fields in Agrisilviculture system. On the other hand, Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Litchi chinensis, Psidium guajava, Citrus limon and Carica papaya were the main fruit tree species in Agrihorticulture system. The primary tree species in the silvipastoral system were Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catechu, Ziziphus mauritiana, and Pinus roxburghii, while the primary grass species were Cenchrus ciliaris, Themada anathera, Panicum maximum, and Setaria sphacelata. Irrespective of farmers categories, the highest grand total biomass (27.83 t/ha) was observed in Silvipastoral system. Among all the category of farmers the maximum net returns (₹1,24,425/ha/yr) were reported from agrisilvihorticulture (ASH) and least (₹4,326/ha/yr) from silvipastoral system as economic value (₹/ quintal) of trees was calculated for fuelwood and fodder only. The primary roadblocks identified in the research area were fragmented landholdings, poor extension, insufficient irrigation, and lower involvement of youth in farming. Implementing location-specific diagnostic surveys, bolstering adoption of new technologies, efficient markets, willing adoption of certain villages by agriculture research centres and state agricultural universities to start various agricultural projects and so on are examples of pertinent agroforestry solutions. The ASH system type was determined to be the best from an economic point of view based on the research mentioned above.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of black chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under mango-based agroforestry system(College of Horticulture & Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-09) Saini, Himanshu; Guleria, VipanThe present investigation entitled “Effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of black chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under mango-based agroforestry system” was carried out during the year 2022-2023 at Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Jachh-Kangra under sub-tropical conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of biofertilizers (Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) and mango trees on growth and yield attributes of black chickpea varieties grown as an intercrop along with the effect of the agroforestry system on the soil properties. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with combination of factors; varieties (Him Palam Chana-1, HPG-17, PBG-7) and biofertilizers having twelve treatment combinations, replicated thrice in order to estimate growth, yield, economic feasibility and soil properties under agroforestry system and control. Result showed the maximum values for growth and yield parameters of black chickpea varieties treated with combined application of rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria under mango-based agroforestry system as compared to control. The highest seed yield of black chickpea for all three varieties viz. Him Palam Chana-1, HPG-17, PBG-7 was registered in which with the seeds are treated with both Rhizobium as well as phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Rh + PSB) i.e., 12.56 q ha-1, 14.70 q ha-1 and 13.15 q ha-1 respectively. The lowest seed yield for each variety was however, recorded in control in which seeds are not treated with biofertilizers i.e., 9.39 q ha-1, 12.06 q ha-1 and 10.06 q ha-1, respectively. Among all treatments the highest (4.66q ha-1) total plant biomass was recorded (except seed yield) when biofertilizers were used in combination and the lowest (4.07 q ha-1) in control where no biofertilizers were applied. Physical properties bulk density, particle density, porosity and soil moisture content of soil and chemical properties namely pH and electrical conductivity does not show a significant change before and after the application of biofertilizers while there was significant increase in soil nutrients N, P and K. HPG-17 variety recorded the maximum available nitrogen and potassium content in the soil followed by Him Palam Chana-1 and PBG-7. The highest phosphorus content in the soil was recorded under variety PBG-7. From economic point of view, higher (Rs. 1,34,750.00 ha-1) gross returns and B:C (2.63) ratio were obtained in T6 (Mango + HPG-17+ Rh + PSB) as compared to control. Overall, it was concluded that among the three chickpea varieties HPG-17 performed best when grown with the mango tree and combined application of Rhizobium and PSB. Farmers should adopt this combination (Mango + black chickpea) with biofertilizers applications under similar agro-ecological conditions for higher economic returns.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF UNDERSTOREY VEGETATION BIOMASS ALONG ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT AND DOMINANT OVERSTOREY COMPOSITION TYPES IN TEMPERATE REGION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-05) JATIN JAGTU; Dr. Praveen KumarThe present study entitled “Dynamics of understorey vegetation biomass along the altitudinal gradient and dominant overstorey composition types in temperate region of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out with the main objective to determine the pattern of understorey vegetation biomass production and soil nutrients availability along the altitudinal gradients and dominant overstory types in the temperate Himalayan region. Biomass of the total and individual understorey vegetation components differed significantly along the altitudinal gradients and among different overstorey type with a significant interaction effects of altitude and overstorey types. Across all altitudinal gradients and dominant overstorey composition types, total, woody, herbaceous and bryophytes biomass was on average 4.36, 3.29, 0.95 and 0.12 Mg ha−1, respectively. Total, woody, herbaceous and bryophytes understorey vegetation biomass increased linearly from lower to middle elevation zones and decreased thereafter at higher elevations, and was found to be highest at middle altitudes. Soil available nutrients also followed the similar trends to that of total understorey vegetation biomass production. Therefore the management intervention should aim on prioritizing the conservation efforts towards the middle elevation zones in the temperate Himalayan Region. Among the different overstorey composition types, total, woody and herbaceous biomass production was highest under broadleaved stands and lowest under coniferous stands. However, the bryophytes biomass was found to be higher under coniferous stands. However, the soil available nutrients were found to be highest under the mixedwood stands flowed by broadleaved and coniferous stands. Therefore, in order to increase the biomass production and ecological functions of temperate Himalayan region, the management interventions should aim at maintaining diverse range of overstory composition types. The study also found the positive correlation between soil nutrients availability and understorey vegetation biomass production, and thus highlighted, the importance of soil available nutrients in influencing the plant productivity and ecosystem functions of temperate Himalayan region.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON FODDER RESOURCES AND ETHNOVETERINARY PRACTICES UTILIZED BY GUJJAR TRIBE OF CHAMBA(UHF Nauni, 2024-03-18) PAYAL JARYAL; Dr. Rohit BishistThe present investigation entitled “Study on fodder resources and ethnoveterinary practices utilized by Gujjar tribe of Chamba” was conducted in Salooni, Chamba and Mehla block of district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh during 2022-2023 with the objectives viz. to analyze the nutritive content of important fodder resources preferred by the Gujjar tribe of Chamba region and to document existing ethno-veterinary practices utilized by Gujjar tribe of Chamba. The composite samples of extensively used tree leaves, cultivated fodders, grasses, herbs and shrubs were collected from the month of October 2022 to June 2023 to analyse the different nutritional parameters. A multistage random sampling was done to document the ethnoveterinary practices followed in Salooni, Chamba, and Mehla block of Chamba district, in which a total of 90 respondents were chosen to obtain information on ethnoveterinary practices. The present study revealed that the nutritional attributes of different fodder species varied markedly among different categories of samples. DM of 55.12 (%) was recorded highest in the leaves of Quercus semecarpifolia while lowest 21.74 (%) in Artemisia nilagirica. CP was found highest 18.10 (%) in case of Fagopyrum dibotrys and lowest 8.10 (%) in Q. semecarpifolia. The highest 4.70 (%) EE was found in Celtis australis and lowest 1.20 (%) in Debregeasia longifolia. The CF was recorded maximum 38.63 (%) in Q. semecarpifolia and minimum 15.43 (%) in F. dibotrys. The NDF was found highest 53.40 (%) in Dendrocalamus strictus and lowest 33.17 (%) in Morus alba. The ADF was recorded maximum 40.81 (%) in Q. semecarpifolia and minimum 21.50 (%) in Triticum aestivum. The TA content was found highest 13.80 (%) in D. strictus and lowest 3.37 (%) in Q. leucotrichophora. The AIA was found highest 1.89 (%) in D. strictus and lowest 0.23 (%) in Q. floribunda. The NFE (%) was recorded maximum 57.02 (%) in Eriophorum comosum and minimum 41.80 (%) in Albizia lebbeck. The Ca content was found highest 3.90 (%) in Grewia optiva and lowest 0.79 (%) in F. dibotrys. The P was found highest 0.72 (%) in Zea mays and lowest 0.11 (%) in E. comosum. The use value in case of ethnoveterinary practices was found highest in case of Thymus serpyllum (UV=0.70), Rumex nepalensis (UV=0.67) and Cedrus deodara (UV=0.65) whereas lowest use value was observed in Oryza punctata (UV=0.24). The fidelity level (%) was found highest in F. dibotrys (100%) which was used to treat anorexia followed by Tinospora cordifolia which was used in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery and lowest was found in case of Rheum australe (44.18%) which was used for the treatment of foot rot. The highest informant consensus factor (ICF) was found in case of prolapse (1) followed by fracture (0.97), cut and wound (0.96) and lowest in ailment category foot rot (0.93).ThesisItem Open Access APPRAISAL OF DIFFERENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND CARBON STOCK POTENTIAL IN KARSOG VALLEY OF DISTRICT MANDI IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2023-11-23) KIRAN; Dr. K.S. PANTThe present study entitled “Appraisal of different agroforestry systems for biomass production and carbon stock potential in Karsog valley of District Mandi in Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2022-2023 in the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. For the present study, Karsog valley was divided into three different elevations i.e. <1000 m, 1000- 1500 m, >1500 m, to identify dominant agroforestry systems, for their biomass production, carbon stock and soil properties. Agroforestry systems prevalent in the study area were agrisilviculture, agrihorticulture, agrihortisilviculture, agrisilvipastoral, silvipastoral. The results of the present investigation revealed that different land use systems have significant influence on biomass production and carbon stocks. The total higher biomass production was recorded under silvipastoral system at elevation above 1500 m, while the lowest total biomass production was recorded under agrihorticulture at elevation below 1000 m. Biomass and carbon stock in vegetation was maximum under silvipastoral systems at elevation above 1500 m and minimum was found under agrihorticulture system at elevation below 1000 m. Soil pH was found maximum under agrihortisilviculture system among two soil depths. EC and SOC was found maximum under silvipastoral system among different depths. Available Nitrogen was recorded maximum under agrihortisilviculture system (362.32 kg/ha) at 0-20 cm and (341.48 kg/ha) at 20-40 cm depth of soil. Available Phosphorus was noted maximum under agrihortisilviculture system (58.27 kg/ha) at 0-20 cm and (57.09 kg/ha) at 20-40 cm depth of soil. Available Potassium was recorded maThe present study entitled “Appraisal of different agroforestry systems for biomass production and carbon stock potential in Karsog valley of District Mandi in Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2022-2023 in the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. For the present study, Karsog valley was divided into three different elevations i.e. <1000 m, 1000- 1500 m, >1500 m, to identify dominant agroforestry systems, for their biomass production, carbon stock and soil properties. Agroforestry systems prevalent in the study area were agrisilviculture, agrihorticulture, agrihortisilviculture, agrisilvipastoral, silvipastoral. The results of the present investigation revealed that different land use systems have significant influence on biomass production and carbon stocks. The total higher biomass production was recorded under silvipastoral system at elevation above 1500 m, while the lowest total biomass production was recorded under agrihorticulture at elevation below 1000 m. Biomass and carbon stock in vegetation was maximum under silvipastoral systems at elevation above 1500 m and minimum was found under agrihorticulture system at elevation below 1000 m. Soil pH was found maximum under agrihortisilviculture system among two soil depths. EC and SOC was found maximum under silvipastoral system among different depths. Available Nitrogen was recorded maximum under agrihortisilviculture system (362.32 kg/ha) at 0-20 cm and (341.48 kg/ha) at 20-40 cm depth of soil. Available Phosphorus was noted maximum under agrihortisilviculture system (58.27 kg/ha) at 0-20 cm and (57.09 kg/ha) at 20-40 cm depth of soil. Available Potassium was recorded maximum under agrihortisilviculture system (205.44 kg/ha) at 0-20 cm and (201.67 kg/ha) at 20-40 cm depth of soil. Bulk density was recorded maximum under agrisilviculture system (1.15 g cm-3) at 0-20 cm and (1.18 g cm-3) at 20-40 cm soil depth. Soil physical and chemical properties were found suitable for almost all type of agricultural crops. From the study, it is concluded that agroforestry systems, particularly agrihortisilviculture and silvipasture are playing an important role in soil enrichment, biomass and carbon storage in Karsog valley of District Mandi in Himachal Pradesh. Hence these systems need to be promoted further for sustainability and environmental security.ximum under agrihortisilviculture system (205.44 kg/ha) at 0-20 cm and (201.67 kg/ha) at 20-40 cm depth of soil. Bulk density was recorded maximum under agrisilviculture system (1.15 g cm-3) at 0-20 cm and (1.18 g cm-3) at 20-40 cm soil depth. Soil physical and chemical properties were found suitable for almost all type of agricultural crops. From the study, it is concluded that agroforestry systems, particularly agrihortisilviculture and silvipasture are playing an important role in soil enrichment, biomass and carbon storage in Karsog valley of District Mandi in Himachal Pradesh. Hence these systems need to be promoted further for sustainability and environmental security.ThesisItem Open Access VEGETATION DYNAMICS AND SOIL RESOURCE AVAILABILITY IN RELATION TO ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT AND DOMINANT OVERSTOREY COMPOSITION TYPES IN TEMPERATE REGION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2023-11-28) SHASWAT SHEKHAR; Dr. C.L. ThakurThe present study entitled “Vegetation dynamics and soil resource availability in relation to altitudinal gradient and dominant overstorey composition types in temperate region of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted in the temperate region of Himachal Pradesh. The objective of the study was to understand the pattern of plant diversity and soil nutrients availability along the altitudinal gradients and overstory composition types. A total of 116 distinct plant species in different layers viz. 10 species in tree layer, 37 species in shrub layer and 69 species in ground layer were recorded in the present study. The total species richness and soil physico-chemical properties differed significantly along the altitudinal gradients and among dominant overstory composition types. The hump shaped pattern along the altitudinal gradients appears to be the most dominant pattern of plant diversity and soil nutrient availability (N, P, K) which call for more conservation concern towards the middle-elevation zones in the temperate Himalayan region. The study also highlighted the importance of dominant overstory composition types in driving the plant diversity in tree layer, shrub layer and ground layers and had significant effect on soil physico-chemical properties. The mixedwood stands i.e., the stands dominated by both broadleaved and coniferous species had higher plant diversity and availability of nutrients in the soils at different soil depths. Therefore, management interventions should aim at maintaining diverse range of overstory composition types for conserving biodiversity and their ecological functions in the temperate Himalayan region. The study also found the positive correlation between total species richness and soil nutrients availability (N, P, K), and supported the resource quantity hypothesis and importance of soil available nutrients in deriving the pattern of plant diversity along the altitudinal gradients and among different overstorey composition types in the temperate forest ecosystems.ThesisItem Open Access Socioeconomic Appraisal and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Prevalent Agroforestry Systems in Baijnath Tehsil of District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-02-12) Parveen Kumari; Kaler, Navjot SinghThe present study entitled “Socioeconomic Appraisal and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Prevalent Agroforestry Systems in Baijnath Tehsil of District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during the year 2022-2023. The study area lies between: 32° 04’ 24” to 32° 05’ 52" N latitude and 76° 63’ 68" to 76° 72’ 60" E longitude with an elevation ranging from 998 to 1525 m amsl. The study area was selected purposely in which ten panchayats were taken randomly. From each selected panchayat, farmers were divided into three different categories on the basis of their land holdings as per classification of Government of Himachal Pradesh i.e. marginal (<1 ha), small (1-2 ha) and medium (2-5 ha). A random selection of five farmers from each category was taken as the ultimate unit of study. Socioeconomic status of farmers were assessed by taking into consideration their family structure, sex- ratio, educational status of the family members, livestock status, off-farm employment status and land holding size. The average family size was 5.26 individuals per family and literacy rate was recorded 89.30% which was found higher than the overall literacy rate (82.80%) of Himachal Pradesh. The study revealed that six types of agroforestry systems were practiced by the farmers in the study area namely viz., Agrisilviculture (AS), Agrisilvihorticulture (ASH),Agrihorticulture (AH), Agrisilvipastoral (ASP), Silvipastoral (SP) and Pastoralsilviculture (PS). The primary agriculture crops grown were Triticum aestivum, Solanum tuberosum, Brassica rapa, Allium sativum, Brassica oleracea, etc. during rabi season and Oryza sativa, Zeya mays, Abelmoschus exculentus, Glycine max, Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, Curcuma longa etc. were grown during kharif season in the study area. The predominated forest and fruit trees were Celtis australis, Morus alba, Grewia optiva, Ficus palmata, Prunus cerasoides, Bauhinia variegata, Toona ciliata, Mangifera indica, Litchi chinensis, Psidium guajava, Juglans regia, Citus limon, Prunus persica etc. were found in the study area. The highest total biomass (25.28 t ha-1), carbon sequestration (11.37 t ha-1), net returns (1 ,59,354.9 ₹ ha-1yr-1) and B:C ratio(2.21) were obtained under Agrisilvihorticulture (ASH) system whereas, total biomass (11.80 t ha-1), carbon sequestration (6.21 t ha-1), net returns (6163.75 ₹ ha-1yr-1) and B:C ratio (1.78) were found lowest under Pastoralsilviculture (PS) system, respectively. From the above study it is concluded that Agrisilvihorticulture system was found more profitable system and recommended to the farmers of study area. This research work provides a clear picture of the biomass, carbon and economic analysis of prevalent agroforestry systems and acts as a tool for policy makers, researchers, and students to comprehend the agroforestry systems of the study area in order to develop technologies and make improvements that will enable the local farmers to meet their basic needs and get past hurdles.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Different Black Gram Varieties under Harar and Aonla Based Agroforestry Systems(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-01-24) Devansh; Sharm, KamalThe present investigations entitled “Performance of Different Black Gram Varieties under Harar and Aonla Based Agroforestry Systems” were carried out during the the year(s) 2022-23 at Khaggal (Neri-II) Experimental Farm of the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri-Hamirpur under sub-tropical conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design to determine the effects of different tree species viz., Harar and Aonla on growth and yield of three different varieties of Black gram var. Himmash-1, UG-218 and Palampur-93. Besides growth parameters, quality analysis of Black gram seeds, carbon sequestration potential, economic feasibility and soil analysis at different depths i.e. 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm for physico-bio chemical properties was also done. To ascertain the sustainability of the Harar and Aonla based agroforestry systems, soil properties before and after the cultivation of crop was compared using student’s t-test. Further, the performance of black gram variety under economically best agroforestry system was compared on three distances viz., 1m, 2m and 3m from the tree base Results revealed that tree components had detrimental impact on growth and yield of agricultural crop. The contents of total carbohydrates and total soluble protein were significantly higher in the seeds of Black Gram crop grown under the agroforestry system over the sole cropping system. Whereas, the content of total sugars was significantly higher in the sole Black Gram crop as compared to the crop raised under the agroforestry system. Out of all physico-chemical properties; Bulk Density, Particle Density and Porosity remained unaffected under different land use systems however, Soil Moisture Content, Electrical Conductivity, pH and Organic Carbon were found affected significantly. It was observed that nutrient N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S contents of the soil were generally higher under agroforestry systems over sole cropping. Biological properties viz., microbial biomass and enzymatic activities (phosphatase and dehydrogenase) were also higher under tree-crop combinations indicating the sustainability of the agroforestry systems. However, it was observed that with the increasing soil depth from 0-15 cm to 15-30 cm soil Bulk Density, Particle Density and Moisture Content increased whereas other soil parameters decreased. Among all tree-crop combinations, the highest total biomass (64.05 t ha-1) and carbon stock (31.45 t ha-1) was recorded for Aonla + Himmas-1 and the lowest for Sole UG 218. From economic perspective, higher (Rs. 2,08,752.80 ha-1) gross returns and B:C (2.87) were obtained for Aonla + Himmash-1 agroforestry system as compared to sole Black Gram cropping. Overall, it was concluded that tree-crop combinations are sustainable as compare to monocropping. Among different land uses, Aonla + Himmash-1 proved to be the superior combination. Farmers should adopt this combination (Aonla + Himmash-1) and are advised to cultivate this crop under similar agro-ecological conditions for higher economic returns.
