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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access BIOMASS PRODUCTION, NUTRIENT CYCLING AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF BAMBOO PLANTATIONS IN MID-HILLS, SUB-MONTANE AND LOW HILLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2017-12) YOURMILA, KUMARI; BHARDWAJ, D.R.ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Biomass production, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration potential of bamboo plantations in mid-hills, sub-montane and low hills of Himachal Pradesh” were carried out at three sites of Dr YSP University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan, Himachal Pradesh viz., experimental field of Department of SAF at Nauni, comprising of 7 bamboo species under pure bamboo plantation and 3 bamboo species under bamboo based agroforestry system in mid-hill conditions, RHRS Jacch, Kangra comprising of 5 bamboo species under bamboo based agroforestry system in sub-montane conditions and RHRS Bajaura, Kullu comprising of 4 tree species in combination with Phyllostaychys pubescens, during 2015-2016. The results revealed that Dendrocalamus hamiltonii showed better growth and development in pure bamboo plantation under mid-hill conditions. Whereas, in bamboo based agroforestry system, Bambusa balcooa displayed better growth behavior than Dendrocalamus asper and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii. Under submontane low hill conditions, the growth was better in Bambusa bambos when planted in agroforestry system while, Phyllostachys pubescens showed better growth and development behaviour when planted under the canopy of Platanus orientalis. The biomass of different bamboo species was affected significantly due to variation in climatic conditions of HP. In pure bamboo plantation under mid-hill conditions, Dendrocalamus asper produced maximum biomass whereas, in bamboo based agroforestry system, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii produced maximum biomass. In bamboo based agroforestry system under sub-montane and low-hill conditions, Bambusa bambos showed highest biomass production while, Phyllostachys pubescens produced highest biomass when planted with Platanus orientalis. Irrespective of bamboo species, the biomass production enhanced with increasing culm age. Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii and Bambusa bambos showed better carbon sequestration potential under mid-hill and sub-montane conditions, respectively. Under mid hill conditions, Dendrocalamus asper showed better nutrient cycling in pure plantation as well as in bamboo based agroforestry system while, under sub-montane low hill conditions, Bambusa bambos showed better nutrient cycling under bamboo based agroforestry system. In temperate climatic conditions, better nutrient status was recorded in soil under Phyllostachys pubescens and Platanus orientalis. Except for soil pH, all the soil physico-chemical and microbiological parameters decreased with increase in soil depth.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IDENTIFICATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF EXISTING AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN SIRMAUR DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2017-12) TIWARI, PRABHAT; PANT, K.S.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on identification and socio-economic status of existing agroforestry systems in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in Sirmaur district which is located between 30°22'30"–31°01'20" N latitude and 77°01'12"–77°49'40" E longitude in Himachal Pradesh. The climate in this area is sub-tropical to temperate depending upon the elevation. The inclusion of woody perennials within farming systems, has been practiced as a traditional land use and livelihood option since time immemorial. For the study, Sirmaur district were selected and in district three altitudinal zones were prepared, such as altitudinal zone I (<1000m amsl), zone II (1000-2000m amsl), zone III (>2000m amsl) and in each altitudinal zone, four panchayats were selected and in each selected panchayats, three farmers category were made namely, marginal (<1 ha), small (1-2 ha) and medium (2-5 ha). Finally from each farmer category five farming families were taken for the study. Socioeconomic status of farmers, vegetation composition, biomass, economic viability and technological constraints in the system have been studied during the research. The average family size of sampled households were 6.90, 5.67 and 7.35 persons/household with average literacy rate 85.09 to 88.29 per cent ranging from altitude zone I to altitude zone III. The results found that prevalent agroforestry systems in study area were AS, ASH, AH, ASP, PS, SP and PSH, among these system types most predominant were AS, ASH and AH systems. The maximum above ground biomass production in three altitudinal zones was noticed in ASH under zone I (25.82 t ha-1), while in three farmers category, it was maximum in ASH with small farmers (22.81 t ha-1). Higher above ground biomass production of pastoral agroforestry systems among three altitudinal zone was recorded in SP under zone III (22.86 t ha-1) whereas, in three farmers category was recorded maximum in SP under marginal farmers (23.11 t ha-1). Similar trends were also noticed in the below ground and total biomass production. Maximum net returns among three altitudinal zones was reported in AH under zone III (Rs. 3,37,716/-), while in three farmers category, it was recorded maximum in AH under small farmers(Rs. 2,46,070/-). In pastoral agroforestry systems highest net profit among three altitudinal zones was noticed in ASP under zone I (Rs. 82,675/-), on the other hand in three farmers category was recorded higher net profit was recorded in ASP under marginal farmers (Rs. 82,746/-). Benefit-Cost ratio of agroforestry systems among three altitudinal zones was noticed highest in AH under zone III (2.37), while in three farmers category was recorded maximum in AH under medium farmers (2.27). Pastoral agroforestry systems was observed highest BC ratio in PSH under zone II (2.20), on the other hand among three farmers category, it was found maximum in PSH under small farmers (2.21). Technological gaps identifying the socio-economic and other constraints have highlighted the inherent weakness of existing AF systems. The most prominent among these constraints includes disproportionate applications of insecticides/pesticides and fertilizers, fragmented landholdings, lack of efficient marketing channels, communication gap between lab to land and ineffective implementation of government sponsored schemes for the benefits of farming communities. Relevant agroforestry solutions include conducting location specific diagnostic survey, strengthening of agro-processing facilities, voluntarily adoption of some villages by state agriculture universities and other related institutions and opening of govt. authorized sale centers at accessible places etc. From the above study it is concluded that AH system type found to be best for economic point of view, hence these systems may be recommended to the Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access LAND USES APPRAISAL ALONG ELEVATION GRADIENT IN CENTRAL HIMALAYA(UHF,NAUNI, 2017) YADAV, RAM PRAKASH; GUPTA, B.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Land uses appraisal along elevation gradient in Central Himalaya” was carried out in 2B4D6-watershed, located between 29° 24’ and 29° 52’ N latitude and 79°30’ to 79°51’ E longitude in Uttarakhand. The climate of the area is sub-tropical in lower regions and wet-temperate in the upper parts. It receives annual precipitation around 1350 mm. The watershed was divided into five elevation zones viz., E1 (<1100m), E2 (1101-1400m), E3 (1401- 1700m), E4 (1701-2000m) and E5 (>2000m). At each elevation, two land uses viz., miscellaneous and grasslands were studied in detail for their soil properties, floristic composition, phytosociology, biomass, carbon stock and economics. In miscellaneous land use two types of agroforestry systems were identified a) agriculture based agroforestry systems viz., agrisilviculture (AS), agrihorticulture (AH), agrihortisilviculture (AHS), agrisilvihorticulture (ASH), and b) silvipasture systems viz., chir pine silvipasture (SPCP), mixed-forest silvipasture (SPM) and banjoak silvipasture (SPBO). The average family size in the watershed was 4.67 persons/household with average literacy of 83.03 %. Average fodder and fuel wood consumption was 26.54 and 18.65 kg/household/day, respectively. 75.93 % of total requirement of energy of the people is met from forests. Peoples’ main profession is agriculture. Socio-economic variables responsible for adoption of agroforestry in the area are: farmer’s farm size, sex ratio, diversified output, income generation and livestock activities. Soil properties viz., pH, EC, MC, BD, SOC, MBC, MBN, WOC MBC/MBN ratio, contribution of microbial biomass C to organic C and microbial population (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes) differed significantly with systems and elevations. In the area wheat, mustard, barley, toria and pea are main rabi crops, whereas finger millet, barnyard millet, paddy, soybean, are main cereal crop in kharif season. Prominent trees in agroforestry systems are: Grewia optiva, Celtis australis, Ficus palmata, Bauhinia variegata, Ficus roxburghii, Morus alba and Toona ciliata whereas, pear, apricot, pomegranate, lemon, walnut, peach, pecannut, apple and plum are the major fruit trees in these systems. In silvipasture systems 145 genera with 168 plant species were recorded, whereas, in grassland 120 genera with 146 plant species were noticed. In chirpine silvipasture, mixed-forest silvipasture, banjoak silvipasture and grasslands, density (tillers/m2) of herbage vegetation was highest at elevation E1 than other elevations. The respective peak herbage density in these systems was: 981.56, 966.45, 861.78 and 1072.89. The mean aboveground biomass of vegetation in agriculture based agroforestry systems decreased in the order: ASH (55.45 t ha-1) > AHS (52.93 t ha-1) > AS (42.05 t ha-1) > AH (39.80 t ha-1). In silvipasture systems mean aboveground biomass was maximum in SPBO (66.65 t ha-1) that decreased to 66.19 t ha-1 in SPCP and to 60.91 t ha-1 in SPM, whereas in grasslands it was 3.71 t ha-1. Similar decrease in belowground biomass was recorded. In grasslands, belowground and total biomass was recorded to the tune of 2.19 t ha-1 and 5.90 t ha-1. The mean aboveground biomass carbon in agriculture based agroforestry systems was significantly high (25.17 t C ha-1) in ASH and it decreased in other agroforestry systems in the order: AHS (24.04 t C ha-1) >AS (19.20 t C ha-1) > AH (17.74 t C ha-1). In silvipasture systems it was maximum (29.99 t C ha-1) in SPBO followed by SPCP (29.79 t C ha-1) and SPM (27.41 t C ha-1), and whereas it was 1.67 t C ha-1 in grasslands. Belowground and total carbon stock in vegetation of agriculture based agroforestry systems and silvipasture systems followed the trend observed in belowground biomass and total biomass. In grassland belowground carbon stock was 0.98 t C ha-1 and total carbon stock was 2.65 t C ha-1. In agroforestry systems, vegetation biomass and their carbon stock increased significantly with increase in elevation, whereas it was vice-versa in grasslands. In agriculture based agroforestry systems maximum soil carbon density (59.54 t C ha-1) was recorded in AHS that decreased to 59.00 t C ha-1 in ASH, 55.75 t C ha-1 in AH and minimum was recorded as 54.90 t C ha-1 in AS. In silvipasture systems significantly high soil carbon density (74.88 t C ha-1) was recorded in SPBO and followed by SPM as 66.48 t C ha-1 and SPCP as 65.26 t C ha-1. In grasslands soil carbon density was 65.88 t C ha-1. Among agriculture based agroforestry systems, agrihorticulture was more remunerative to the farmers with Rs. 182163.45 ha-l yr-1 net return and benefit-cost ratio as 2.53 compared to any other systems.ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH, REGENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF Olea glandulifera Wall. ex. G. Don.(UHF,NAUNI, 2017) RAJENDRA, MHAISKAR PRIYA; GUPTA, B.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Growth, regeneration and propagation of Olea glandulifera Wall. ex. G. Don” was carried out in Bathalghati near Arki (HP) and Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during 2014-2016. Seeds were collected from three of diameter classes of tress viz., D1 (10-20cm), D2 (20-30cm) and D3 (30-40cm) at 15 days interval starting from 27th December 2014 (H1) to 21st February 2015 (H5). These seeds were germinated in laboratory and various germination parameters were recorded up to 40th day from the start of germination. The seeds collected on 7th February, 2015 (H4) from 20-30 cm diameter class trees showed best germinability. The same seeds when used subsequently in the second year for germination tests showed almost 50% reduction in germinability parameters. Some seeds were stratified for 4 and 8 weeks at four temperatures i.e. T1 (room temperature), T2 (3±1 oC), T3 (0 oC) and T4 (-3±1 oC) and treated with 100 ppm and 200 ppm GA3 and then germinated. Seeds treated with 200 ppm GA3 and stratified for 8 weeks at 3±1 oC showed highest germination and seedling growth parameters. Some Seeds were stored at 3 different temperatures viz., room temperature (T1), 3±1 oC (T2) and - 3±1 oC (T3) in 3 different storage containers viz., C1 (Polythene bags), C2 (Plastic container) and C3 (Earthen pots) for 4 different storage periods of 2 (M1), 4(M2), 6 (M3) and 8 (M4) months. Seeds stored in plastic jars at 3±1 oC for 2 months showed highest germinabilty parameters. Vegetative propagation was done by collecting stem cuttings from trees in rainy (S1) and spring (S2) seasons and planted in nursery after treating them with 10 different formulations of growth hormones prepared in talc viz., T1 (Control – talc only), T2 (5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose), T3 (0.5 % IBA + 5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose), T4 (1.0 % IBA + 5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose), T5 (1.5 % IBA + 5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose), T6 (2.0 % IBA + 5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose), T7 (0.5 % NAA + 5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose), T8 (1.0 % NAA + 5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose), T9 (1.5 % NAA + 5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose) and T10 (2.0 % NAA + 5 % Captan + 5 % Sucrose). The stem cuttings treated with 1.0% IBA + 5% Captan + 5% Sucrose (T4) formulation and planted in rainy season exhibited highest rooting, root characteristics and survival. Natural regeneration was studied in three different sites located at different elevations viz., E1 (700-800mts), E2 (800-900mts) and E3 (900-1000mts). The number of recruits, unestablished plants and established plants ranged from 250 to 700, 125 to 200 and 100 to 175, respectively. The regeneration success in O. glandulifera forest was low and it ranged between 6.25% and 13.75%. Soil analysis of the three sites showed that pH of the soil ranged from 5.48 to 6.22, organic carbon from 1.24 % -3.07 %,), available nitrogen from 101.84 kg/ha to 266.71 kg/ha, available phosphorous from 20.77 kg/ha to 35.64 kg/ha and available potassium from 179.67 kg/ha to 269.78 kg/ha in 0-30 cm soil depth. The aboveground, belowground and total biomass production of O. glandulifera trees was estimated as 94.81, 20.86 and 115.67 t/ha, respectively. Various linear and non-linear functions were tested for determining best relationships among different components of treesThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IDENTIFICATION AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF EXISTING AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN KANGRA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2017) SINGH, NAVJOT; PANT, K.S.ABSTRACT The study entitled “Studies on identification and socio-economic status of existing agroforestry systems in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh.” was conducted during the year 2014-15 with the aim to evaluate existing agroforestry systems, estimation of their biological yield and economic returns, to find out technological gaps in the systems and thereby propose means to overcome them. The study sites were selected through stratified random sampling technique. The Kangra District was divided into three altitudinal zones viz. Zone- I (< 500 m amsl), Zone- II (500-1000 m amsl) and Zone- III (> 1000 m amsl). In each altitudinal zone, four panchayats were selected randomly. From each selected panchayats as per classification of government of Himachal Pradesh, farmers were divided on the basis of their land holding into four different farmers categories: 1. Marginal (<1 ha), 2. Small (1-2 ha), 3. Medium (2-5 ha) and 4. Large (>5 ha) and a random sample of five farmers from each category were taken as ultimate unit of the study. Twenty farmers were falling in each category in each altitudinal zone except large category in altitudinal zoneIII as there was no farmer found in large category in selected panchayats. The data was collected through pre-tested schedule for the purpose through personal interviews with head of the each household and field sampling. SocioEconomic Status of farmers has been evaluated taking into account their average family structure, sex- ratio, educational status of the head of families, literacy of families, status of off-farm employment, livestock status and land holding size. The study revealed that six agroforestry systems types prevalent among different categories of farmers in three altitudinal zones namely: Agrisilviculture (AS), Agrisilvihorticulture (ASH), Agrihorticulture (AH), Agrisilvipastoral (ASP), Pastoralsilviculture (PS) and Silvipastoral (SP). The maximum total biomass production among agroforestry systems type in three altitudinal zones was observed in ASH, zone- II (41.17 t ha -1 ) while in farmers category it was observed maximum in ASH, large farmers category (40.46 t ha -1 ). Higher total biomass production of pastoral agroforestry systems type among three altitudinal zones was noticed in SP, zone- III (52.46 t ha -1 ) whereas, in farmers category it was recorded maximum in SP, small farmers category (47.45 t ha -1 ). Also, the higher net returns of agroforestry systems at three altitudinal zones was noticed in AS, zone- I (Rs. 192520.34), while in farmers category it was observed maximum in AS, large farmers category (Rs. 240734.32). In pastoral agroforestry systems, the highest net returns among three altitudinal zones was noticed in ASP, zone- III (Rs. 155642.11) whereas, in farmers category it was recorded maximum in ASP, medium farmers category (Rs. 151663.99). Benefit: Cost ratio of agroforestry systems among three altitudinal zones was noticed highest in AS, zone- III (2.05) while in farmers category it was observed maximum in ASH, large farmers category (2.00). In pastoral agroforestry systems highest Benefit: Cost ratio among three altitudinal zones was noticed in PS, zone II (2.58) whereas, in farmers category it was recorded maximum in PS, large farmers category (2.51).The technological gaps/constraints viz. social, technological and infrastructural found in the study area highlighted the inherent weakness of existing agroforestry systems. From the above study it is inferred that among identified agroforestry systems type most predominant were agrisilviculture (AS) and pastoralsilviculture (PS) systems in Kangra District. Hence the study represents the clear picture of biomass and economic analysis of existing agroforestry system which will help the local peoples to fulfil their basic needs and the researchers to gain the benefit from the agroforestry.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANT FODDER TREE SPECIES OF NORTH WESTERN MID-HIMALAYAN ECOSYSTEM FOR NUTRITIVE VALUE, PALATABILITY AND LEAF BIOMASS PRODUCTION(UHF,NAUNI, 2017) RAJENDRA, NAVALE MANASI; BHARDWAJ, D.R.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Comparative analysis of important fodder tree species of north western mid-Himalayan ecosystem for nutritive value, palatability and leaf biomass production” was carried out at the dairy farm and laboratory of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2014-2015 with the objectives to study the seasonal variation in the nutritive value of leafy fodder from fifteen tree species, to assess their palatability and to develop biomass equations. The different species under study were A. catechu, A. chinensis, B. variegata, C. australis, G. optiva, F. roxburghii, L. leucocephala, M. composita, M. serrata, O. glandulifera, O. oojeinensis, P. floribundum, Q. glauca, Q. leucotrichophora and S. tetrasperma. The present study revealed that there was wide variation in nutrient content of different tree species similarly different seasons depicted profound effect on the nutrient content of leaves. The dry matter (16.32-63.41%), total ash (4.25-26.25%), calcium (0.76-11.93%), zinc (1.17-65.70 ppm) and nitrate (0.00-28.03 ppm) contents were highest during autumn season while crude protein (6.50-22.75%), tannins (0.10-12.07%), manganese (24.10-578.60 ppm) and hydrocyanic acid (0.00-0.15 mg/100g) contents were highest during spring season. Summer season recorded highest phosphorous (0.01-0.41%) and nitrogen free extract content (22.25-65.56%), while maximum crude fibre (11.15-57.85%), ether extract (1.77-7.53%), acid detergent fibre (10.30-50.33%), neutral detergent fibre (18.59-67.23%), copper (11.43-31.43ppm), phenols (0.37-22.20%), saponins (2.1-32.40%), carbohydrates (52.97-85.14%), organic matter (73.75-95.75%) and mimosine (0.80-1.22%) contents were estimated during winter season. M. serrata was found to be the best species for spring and summer seasons, while G. optiva was best for autumn and winter seasons. Palatability study demonstrated that L. leucocephala, B. variegata, G. optiva, M. serrata and A. catechu were the most palatable species. In the biomass study, branch and leaf biomass were found to be best predicted using tree growth parameters like diameter at breast height, crown volume, crown area, crown width and crown depth. Highest R 2 adjusted value for biomass equations was obtained in Q. glauca, O. oojeinensis, O. glandulifera and P. floribundum, while lowest were in G. optiva, B. variegata, L. leucocephala and F. roxburghii. High biomass and energy stock producing species were observed to be O. glandulifera, M. composita, C. australis, Q. glauca, A. chinensis, P. floribundum, Q. leucotrichophora, S. tetrasperma and M. serrataThesisItem Open Access GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED PLANNING FOR RAJGARH FOREST DIVISION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2017) ATTRI, VARUN; SHARMA, D.P.ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out during 2011-2014 in Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh, located between 30° 38’40” to 31° 01’14” N latitude and 77° 01’ 5” to 77° 26’ 13”E longitude, at an elevation ranging from 500 m to 3500 m a.s.l. to develop comprehensive forest resource database and spatial analysis of growing stock and evaluation of forest for normality for Rajgarh forest division. The necessary data such as paper maps and inventory report was acquired from the Divisional office of Rajgarh Forest Division to create comprehensive database and necessary thematic maps were prepared. For estimation of volume and carbon inventory data was analysed in geographical information system (Arc.GIS).There are six working circles, four ranges, 879 compartments and 41 beats. Small to very small variation in area of different management units, forest vegetation and land uses were observed as compared to area reported in Working Plan. Out of total growing stock and carbon stock of 7.05×10 6 m 3 and 3.29×10 6 t, respectively, in the Division the Habban, Rajgarh, Narag and Sarahan range accounted 71.98 % and 67.85 %, 19.72 % and 22.59 %, 4.03 % and 5.06 %, & 4.27 % and 4.50 %, respectively for the total growing stock and carbon stock, respectively. Among different working circle, Chil Shelterwood, Deodar-Kail, Rehabilitation, Plantation, Protection and Selection accounted 8.98 % and 9.15 %, 31.37 % and 28.44 %, 6.45 % and 7.73 %, 2.47 % and 2.57 %, 15.13 % and 21.66 %, 35.59 % and 30.45 % for total growing stock and carbon stock , respectively . The status of Chil Shelterwood working circle was as: growing stock (251.37 m 3 ha -1 ), tree total biomass (199.46 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon stock (99.73 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon mitigated (366.47 t ha -1 ), regeneration per cent (40.90%). However the status of Deodar-Kail working circle was as: growing stock (463.35 cu m/ha), tree total biomass (436.12 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon stock (218.06 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon mitigated (799.56 t ha -1 ) and regeneration per cent (65.28 %). The status of growing stock and biomass carbon in Rehabilitation working circle was as: growing stock (103.56 m 3 ha -1 ), tree total biomass (120.74 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon stock (60.37 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon mitigated (221.35 t ha -1 ) and regeneration per cent (24.17 %). The growing stock (92.30 m 3 ha -1 ), tree total biomass (127.86 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon stock (63.93 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon mitigated (234.40 t ha -1 ), regeneration per cent (27.50 %) was present in Plantation working circle. The status of Protection working circle was as: growing stock (289.96 m 3 ha -1 ), tree total biomass (701.55 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon stock (350.77 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon mitigated (1286.17 t ha -1 ), regeneration per cent (58.61 %). In Selection working circle, the status was as: growing stock (611.95 m 3 ha -1 ), tree total biomass (466.30 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon stock (233.15 t ha -1 ), tree total carbon mitigated (854.88 t ha -1 ), regeneration per cent (32.50 %). The forest under Chil Shelterwood and Selection working circles were overstocked, with poor incremental growth and poorly regenerated. However in Deodar-Kail working circle the forest was under-stocked with poor incremental growth and regeneration. In rest of the working circles i.e. Rehabilitation, Plantation and Protection, the distribution of stem volume in diameter classes was disproportionate and regeneration was very poor. In general forests of Rajgarh Forest Division do not meet the criteria of normal forests.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTIVITY AND CARBON STORAGE IN PREVALENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN SUB TROPICAL REGION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI,SOLAN, 2016) BAMMANAHALLI, SHIVAPUTRA; PANT, K.S.ABSTRACT Agroforestry is a comprehensive technology towards stable exploitation from the field which is created by means of combining trees, pasture and agricultural crops in a certain area and by applying special management practices. Performing these methods of exploitation from the land is more effective in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon. Carbon dioxide is one of the major greenhouse gas that increased due to combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation etc, are the most important factors for global climate change. Land use system such as agroforestry plays an important role in climate change mitigation by absorbing excess carbon dioxide which is used in the process of photosynthesis by the trees. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the Productivity and carbon storage in prevalent agroforestry systems in sub tropical region of Himachal Pradesh. Bilaspur and Hamirpur districts were selected for the study, in each district three altitudinal zones were prepared, such as altitudinal zone I (400-600 m asl), zone II (600-800m asl), zone III (800-1000m asl) and in each altitudinal zone, four farmers category were made namely, marginal (<1 ha), small (1-2 ha), medium (2-4 ha) and large(>4ha). Finally from each farmer category 10 farming families were taken for the study. The plot size 50×10 m for trees, 1×1 m for agricultural crops and for grass 0.5×0.5 m were used for identification of agroforestry systems, biomass, carbon stock and estimation of economic productivity. The results found that prevalent agroforestry systems in subtropical region of Himachal Pradesh were AS, ASH, AH, AHS, PS, PSH, PHS and PH. Among these system types most predominant were PS followed by PSH, AS and ASH systems. The maximum above ground biomass production in three altitudinal zones was noticed in AHS with zone II (45.32 t ha-1) while in four farmers category was maximum in AHS with small farmers (45.33 t ha-1). Higher Above ground biomass production of pastoral agroforestry systems among three altitudinal zone was observed in PSH with zone II (28.90 t ha-1) whereas, in four farmers category was recorded maximum in PHS and medium farmers (28.67 t ha-1). Maximum above ground carbon stock in three altitudinal zones was found in AHS with zone II (20.39 t ha-1) whereas, among four farmers category was noticed maximum in AHS and small farmers (20.40 t ha-1) while in pastoral agroforestry systems was higher above ground carbon stock was observed in PSH and zone II (13.0 t ha-1) whereas, among four farmers category was found highest in PHS with Medium farmers (12.90 t ha-1). Maximum total ecosystem carbon stock among the three altitudinal zones was indicated in AH and zone III (58.39 t ha-1) whereas, among four farmers category was recorded higher in AH with large farmers (64.44 t ha-1). On the other hand maximum total ecosystem carbon stock of pastoral agroforestry systems at three altitude was observed in PSH and zone II (40.55 t ha-1), while four farmers category was found maximum in PSH and medium farmers (44.19 t ha-1). Maximum net returns among three altitudinal zones was reported in AHS with zone II (Rs. 178641), while four farmers category was recorded maximum in AHS and small farmers (Rs. 163353). In pastoral agroforestry systems highest net profit among three altitudinal zones was noticed in PSH and zone II (Rs. 86145), on the other hand in four farmers category was recorded higher net profit in PSH and medium farmers (Rs. 90809). Benefit: cost ratio of agroforestry systems among three altitudinal zones was noticed highest in AH with zone I (2.74) while in four farmers category was recorded maximum in AHS and small farmers (2.77). Pastoral agroforestry systems was observed highest B: C ratio in PHS and zone I (2.17) on the other hand among four farmers category was found maximum in PHS and small farmers (2.47). From the above study it is concluded that ASH and AHS system type found to be best for carbon storage and economic point of view respectively, hence these systems may be recommended to the subtropical region of Himachal Pradesh.