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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY MODIFIED WOOD OF Bombax ceiba L.(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-11) PINGALE AKSHAY KAILAS; BHUPENDER, DUTTABSTRACT The present research entitled “Physico-chemical and mechanical properties of thermally modified wood of Bombax ceiba L.” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Thermal modifications of wood samples were carried out at 80, 120, 160 and 200°C. The study revealed significant variation between physico-chemical and mechanical properties of thermally modified wood of Bombax ceiba. The maximum value of specific gravity (0.422), moisture content (23.86%) and maximum moisture content (177.45%) were recorded in control, whereas the minimum value of specific gravity (0.368), moisture content (1.01%) and maximum moisture content (133.55%) were recorded at 200°C. There was no effect of thermal treatment on fiber length and vessel diameter and fine texture was observed for all temperature treatments. The colour of wood became darker with increase in temperature treatments, nine different colour were observed. The maximum value of shrinkage in longitudinal plane (0.29%), radial plane (3.04%), tangential plane (3.20%) and the minimum value of shrinkage in longitudinal plane (0.09%), radial plane (1.22%), tangential plane (1.38%), while maximum volumetric shrinkage (6.09%) and minimum volumetric shrinkage (2.04%) were recorded in control. While Among temperatures the maximum value of swelling in longitudinal (0.32%), radial (3.68%), tangential plane (3.37%) and minimum value of swelling in longitudinal plane (0.07%), radial plane (2.27%), tangential plane (1.48%), while maximum value of volumetric swelling (7.71%) and minimum volumetric swelling (3.42%) were recorded at 200°C. The maximum cold water soluble extractives (7.09%), hot water soluble extractives (12.77%), and ash content (2.09%) were recorded at 120°C, whereas the maximum holocellulose content (70.27%) at 160°C and the maximum alcohol benzene soluble extractives (12.86%), lignin content (33.16%), were observed at 200°C. The minimum cold water soluble extractives (4.42%), hot water soluble extractives (7.61%) and holocellulose content (64.79%) were found to be at 200°C, while the minimum alcohol benzene soluble extractives (9.06%) in control and lignin content (27.30%) at 80°C. The highest value of tensile strength (0.044 kN/mm2)and bending strength (0.011 kN/mm2) were recorded in control, and compression strength parallel to grain (0.033 kN/mm2) at 80°C. The lowest value of tensile strength 0.037 kN/mm2 and bending strength 0.007 kN/mm2 were recorded at 200°C, whereas compression parallel to the grain (0.026 kN/mm2) observed minimum at 120°C.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY MODIFIED WOOD OF Pinus roxburghii SARGENT(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-11) GUPTA, AMAN; BHUPENDER, DUTTABSTRACT The present research entitled “Physico-chemical and mechanical properties of thermally modified wood of Pinus roxburghii Sargent” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Thermal modification of wood samples were carried out at 80, 120, 160 and 200°C. The study revealed significant variation between physico-chemical and mechanical properties of thermally modified wood of Pinus roxburghii. The highest value of specific gravity 0.492 (at 80°C), moisture content (29.14%) and maximum moisture content (190.88%) were recorded in control, whereas the lowest value of specific gravity 0.418 (160°C), moisture content (1.20%) and maximum moisture content (126.77%) were recorded at 200°C. There was no effect of thermal treatment on tracheid length and diameter and medium texture was observed for all temperature treatments. The colour of wood became darker with increase in temperature treatments, seven different colour were observed. The maximum value of shrinkage in longitudinal plane (0.42%), radial plane (4.63%), volumetric shrinkage (9.28%) were recorded at control, and maximum value tangential plane (3.67%), were recorded at 120°C. While the minimum value of shrinkage in longitudinal plane (0.04%), radial plane (2.22%), tangential plane (1.55%), volumetric shrinkage (4.88%) were recorded at 200°C. Among temperature the maximum value of swelling in longitudinal (0.41%), radial (5.22%) and tangential plane (3.15%) were recorded at control, and maximum volumetric swelling (7.71%) was recorded at 120°C, while minimum value of swelling in longitudinal plane (0.08%), radial plane (2.26%) and tangential plane (1.29%) and minimum volumetric swelling (3.15%) were recorded at 200°C. The maximum value of cold water (8.20%), hot water soluble extractives (12.67%), holocellulose content (71.78%) and ash content (1.46%) were recorded at 120°C, whereas the maximum value of alcohol benzene soluble extractives (13.87%), lignin content (33.74%), were observed at 200°C. The minimum value of cold water soluble extractives (5.82%), hot water soluble extractives (9.27%), holocellulose content (65.82%) and ash content (1.03%) were found to be at 200°C, while the lowest value of alcohol benzene soluble extractives 12.17per cent (control) and lignin content (28.03%), were found to be at 80°C. The highest value of tensile strength (0.057 kN/mm2) and compression parallel to the grain (0.050 kN/mm2) were recorded at 120°C, the maximum value of bending strength (0.084 kN/mm2) and compression strength perpendicular to grain (0.027 kN/mm2) were recorded in control, whereas the lowest value of tensile strength 0.043 kN/mm2 (80°C), bending strength 0.007 kN/mm2 (120°C), compression parallel to the grain 0.018 kN/mm2 (80°C) and compression strength perpendicular to the grain 0.012 kN/mm2 (160°C).ThesisItem Open Access VERTICAL VARIATION IN WOOD PROPERTIES OF Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arn.(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-08) M S, DEEPA; SHARMA, KULWANT RAIABSTRACT The present research entitled “Vertical variation in wood properties of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arn.” was carried out in the Department of Forest Products, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Twenty-nine year old Acrocarpus fraxinifolius’ tree, felled and divdid into 10 logs of total bole height to investigate the physical, chemical and strength properties of the wood. It showed significant variation along the bole height. The values of diameter, bark percentage, sapwood percentage and heartwood percentage were ranged between 19.70 cm to 34.44 cm (from 90% to base), 1.16 per cent (90%) to 2.20 per cent (base), 47.46 per cent (base) to 34.71 per cent (top), 51.38 per cent (90%) to 63.08 per cent (base), respectively. In sapwood moisture content was maximum at 90 per cent (92.6%) and minimum was recorded at base (66.79%) and for specific gravity maximum was recordrd from base (0.578) and minimum was recorded from 90 per cent (0.487). The maximum fibre length was recorded at base (1.18 mm) and minimum at 90 per cent (1.02 mm) of total bole height. In heartwood moisture content, specific gravity and fibre length ranged between 45.58 per cent (base) to 67.18 per cent, 0.596 (90%) to 0.718 (base) and 1.16 mm (base) to 0.99 mm (90%), respectively. In sapwood, the coldwater extractives, hotwater extractives, Alcohol-Benzene extractives, holocellulose content, lignin content and ash content ranged between 3.94 per cent (90%) to 4.7 per cent (base), 6.12 per cent (90%) to 6.7 per cent (base), 8.53 per cent (90%) to 11.17 per cent (base), 68.06 per cent (base) to 73.21 per cent (90%), 21.32 per cent (90%) to 26.03 per cent (base) and 0.75 per cent (base) to 1.21 per cent (90%) of total bole height, respectively. In heartwood, the coldwater extractives, hotwater extractives, AlcoholBenzene extractives, holocellulose content, ligin content and ash content were ranged between 4.42 per cent (90%) to 4.85 per cent (base), 7.32 per cent (90%) to 7.92 per cent (base), 11.08 per cent (90%) to 12.24 per cent (base), 67.91 (base) to 70.42 per cent (90%), 25.92 per cent (90 %) to 28.80 per cent (base) and 0.6 (base) to 0.96 per cent (90%) of total bole height, respectively. The tensile strength, bending strength, compressive strength parallel to grain, compression strength perpendicular to grain, bending modulus of rupture, modulus elasticity in tensile strength, modulus of elasticity in bending strength, modulus of elasticity compression parallel to grain, modulus of elasticity compression perpendicular to grain were ranged between 0.044 kN/mm2 (90%) to 0.069 kN/mm2 (base), 0.0087 kN/mm2 (80%) to 0.013 kN/mm2 (base), 0.0147 kN/mm2 (50%) to 0.075 kN/mm2 (60%), 0.183 kN/mm2 (base) to 0.220 kN/mm2 (80%), 0.724 kN/mm2 (30%) to 2.294 kN/mm2 (10%), 5.577 kN/mm2 (90%) to 8.978 kN/mm2 (base), 0.620 kN/mm2 (10%) to 0.359 kN/mm2 (60%), 0.081 kN/mm2 (10%) to 0.022 kN/mm2 (50%).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ACCESSIONS AND STANDARDIZATION OF CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF Acorus calamus Linn.(UHF, NAUNI, 2019-03) BHUTIA, KARMA GYALPO; SOOD, MEENUABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Evaluation of accessions and standardization of cultivation practices of Acorus calamus Linn.” were carried out in the experimental field as well as in laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2015-16 & 2016-17. In the first experiment “Morphological studies of A. calamus under natural conditions” Acorus calamus Linn. was found to be perennial, semi-aquatic, monocot, aromatic herb with creeping rhizomes. Rhizomes were cylindrical or somewhat compressed, creeping, horizontal, greenish white on the outside, pinkish white and spongy inside with distinct nodes and internodes. Leaves were linear, smooth, erect, distichously alternate, ensiform, base equitant, moderate yellow green in colour and having a single prominent mid vein with margin almost entire. In second experiment “Evaluation of different accessions of A. calamus (Bach)” accession C4 (Nikyar) gave maximum fresh rhizome weight (31.29 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (15.33 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (17.37 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (8.51 q/ha), essential oil content in fresh rhizome (1.07 %) and estimated essential oil yield (18.57 kg/ha) among all the ten accessions evaluated. No inter-accession difference in leaf shape, colour and rhizome colour were noticed amongst the ten accessions evaluated. In third experiment “Effect of different node cuttings on growth and yield of A.calamus” three node cutting (N3) of rhizome gave maximum fresh rhizome weight (28.13 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (13.78 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (31.25 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (15.32 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (16.80 kg/ha) whereas higher benefit cost ratio (1.80) was obtained from one node cutting of rhizome which was followed by two node cutting of rhizome (0.93). In fourth experiment “Effect of different planting time and harvesting schedules on growth and yield of A.calamus” crop planted in July and harvested after 2nd growing season resulted in maximum fresh rhizome weight (33.85 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (15.91 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (37.61 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (17.68 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (26.50 kg/ha). Higher benefit cost ratio (2.14) was obtained when crop was planted in July and harvested after 2nd growing season which was followed by planted in March and harvested after 2nd growing season (1.81). In fifth experiment “Management of A. calamus under different plant spacings, organic manures and fertilizers” Treatment combination of 5t Vermicompost + NPK (100:60:40) with 20x20 cm spacing resulted in maximum estimated fresh rhizome yield (63.25 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (31.63 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (30.24 kg/ha) whereas higher benefit cost ratio (2.32) was observed when plants were planted at 20x20 cm spacing and NPK (100:60:40 Kg/ha) was applied which was followed by 30x20 cm spacing and NPK (100:60:40) Kg/ha (1.84).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SALIX HYBRIDS’ WOOD(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-02) TAKELE, GOITOM; SHARMA, KULWANT RAIABSTRACT The present research entitled “Studies on physico-chemical properties of Salix hybrids’ wood” was carried out in the Department of Forest Products, Dr Y S Parmar university of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Three-years old 37 Salix hybrids’ wood, three clones per Salix hybrid, totally 111 clones were randomly selected in Nauni, Solan (H.P), to investigate the physical, anatomical, chemical and compression strength properties of the woods. Most of the studied traits of Salix hybrids clones showed significant clonal variation. The values of height, DBH, collar diameter, bark thickness, bark% and wood % were varied from 3.10 (UHFS165) to 5.20 m (KASHMIRI WILLOW), 1.00 (UHFS165) to 2.97 cm (UHFS260/11), 1.31(UHFS165) to 3.57 cm (UHFS111), 0.367 to 0.633 mm , 2.69 (UHFS248) to 10.81% (UHFS165) and 89.19 (UHFS165) to 97.31% (UHFS248), respectively. The maximum density (0.510 g/cm3) was obtained in UHFS187 and minimum in UHFS075 (0.362 g/cm3). The moisture content was ranged from 10.93% to 12.64%. The radial swelling, longitudinal swelling, volumetric swelling, radial shrinkage, longitudinal shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage were varied from 3.35 (UHFS121) to 6.94% (UHFS061), 0.26 to 1.15%, 7.41 (UHFS121) to 15.30% (UHFS061), 3.22 (UHFS121) to 6.49 % (UHFS061), 0.26 to 1.14 % and 6.83 (UHFS121) to 13.26% (UHFS061), respectively. The highest vessel frequency (per mm2) was obtained in UHFS412 (279.663) and lowest in UHFS260/11 (117.067). The maximum vessel lumen diameter (60.62 µm) was recorded in UHFS111 and minimum in UHFS208 (30.49µm). The maximum ray height (0.426 mm) was recorded in clone UHFS296 and minimum (0.097) in clone J194. The highest ray width (9.36 µm) was observed in UHFS333 and lowest (7.91 µm) in UHFS208. The highest uniseriate ray frequency (per mm2) was observed in UHFS113 (88.672) and lowest (36.534) in UHFS111. The maximum fiber length (1.142 mm) was recorded in UHFS260/11 and minimum (0.677 mm) in NZ1002. The highest fiber diameter (21.53 µm) noticed in UHFS248 and lowest (18.33 µm) in UHFS412. The cold water extractive, hot water extractive, Alcohol-benzene extractive, holocellulose content, lignin content and ash content were ranged between 2.83(UHFS299) to 8.23% (UHFS221), 3.98 (UHFS112) to 10.52% (UHFS165), 2.58 to 6.69%, 62.63 (UHFS299) to 81.47% (UHFS221), 14.30 (UHFS267) to 34.18 % (UHFS299) and 0.45 (UHFS112) to 1.47 % (UHFS111), respectively. The compressive strengths parallel to grain were ranged from 0.023 to 0.125 kN/mm2. The heritabilities varied from 0.008 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 0.97 (vessel frequency) and the genetic advance varied from 0.006 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 72 (vessel frequency). The genetic gain varied from 0.91 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 60.634 (ray height). The values of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability ranged from 2.36(wood %) to 57.73 (longitudinal shrinkage) and 1.27 (wood %) to 33.33 (ray height), respectively. The phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation for all the studied physical, anatomical and chemical traits and most of their phenotypic and genotypic correlations showed highly significant.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF WOOD OF BAN OAK (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) PROVENANCES FROM HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF, NAUNI, 2018-10) HEENA; DUTT, BHUPENDERABSTRACT The present research entitled “Physico-chemical evaluation of wood of, (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) provenances from Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17. The study revealed significant variation between physical, anatomical and chemical characteristics of Ban oak wood from different provenances of Himachal Pradesh. The maximum bark (16.31 %), wood (89.79 %),, (32.40 %) and heartwood (68.17 %) were recorded in Barog, Andretta, Nandli and Bahadurpur provenances, respectively, whereas, the minimum bark (10.21 %), wood (83.69 %), sapwood (24.81 %) and heartwood (57.87 %) in Andretta, Barog, Seog and Nandli provenances, respectively(on diameter basis). The maximum bark (29.96 %), wood (80.63 %), sapwood (46.29 %) and heartwood (43.53 %) were noticed in Barog, Andretta, Nandli and Andretta, respectively and the minimum bark (19.37 %), wood (70.04 %), sapwood (35.01 %) and heartwood (31.79 %) in Andretta, Barog, Bechar ka Bag and Nohradhar provenances, respectively (on basal area basis). In case of altitudinal variations, bark and wood per cent were found to be significant on both diameter as well as on basal area basis, while sapwood and heartwood per cent was observed as non-significant. The highest values for moisture content (57.58 %), maximum moisture content (154.92 %) and specific gravity (0.765) of sapwood were reported in Nandli, Sarahan and Bahadurpur and the lowest mc (43.43 %), mmc (141.04 %) and specific gravity (0.629) in Ghanahati, Andretta and Bechar ka Bag, respectively. The highest MC (46.60 %), MMC (148.27 %) and specific gravity (0.796) for heartwood were observed in Jari, Barog and Kala Pul and the lowest MC (38.76 %), MMC (131.84 %) and specific gravity (0.734) in Bahadurpur, Bechar ka Bag and Jari, respectively. In case of altitudinal variations, sapwood mc and mmc were found to be significant, while sapwood specific gravity, heartwood mc, mmc and specific gravity were observed to be non-significant. The longest (0.820 mm) and shortest (0.608 mm) fibres were recorded in Sarahan and Naao. Maximum Fibre width (0.016 mm) was found in Naao and the minimum (0.009 mm) in Kuhasari. The maximum (0.161 mm) and the minimum (0.118 mm) vessel diameter were recorded in Badi Dhar and Bechar ka Bag, respectvely. The maximum (35.33 /mm2) and minimum (24.46 /mm2) vessel frequency were observed in Kuhasari and Banikhet. Maximum ray height (0.36 mm) was noticed in Banikhet and Nohradhar, whereas, maximum ray width (0.014 mm) in Badidhar, Naao and Nohradhar. The minimum ray width (0.009 mm) was found in Banikhet. The maximum (89.80 /mm2) and minimum (34.02 /mm2) ray frequency were recorded in Panarsa Jari. In case of altitudinal variation, non-significant variation was noticed for all the anatomical parameters. Among the chemical properties, the maximum cold water (4.60 %), hot water (7.20 %), alcohol benzene (8.59 %) and NaOH soluble extractives (8.88 %) were noticed in Padhar, Kala Pul, Sarahan and Kuhasari, The maximum holocellulose (71.30 %) and the minimumlignin (20.48 %) were found in Barog and JibhiProvenances, respectively. The ash content was observed to be maximum (3.35 %) in Nandli and minimum (2.02%) in Andretta. In case of altitudinal variation, all the parameters were found to be non-significant. Highly significant positive and negative correlation coefficients for physico-chemical and anatomical characteristics of wood of Ban oak provenances were noticed between heartwood per centvs sapwood specific gravity (0.414), fibre widthvs ray frequency (0.26) and ray heightvs sapwood per cent (0.264). Significant and negative correlation coefficient values were recorded between heartwood per centvs ray height (-0.334), fibre lengthvs ray width (0.334) and heartwood specific gravityvs ray height (-0.369) bark per centvs hot water soluble extractives (0.251), lignin contentvshot water soluble extractives (0.293) and alcohol benzene soluble extractivesvs holocellulose content (0.267).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON WOOD PROPERTIES OF TOON WOOD (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) PROCURED FROM LOCAL MARKETS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2018-04) YADAVRAO, SUMTHANE YOGESH; SHARMA, KULWANT RAIAbstract The present research entitled on “Studies on wood properties of toon wood (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) procured from local markets in Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2014-17. The study revealed significant variation between physical, anatomical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of toon wood from different market location of Himachal Pradesh. The samples of the toon wood were noticed with fine texture and wood colour was noticed as moderate reddish brown 166 [B] and moderate orange 166 [D] in most of the samples. The maximum specific gravity was noticed in Soutta (0.534) and minimum in Badibhu (0.487). The moisture content of toon wood ranged from 21.00 to 27.09 per cent. In case of anatomical parameters, the longest fibre length was recorded in Shahpur (1.047 mm) and the shortest in Shambhuwala (0.862 mm) with fibre width ranged from 0.019 to 0.020 mm. The maximum vessel diameter observed in Kheri (0.165 mm) and minimum in Sarahan (0.135 mm). The vessel frequency ranged from 4.317 mm2 to 6.792 /mm2. The longest ray length was recorded in Shambhuwala (0.417mm) whereas, the shortest in Rajgarh (0.264 mm) while, the ray width was found to be widest in Shambhuwala (0.085 mm) and narrowest in Rajgarh (0.063 mm). The ray frequency ranged from 9.587 mm2 to 13.328 mm2. Among the different chemical parameters, the percentage of cold water, hot water, alcohol benzene and NaOH soluble extractives were found to be highest in Sarahan (5.09 %), Bhalja (8.65 %), Bhalja (8.90 %) and Kandaror (8.95 %) respectively. The maximum percentage of holocellulose and lignin content were recorded in Bhalja (72.34 %) and Kheri (24.65 %), respectively. Among different mechanical properties, the maximum tensile and bending strength was recorded in Galore (0.120 kN/mm2) and Shambhuwala (0.014 kN/mm2. The maximum compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to grain was noticed in Tectona grandis (0.067kN/mm2) and Kheri (0.058 kN/mm2), respectively. The highest modulus of elasticity parallel to grain was observed in Soutta (1.282 kN/mm2). The maximum tensile and bending modulus of elasticity was observed in Sarahan (2.543 kN/mm2) and Kandaror (37.597 kN/mm2), respectively. The bending modulus of rupture was observed to be maximum in Shambhuwala (0.268 kN/mm2) and minimum in Kheri (0.227 kN/mm2). The maximum elongation with tension and bending was found in Shambhuwala (6.79 %) and Soutta (3.72 %), respectively. Highly significant positive correlations were found between fibre length and ray frequency (0.418) and vessel diameter (0.463) at 1 per cent level of significance. The specific gravity was found to be positively significant with holocellulose (0.374) at 1 percent level of significance and with Alcohol benzene soluble extractives (0.348) at 5 per cent level of significance. In case of simple correlation in mechanical properties, the highest positive correlation was noticed between Bending strength and Modulus of rupture in bending (0.963).ThesisItem Open Access PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF WOOD OF TOON (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) PROVENANCES FROM HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2018-04) DHIMAN, BANDANA; SHARMA, KULWANT RAIAbstract The present research entitled on “Physico-chemical evaluation of wood of toon (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) provenances from Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2014-17. The study revealed significant variation between physical, anatomical and chemical characteristics of wood from different toon provenances. Among different physical parameters, the highest bark, wood, sapwood and heartwood per cent (on diameter basis) was recorded in Bhota (14.47 %), Nahan (89.03 %), Nurpur (22.07 %) and Nahan (69.87 %) respectively and minimum in Nahan (10.97 %), Bhota (85.53 %), Chambaghat (17.98 %) and Dehra (64.27 %) respectively. Bark, wood, sapwood and heartwood per cent (on basal area basis) was recorded maximum in Bhota (26.82 %), Baddi (79.75 %), Nurpur (36.33 %) and Nauni (49.58 %), respectively. The minimum was in Baddi (20.25 %), Bhota (73.18 %), Arki (27.79 %) and Nurpur (39.09 %) respectively. In case of altitudinal variations, sapwood and heartwood percentage have been found to be significant in both diameter and basal area basis, while rest were noticed as nonsignificant. The highest sapwood moisture content (mc) and maximum moisture content (mmc) was observed in Rehan (57.96 %) and Ghanahati (179.02 %), whereas minimum was recorded in Nahan (42.34 %) and Una ((148.01 %). The heartwood mc and mmc was observed highest (51.59 %) and (168.38 %) both in Rehan, whereas minimum was found in Arki (36.16 %) and Sujanpur (130.88 %) respectively. The highest sapwood and heartwood specific gravity (0.506) and (0.519) for both was found in Ghumarwin and minimum (0.458) and (0.490) in Mandi and Rajgarh respectively. Altitudinal variations for sapwood specific gravity have revealed non-significant variations and heartwood specific gravity showed significant variation. The longest fibre length (1.097 mm) was recorded in Baddi, whereas shortest (0.785 mm) in Ghanahati. Widest fibre diameter (0.022 mm) was recorded in Sugh and lowest value (0.020 mm) was noticed in all remaining provenances. The vessel diameter was found to be highest (0.163 mm) in Sugh and lowest (0.111 mm) value was recorded in Chambaghat. The maximum vessel frequency was found in Bhota (6.253 /mm2) and minimum (4.095 /mm2) in Dehra. The largest ray height was recorded maximum (0.417 mm) in Renuka and smallest in Palampur (0.273 mm). The ray width was observed to be highest in Una (0.076 mm) and lowest (0.058 mm) in Sujanpur In case of ray frequency, maximum value was recorded in Bhota (12.762 /mm2) and minimum in Chambaghat (9.523 /mm2). For all anatomical parameters, altitudinal variations showed significant results. Among the different chemical properties studied, the maximum cold water (6.38 %), hot water (9.80 %), alcohol benzene (8.74 %), and NaOH extractives (9.06 %) were found in Mandi, Sarahan, Rajgarh and Shahpur respectively. Whereas minimum cold water (3.90 %), hot water (7.25 %) alcohol- benzene (6.59 %) and NaOH (6.08 %) extractives were observed to be minimum in Baddi, Palampur, Baddi and Sujanpur respectively The maximum holocellulose (73.82 %) and lignin (25.95 %) contents were recorded in Sarahan and Sundernagar respectively while, minimum holocellulose (67.05 %) and lignin (21.03 %) was noticed in Renuka and Ghumarwin. In case of altitudinal variations, hot water, alcohol benzene and NaOH soluble extractives were recorded to be significant, however cold water soluble extractives, holocellulose and lignin content were found to be non-significant. The values for simple correlation coefficients between physical characterstic of tree components with anatomical features and chemical characteristics were also recorded and analyased. The results revealed that heartwood specific gravity was positively correlated with sapwood specific gravity (0.466) and bark content (%) has highly negative and significant correlation with heartwood (-0.770). Fibre length was positively correlated with fibre width (0.250), fibre width positively correlated ray height (0.328), vessel frequency negatively correlated with ray width (-0.256) and ray width positively correlated with ray height (0.282).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CLONES OF Populus deltoides (W. Bartram ex Marshall) FOR PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD(UHF,NAUNI, 2018) AYLATE, ADANE SANBO; DUTT, BHUPENDERABSTRACT The present research investigations entitled “Evaluation of different clones of Populus deltoides (W. Bartram ex Marsh.) for physico-chemical properties of wood” was carried out in the department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the years 2016-17 and 2017-18. Chemical analysis was carried out by employing TAPPI (Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry) standard methods. Analysis of variance for growth and physical properties showed significant variations in all studied wood parameters except grain angle, texture and moisture content, whereas ash content showed non-significant variation among all chemical properties. The specific gravity and maximum moisture content (MMC %) were ranged from 0.287-0.343 and 227.76- 286.55 per cent, respectively. The maximum fiber length and fibre diameter was recorded in clone ‘S7C8’ whereas, maximum ray height, ray diameter, ray frequency, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were observed in clones ‘L-621/84’(0.276 mm), ‘PL-3’ (0.0148 mm), ‘G-48’ (46.22 rays per mm2), ‘L-200/ 86’ (0.057 mm) and ‘5503’ (88.02 vessels per mm2), respectively. The maximum cold water soluble extractives (3.68 %) and hot water soluble extractives (3.71 %) were noticed in clone ‘L-200/ 86’ whereas, maximum alcohol benzene extractives (4.30 %) and ash content (0.53 %) were revealed in clone ‘WSL-39’. The maximum holocellulose (76.87 %) was noticed in clones, ‘L-200/ 86’ and ‘WSL-22’. Significant and positive correlation coefficients were noticed between basal diameter vs height, holocellulose vs height, and holocellulose vs basal diameter. On the other hand, significant and negative correlation were revealed between lignin vs holocellulose content, wood per cent vs bark per cent, specific gravity vs maximum moisture content, lignin vs height and lignin vs basal diameter. For growth traits, high heritability was recorded in basal diameter (56.72 %) with genetic advance of 8.42 and genetic gain of 19.27 per cent. However, in anatomical properties, very high heritability was recorded in ray diameter, fibre length (94.53 %), ray height (93.60 %) and vessel frequency (73.98 %) while hot water was revealed high heritable (89.93 %) value in chemical properties followed by holocellulose (75.82 %). Positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations were found between height vs basal diameter, height vs ray diameter, basal diameter vs ray diameter, height vs holocellulose, basal diameter vs holocellulose, wood percent vs holocellulose and alcohol benzene vs lignin contents whereas, significant negative were observed between wood per cent vs bark per cent, specific gravity vs maximum moisture content and holocellulose content vs lignin content.