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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN LAHAUL AND SPITI DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) CHHOERUP, TENZIN; AGGARWAL, R.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Energy consumption pattern in Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in Lahaul and Spiti blocks of the district. The fuel consumption pattern indicated that the major fuels used were, wood (49.53%), cowdung (32.26%), kerosene (9.39%) and LPG (8.74%). On basis of income, maximum consumption of fuel wood was by household with monthly income of Rs. 4,000-8,000. LPG and cowdung were consumed maximum by income group of Rs. 8,000-16,000 per month. On basis of landholding fuelwood consumption was found maximum for landholding size of 1-2 ha, cowdung and LPG were consumed more by the income group of Rs. 8,000-16,000. On family size basis maximum fuel wood consumption was noticed for household with <4 members, cowdung and LPG in 7-8 members, and kerosene also in family size with <4 member. More APL families (80.91%) consume fuelwood for heating as compared to BPL families (76.0%) followed by cowdung which is consumed more by BPL (19%) than APL (16.36%). The APL families (84.09%) consume electricity for lighting as compared to BPL families (78%) followed by kerosene which is consumed more by BPL (22%) than APL (15.91%). People of tribal and remote area of the district place electricity as a first choice with about (91%) people and kerosene with (9.38%) people preferring the same. (79.38%) households consume fuelwood for heating followed by cowdung (17.19%), kerosene (2.19%) and electricity (1.25%) households. The study revealed that annual fuel wood consumption of the district was 905.2 tonnes all of which is being supplied by government on subsidize rates. The annual kerosene consumption of the district worked out to be 0.24 million liters. The annual LPG consumption of the district was estimated to be 32.0 tonnes and mainly for cooking. The Co2 emission from burning of conventional sources of energy worked out to be 2445.5 tonnes per annum in the district.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDEX OF TREES GROWING IN THE INDUSTRIAL AREA OF SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) WALIA, KASHISH; BHARDWAJ, S.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on air pollution tolerance index of trees growing in the industrial area of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh”was conducted during 2013-2014 in the industrial area of Baddi in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. In order to select the site and study the vegetation distribution pattern, the survey of the region was conducted. Keeping in view the distribution of industries in the region five distances were selected from the central location of the industrial cluster namely: 0-100 m, 100-200 m, 200-400 m, 400-800m, > 800m. In order to select non polluted site as control the distance of more than 800m with less transportation, development and low industrial activity was considered. Three tree species namely Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo and Leucaene leucocephala of uniform age, size, spread and common in occurrence on all the five distances were selected for the study. In order to study tolerance and sensitivity of trees to air pollution Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of selected tree species was computed based on leaf physiological and biochemical parameters (ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, pH and relative water content). Dust accumulation on the leaves was recorded during (Rainy, Winter and Summer) season. The leaf dust load was also analyzed for heavy metal content. In total there were 45 treatment combinations which were replicated four times in Randomised Block Design (Factorial). The APTI of selected trees ranged from 8.60-14.98.The order of tolerance of selected tree species was A .indica (13.08) >L .leucocephal > (11.61) D.sissoo(10.68). Highest APTI was noticed in rainy followed by winter and summer season. The trend of APTI for trees growing at different sites was 0-100>100-200>200-400>400-800>800. The relatively higher APTI value of A.indica as compared to other species indicated its tolerance to pollution in industrial area.The dust load on leaves of selected tree species varied from 0.001- 0.085 g m -2 The dust accumulation on the leaves was found maximum 0.045g m -2 in L. leucocephala and minimum 0.018 g m -2 in A. indica, which followed the order of L. leucocephala>D. sissoo>A. indicaand season wise maximum in winter followed by summer and minimum in Rainy. The general trend of dust accumulation at different distances was 0-100>100-200>200-400>400-800>800(control). The dust load of all the species growing at different distances from the industrial area contained significant concentration of heavy metalslike Cd (0.008 – 1.332), Cu (0.040 – 0.980), Fe (6.483 – 25.153), Hg (0.094 – 3.275), Mn (3.503 – 15.085), Ni (2.983 – 93.685), Pb (0.170 – 24.615) and Zn (1.693 – 5.8900 mg kg -2 .The concentration of Cd (1.332 mg kg -1 ), Hg (3.275 mg kg -1 ) and Fe (25.153 mg kg -1 ) in leaf dust load of selected tree species was above t he normal permissible limit prescribed for soil.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTION TOLERANT TREES GROWING IN SOLAN CITY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) SHARMA, AKANKSHA; BHARDWAJ, S.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of air pollution tolerant trees growing in Solan city of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2013-2014 in Solan city of Himachal Pradesh. In order to study the vegetation distribution as well as to select the site survey of the city was conducted. Based on the survey five sites were selected as: i) control ii) residential iii) traffic iv) industrial v) periurban. In order to select non – polluted site as a control, the nearby forest / agriculture field areas surrounding the city, where in relatively less development activity has taken place. Three tree species namely: Ficus palmata, Pistacia integerrima and Polpulus deltoides of uniform age, size, spread and common in occurrence in all the five sites in the city were selected for the study. In order to study tolerance and sensitivity of trees to air pollution, Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) was computed based on physiological and biochemical parameters (ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, pH and relative water content). Dust accumulation on the leaves was recorded during rainy, winter and summer season. The leaf dust load was also analyzed for heavy metal content. In total there were 45 treatment combinations which were replicated four times in Randomised Block Design (Factorial). The APTI of selected trees ranged from 9.45- 13.49. T he order of tolerance of selected tree species was Ficus palmata (12.31) > Populus deltoides(11.76) > Pistacia integerrima (10.45) . The highest APTI was noticed in rainy followed by winter and summer season. The trend of APTI for tees growing at different sites was traffic >industrial > residential >peri - urban > control. The relatively higher APTI value of Ficus palmta as compared to other species indicated its tolerance to pollution in Solan city. The dust accumulation on the leaves of selected tree species growing at different sites in Solan city was found maximum 0.041 g m -2 in Ficus palmata and minimum 0.005 g m -2 in Populus deltoides, which followed the order of Ficus palmata> Pistacia integerrima>Polpulus deltoides and season wise maximum in winter followed by summer and minimum in rainy season. Trees grown at traffic area accumulated higher dust on their leaves as compared to control area (non-polluted). The dust load of all the species growing at different sites in Solan city contained significan t concentration of heavy metals like Cd (0.132 – 1.862) , Hg (0.007 - 7.216) , Pb (2.903 - 9.231) , Zn (0.783 - 3.708) , Ni(20.50 - 99.19) and Mn(12.06 - 16.32) . The concentration of Cd (1.862 mg kg - 1 ) and Hg (7.216 mg kg - 1 ) in leaf dust load of selected tree species was above the normal permissible limit prescribed for soil .ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON WEATHER PARAMETERS AND PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN KULLU DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) VIDYA, DEVI; AGGARWAL, R.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Study on weather parameters and people’s perception on climate change in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2013-2014 in the Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. Weather data for three stations (Bhunter, Katrain, Seobag) over the period (1991-2005, 1972-2008, 1999-2013) respectively and data related to people’s perception about climate change of Banjar block of Kullu district were analyzed. To know the trend of weather parameters on annually, seasonally, monthly, and weekly basis various measures of central tendency and variation (mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) were computed. To know variability amongst three sites the Bartlett’s χ2 test was employed. Karl Person’s coefficient of correlation between all possible pairs of weather parameters viz., maximum temperature (X 1), minimum temperature (X 2), relative humidity (X 3 ), and rainfall (X 4 ) were worked out for three stations under study. Regression coefficient whereby different functions including quadratic, cubic, compound, growth, exponential and logistic functions were fitted and the best fit equations wasselected on the basis of r 2 value. The results of variability analysis revealedno significant trends for selected weather parameters. The variability amongst three sites revealed that there was significant variation in case of minimum temperature (X 2), relative humidity (X 3 ) and rainfall (X 4). However, no significant variation was found in case of maximum temperature (X 1 ) among the selected sites. There is a significant positive correlation between maximum temperature and minimum temperature (r = 0.66); relative humidity and minimum temperature (r = 0.79); rainfall and minimum temperature (r = 0.73) and rainfall and relative humidity (r = 0.90) for station Bhunter. The correlation studies for Katrain station revealed that there is significant positive correlation between relative humidity and minimum temperature (r = 0.62). Similarly for Seobag correlation matrix revealed that there is a significant positive correlation between maximum temperature and minimumtemperature (r = 0.73); relative humidity and rainfall (r = 0.43). In case of regression analysis cubic function was found to be best fit for selected weather parameters. This indicated the non linear trend between time and selected weather parameters over the study period. In regression analysis on annual basis the highest r 2 values for maximum temperature amongst three stations was 0.57 for Seobag, whereas for minimum temperature the highest r 2 value was 0.65 for Katrain, for relative humidity the highest r 2 value was 0.63 for Katrain and for rainfall the highest r 2 value was 0.44 for Bhunter. General perception of the people aboutthe climate change in the study area showed that climate change is affecting significantly the area of production, soil, natural resources and vegetations etc. They perceived variations in temperature, snowfall and rainfall, similarly the variation has been observed in actual weather data of three stations. The results from people’s perception and actual data are hinting toward the change in weather parameters.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF LAND USES ON WATER QUALITY OF KUNIHAR BLOCK OF SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2014) SHARMA, PREETI; VERMA, SUBHASH CHANDERABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Impact of land uses on water quality of Kunihar block of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2013-2014 in the Department of Environmental Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. Water samples were collected from surface as well as ground water under different land uses (urban, forest and agriculture,) during different seasons (rainy, winter and summer) from Kunihar block whereas aquatic insects were collected from surface water. At Arki pH (7.45), EC (265.04 μS/cm), TDS (325.47 mg/l), turbidity (5.97 NTU), BOD (1.49 mg/l), COD (10.13 mg/l ),Ca (71.41 mg/l), Mg (8.06 mg/l) and Cl (3.38 mg/l) and at Darlaghat, pH (7.53), EC (370.83 μS/cm), TDS (301.81 mg/l), turbidity (7.56 NTU), BOD (1.53 mg/l), COD (18.89 mg/l ), Ca (85.71 mg/l), Mg (7.50 mg/l) and Cl (5.63 mg/l) of surface water was maximum under urban land use whereas NO3 at both locations ( (Arki: 4.69mg/l; Darlaghat:4.92 mg/l) was maximum under agriculture land use. Seasonwise, at Arki pH (7.12), EC (249.94 mg/l),temperature (22.58oC), Ca (67.56 mg/l), Mg (6.99 mg/l) and Cl (3.14 mg/l) and at Darlaghat, pH (7.20), EC (346.98 μS/cm),temperature (26.46oC), BOD (1.33 mg/l), Ca (72.54 mg/l), Mg (6.35 mg/l) and Cl (4.44 mg/l) was maximum during summer season, whereas TDS (283.00 mg/l), turbidity (4.53 NTU), BOD (1.64 mg/l), COD (14.81 mg/l) and NO3 (3.86 mg/l) at Arki and TDS (292.79 mg/l), turbidity (6.20 NTU), COD (17.47 mg/l) and NO3 (4.28 mg/l) at Darlaghat was maximum during rainy season. At Arki, pH (7.24), EC (228.41 μS/cm), TDS (295.21 mg/l), turbidity (4.11 mg/l), BOD (0.68 mg/l), COD (8.77mg/l), Ca (85.14 mg/l), Mg (7.50 mg/l) and Cl (3.39 mg/l) and at Darlaghat, pH (7.29), EC (270.90 μS/cm), TDS (273.86 mg/l), turbidity (3.91 mg/l), BOD (0.81 mg/l), COD (11.52 mg/l), Ca (86.14 mg/l), Mg (12.62 mg/l) and Cl (4.82 mg/l) of ground water was maximum under urban land use whereas NO3 at both locations (Arki:3.50 mg/l ; Darlaghat: 3.88 mg/l) was maximum under agriculture land use. Seasonwise at Arki, pH (6.89), EC (230.41 μS/cm),temperature (17.42oC), Ca (75.50 mg/l), Mg (6.35 mg/l) and Cl (2.60 mg/l) and at Darlaghat, pH (6.96), EC (252.06 μS/cm),temperature (26.19oC), Ca (82.43 mg/l), Mg (10.67 mg/l) and Cl (4.06 mg/l) of ground water was maximum during summer season, whereas TDS (303.21 mg/l), turbidity (3.05 NTU), BOD (0.52 mg/l), COD (6.28 mg/l) and NO3 (3.35 mg/l) at Arki and TDS (263.00 mg/l), turbidity (3.68 NTU), BOD (0.67 mg/l), COD (10.50 mg/l) and NO3 (3.40 mg/l) at Darlaghat was maximum during rainy season. The colour of ground water varied from colourless to light brown. The odour of surface water varied between odourless to septic whereas ground water was odour free. Water quality index of surface water was minimum ( Arki:26.13;Darlaghat: 26.72) under forest land use and maximum under urban land use (Arki: 40.00; Darlaghat: 47.82). Maximum water quality index (Arki:28.25; Darlaghat: 34.73 ) was recorded during summer season and minimum (Arki: 18.03; Darlaghat: 29.30) during winter season. WQI of ground water was minimum under agriculture land use (Arki:25.56; Darlaghat: 26.66) and maximum under urban land use (Arki:31.35;Darlaghat: 33.43). EPT index at Arki was 106, 101 and 102 and at Darlaghat was 88, 109 and 103 under urban, forest and agriculture land use,respectively whereas seasonwise it was 62, 134 and 123 at Arki and 65, 128 and 127 at Darlaghat during rainy, winter and summer season, respectively.EPT biotic index at Arki was 4.00, 4.19 and 3.66 and at Darlaghat, 4.12, 3.77 and 4.10 under urban, forest and agriculture land use,respectively. Seasonwise, EPT biotic index at Arki and Darlaghat was 1.53, 0.91 and 1.50 and 0.94, 1.44 and 1.61 during rainy, winter and summer season, respectively. Family biotic index (FBI) at Arki and at Darlaghat was 4.01, 4.17, 3.66 and 4.12, 3.74 and 4.08 under urban,forest and agriculture land use,respectively. Seasonwise, FBI at Arki was 3.67, 4.49 and 3.67 and at Darlaghat was 4.33, 3.65 and 3.96 during rainy,winter and summer, respectively.Simpson’s biodiversity index at Arki was 0.88,0.99,0.90 under urban, forest and agriculture land use and at Darlaghat was equal (0.89)in all land uses. Simpson’s biodiversity index was 0.95, 0.96 and 0.96 at arki and 0.96, 0.95 and 0.97 at Darlaghat during rainy,winter and summer season, respectively. At Arki, maximum E.coli count ( Arki :6.78x105 cfu/ml; Darlaght:15.33x105 cfu/ml) was under urban land use and minimum under forest land use (Arki:1.33x105 cfu/ml;Darlaghat: 2.33x105 cfu/ml).Maximum E.coli count (Arki:4.56x105 cfu/ml; Darlaghat: 10.33x105 cfu/ml) was during rainy season and minimum during winter season (Arki: 2.78x105 cfu/ml;Darlaghat:6.11x105 cfu/ml). The Most Probable Number (MPN) for total coliform count of the surface water at Arki varied between 3.43 to 128 MPN /100 ml during different land uses and 35.03 to 63.83 MPN/100 ml during different seasons. MPN for total coliform count of surface water at Darlaghat varied between 7.37 to 330 MPN/100 ml under different land use and 76.87 to 155.07 MPN/100 ml during different seasons.