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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access INVENTORY AND ESTIMATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM WASTE IN BADDI BAROTIWALA NALAGARH (BBN) REGION OF DISTRICT SOLAN(2011) MANJULA, DEVI; VERMA, K.S.ABSTRACT The present study Inventory and estimation of greenhouse gases from waste in Baddi Barotiwala Nalagarh (BBN) region (30o94’ to 31o05’ N latitude and 76o77’ to 76o8’ E longitude) of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh was carried out during 2009-2011. The inventorization was carried out using revised IPCC 1996 and IPCC 2006 guidelines for National greenhouse gas inventory. There were mainly two types of effluents released from industries viz. non-hazardous and hazardous effluents. The study involved three major sources viz. mineral, metal and “others industries”. The mineral industry comprised three cement and one glass unit; metal represented sixteen industries among them eleven were iron and steel producing, two ferroalloy and three aluminium. Other industries comprised four pulp and paper, thirty food and six beverage. A total of 60 industries were randomly selected which produced non-hazardous effluents. The industries which produced hazardous effluents were also categorized under three broad categories viz. mineral, metal and “other industries”. The mineral industry comprised one cement and one glass unit, metal industry included a total of nine industries among them eight were iron and steel producing and one aluminium. “Other industries” had three food industries only. A total of 14 industries were randomly selected which produced non-hazardous effluents. CH4 was the only GHG released by municipal solid waste (MSW). The main sources of MSW were houses, hotels and restaurants, shops, dhabas, schools, colleges, govt. offices and hospitals. The emissions of different GHG’s were estimated by multiplying the amount of effluents in a particular industrial sector with the emission factor associated with the respective gas released per unit activity in industrial sector. The results have revealed that varying concentrations of different greenhouse gases viz. CH4 and N2O were released from the region. 59.82 Gg CH4 and 1238.42 Gg N2O was released from non-hazardous effluents and 0.28 Gg CH4 and 293.13 Gg N2O was released from hazardous effluents. A total of 385166.94 Gg CO2 eq. was emitted from non-hazardous effluents, 90876 Gg CO2 eq. was from hazardous effluents. Municipal solid waste (MSW) emitted 7503 Gg CO2 eq. of methane. Total amount of GHG released was 483545 in BBN region during 2010. N2O was the main industrial GHG released from BBN industrial region, followed by CH4. The increasing accumulation of above GHG’s in the atmosphere will have adverse impacts on regional climate. Hence following management strategies are suggested to mitigate the effects. The strategies are landfill CH4 technologies, waste reduction, re-use and recycling, biorecycling of urban solid waste and developing clean development mechanism (CDM) like opportunities at local level which will help in achieving carbon neutral development of the region.ThesisItem Open Access INVENTORY AND ESTIMATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM INDUSTRIES IN BADDI BAROTIWALA NALAGARH (BBN) REGION OF DISTRICT SOLAN(2011) CHANDEL, SHIVANI; VERMA, K.S.ABSTRACT The present study inventory and estimation of greenhouse gases from industries in Baddi Barotiwala Nalagarh (BBN) region (30o94’ to 31o05’ N latitude and 76o77’ to 76o8’ E longitude) of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh was carried out during 2009-2011. The inventorization was carried out using revised IPCC 1996 and IPCC 2006 guidelines for National greenhouse gas inventory. The study involved three emission sources viz. mineral, metal and other industries. The mineral industry comprised three (3) cement and one (1) glass unit; metal represented a total of sixteen (16) industries among which eleven (11) were iron and steel producing, two (2) ferroalloy and three (3) aluminium. Other industries comprised four (4) pulp and paper, twenty five (25) food and five (5) beverage. A total of 54 industries were selected. The GHG’s inventorized were CO2, CH4, N2O, CO and NMVOC’s. The emissions of different GHG’s were estimated by multiplying the amount of activity or production of finished product from a particular industry within a given sector i.e. mineral, metal and other industries with the emission factor associated with the respective gas released per unit of activity in above sectors. The results have revealed that varying amount of different greenhouse gases viz. CO2, CH4, N2O including CO and NMVOC’s were released from the region. 2642 Gg CO2, 0.17 Gg N2O (52.7 Gg CO2 eq.), 7.35 Gg NMVOC’s (27.2 Gg CO2 eq.), 1.09 Gg CO (3.27 Gg CO2 eq.) and 0.06 Gg CH4 (1.26 Gg CO2 eq.) was released during the year 2010. An amount of 2726 Gg CO2 eq. was released as process emission, whereas 2.054 Gg CO2 was released as fuel emissions. CH4, N2O, CO and NMVOC’s emission from fuel combustion were negligible. A total of 2728.054 Gg CO2 eq. were emitted from the region. CO2 was the main industrial GHG released followed by NMVOC’s, CO, N2O and CH4. The increasing accumulation of above GHG’s in the atmosphere will have adverse impacts on regional climate. Hence, following management strategies are suggested to mitigate the adverse influences: undertaking new technological improvements, cogeneration systems, raising plantations for CO2 sequestration, CO2 capture or implementing CO2 scrubbing techniques, replacing high carbon fuels with low carbon fuels, fuel and energy efficiency and development of CDM like opportunities at local level which will help in achieving carbon neutral development of the region.ThesisItem Open Access QUANTIFICATION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN SOLAN BLOCK OF DISTRICT SOLAN (H.P.)(2011) SARITA, RANI; BHARDWAJ, SATISH KUMARABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Quantification of soil organic carbon stock of agricultural land use in Solan block of district Solan (H.P)” was conducted during 2010-2011 in Solan block of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh by taking three agricultural land use systems, three altitudinal gradients and two aspects. The three dominant agricultural land use systems selected for the study area were cereal, vegetable and fruit based cropping systems. The three agro-ecological situations at altitudinal gradients were E1 (900-1200 m), E2 (1201- 1500 m) and E3 (1501->1800 m). The three dominant agricultural land use systems namely cereal, vegetable and fruit based cropping system under three agro-ecological situations and two aspects of Solan block of district Solan were evaluated for their physica-chemical attributes like SOC, bulk density, soil pH, EC, gravel contents and finally for their SOC stock. The soils of dominant agricultural land use systems under all the agroecological situations and aspects were found normal in reaction, in EC value and contain 19.00-38.42 % gravels contents. The SOC status under different agricultural land use systems followed the order as fruit based cropping system > vegetable based cropping system > cereal based cropping system. Under these systems SOC ranged between 7.4 to 10.2 g kg-1 in surface and 6.9 to 9.6 g kg-1 in sub-surface layer. The agro-ecological situations represented by three altitudinal gradients contained SOC content in the range of 8.4 g kg-1 to 9.2 g kg-1 at surface and 7.8 g kg-1 to 8.6 g kg-1 at sub-surface layer. Altitudinal gradient wise SOC content followed the order as E3 > E2 > E1 at both the layers. The soil under cereal based cropping system registered higher bulk density (1.21 Mg m3) as compared to vegetable and fruit based cropping system. Among all the agricultural land use systems, minimum bulk density (1.16 Mg m-3) was recorded under fruit based cropping system. Contrary to SOC, bulk density showed a decreasing trend with increasing altitudinal gradients. Bulk density increased with soil depth under all the agricultural land use systems and agro-ecological situations and aspects. Among all the agricultural land use systems high SOC stock was recorded under cereal based cropping system (38.62 Gg C). The order of SOC stock distribution was cereal > fruit > vegetable based cropping system. Out of the total SOC stock the dominant agricultural land use systems of Solan block of district Solan, 44.77 per cent was contributed by cereal based cropping system. Whereas, fruit and vegetable based cropping system contributed 26.24 and 28.99 percent respectively to the total soil organic carbon pool of the dominant agricultural land use systems of Solan block of district Solan.ThesisItem Open Access ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSSMENT OF CEMENT INDUSTRY ON LAND, WATER AND TERRESTRIAL FLORA(2011) SHARMA, GAURAV; VERMA, K.S.ABSTRACT Studies on environmental impact assessment of cement industry on land, water and terrestrial flora was conducted during the year 2010-11 at the vicinity of Gujrat Ambuja Cement plant with the objectives to determine the impact of mining activities on land, water and terrestrial flora and to develop a suitable environmental management plan. The Gujrat Ambuja Cement plant is located at Darlaghat, district Solan of Himachal Pradesh. The study area in 2 km radius from the center of the cement industry was selected. It involved eight villages. All Eight villages within 2 km radius were selected for the study. Out of these six lies around the cement plant and two near mining site. Impact of cement plant on area under different land use system, surface water resources, production trend and nutrient status of agriculture and horticulture crops along with the nutrient status of soil was studied. Detailed surveys of native flora were done in each village adopting walk and transact (Quadrat) method. Three sample plots of 0.1 hectare were laid in each village at different sites randomly for analyzing structural and functional parameter of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. In each sample plot, one sub-plot of size 10m×10m and 50cm×50cm to study and herbaceous vegetation. Various phyto-sociological parameters (basal area, frequency, density, IVI, similarity and diversity index) were studied.The loss of cultivated land resulted in reduction of area under different crops that was found to affect the farm income from agricultural crops. Among all the eight villages, maximum loss was observed in Suli village in respect of all studied parameters and minimum loss was observed in Darlaghat and Bahan. Sewage water of colony contained high range of pH, COD, TDS and TSS. The water was recycled by sewage treatment plant in colony itself. pH of the soil was alkaline in nature and organic carbon in agriculture, pasture and horticulture soils was also medium to high. Available N,P and K in the soils was also in medium to high range and all the land use system. Acquisition of land by industry resulted in vegetation loss. Among Native flora Punica granatum and Pinus roxburghii were the most dominant and Leucas aspera, Jatropa sp. and Caesalpina pulcherima were the least dominant species among herbs, shrubs and tree. Maximum diversity of vegetation was recorded in village Kanswala, and minimum in Suli. In nut shell the area located near the cement industry affected more as compared to area away from industry. Same was the case with mining area.ThesisItem Open Access QUANTIFICATION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK OF FORESTS IN SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2011) THAKUR, ANU; BHARDWAJ, S.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Quantification of soil organic carbon stock of forests in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2010-2011 under six forest types at both northern and southern aspect of Solan district (30o4453 to 31o2201 North latitude and 76o3610 to 77o1514 East longitude) of Himachal Pradesh. The six forest types selected for study were scrub, khair, bamboo, chir-pine, oak and deodar forests. The six forest types on northern and southern aspect of Solan district were evaluated for their physical-chemical properties like pH, EC, SOC, bulk density, coarse fragments and finally for their SOC stock. The soils of dominant forest types on both aspects were found slightly acidic to near neutral in reaction, normal in EC and contained 24.69 to 38.83 per cent volume of coarse fragments. The SOC content under different forest types followed the order as deodar > oak > bamboo > chir-pine > scrub > khair forests. The SOC content of these forest types ranged between 9.76 g kg-1 to 29.74 g kg-1 in northern and 7.86 g kg-1 to 26.91 g kg-1 in southern aspect. Among different forest types, highest SOC content (18.9 g kg-1) was recorded in surface and lowest in the sub-surface (16.7 g kg-1) layer. The bulk density ranged from 1.02 to 1.19 Mg m-3 under different forest types of the district. It followed the order of khair > scrub > chir-pine > bamboo > oak > deodar forests. Contrary to SOC distribution under different forest types of the district, soil bulk density was found to increase with depth. The results have revealed that chir-pine forests contained the highest stock (419.20 Gg C), whereas, khair forests were found to have the lowest SOC stock (13.83 Gg C). The SOC stock followed the order of chir-pine > bamboo > scrub > oak > deodar > khair forest. The contribution of the chir-pine forests towards the total SOC pool of the district was 43.08 per cent followed by 28.69, 13.51, 7.93, 5.37, and 1.42 per cent by bamboo, scrub, oak, deodar and khair forests, respectively. The total SOC stock of the soils under six forest types of Solan district was 973.06 Gg C.ThesisItem Open Access ECOFRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF THE PULSE BEETLE, Callosobruchus chinensis L. INFESTING PEA SEEDS WITH VEGETABLE OILS(2011) BHARDWAJ, ANUJA; VERMA, SUBHASH CHANDERABSTRACT The present investigations on “Ecofriendly management of the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. infesting pea seeds with vegetable oils” were carried out in the Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.). The vegetable oils of mustard, neem, karanj, cedar, apricot and olive at 1, 3 and 5 per cent concentrations were evaluated against Callosobruchus chinensis L. infesting pea seeds. Among the six vegetable oils, neem oil possessed reasonably high and immediate toxicity irrespective of its concentrations. It resulted 22.22 per cent overall mortality within a day of treatment, while in 3 days mortality increased to 55.56 per cent (3 and 1% concentrations were equally effective with 50 and 43.33% kill). After 7 days, highest mortality (90%) was observed in seeds coated with neem oil followed by karanj (77.78%), cedar (66.67%) and mustard (36.67%) in descending order of toxicity. After 10-days of exposure, complete kill was recorded in neem oil at 5 per cent concentration. On day-15, mortality in the control had substantially increased to 61.11 per cent. Egg laying was minimum on neem oil coated pea seeds (4.89 eggs/ 5 females). Progeny development from the eggs laid on pea seeds treated with neem and karanj oil was negligible. Maximum protection to treated pea seeds in terms of reduction in seed damage by C.chinensis was provided by neem oil (0.11%) followed by karanj (0.18%) and cedar (0.29%). Neem (91.33%) and karanj oil (88.67%) were the best and equally effective treatments, which even at 1 per cent concentration provided 89.33 and 84.67 per cent germination. Minimum incidence of Aspergillus sp. and Alternaria sp. was observed in neem followed by karanj, cedar, mustard and olive oil treated pea seeds. Incidence of Fusarium sp. was nil in neem, karanj and cedar oil and incidence of Mucor sp. was nil in both neem and mustard oil treated seeds. In case of vegetable oils as grain protectant all the vegetable oils were effective against pulse beetle up to two month of treatment, neem with 17.78 per cent and karanj with 14.81 per cent mortality were most effective against C.chinensis. All the tested vegetable oils at 5 per cent concentration inhibited oviposition and progeny development by pulse beetle up to three and five months of treatment respectively. Seed damage by pulse beetle was protected up to 5 months of treatment at 5 per cent concentration. Maximum seed germination was observed in neem (86.67%) and karanj (84.67%) and both were superior over rest of the treatments.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF KOL-DAM HYDROPOWER PROJECT(2011) HUKUM, CHAND; VERMA, K.S.ABSTRACT Studies on environmental impacts of Kol-Dam hydropower project were conducted during the year 2010-11 with the objectives to determine the impact of construction activities on; people and their overall economy as well as on native flora and to develop a suitable environmental management plan. The study site falls partly in Kol-Dam project area in the Bilaspur and parts in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Five sample villages were selected in the project area, three of which belongs to Bilaspur and two to Mandi. In each village five household were selected randomly for the study purpose. Data on the socioeconomic status regarding household information; sex ratio, literacy rate, land holding, cropping pattern, livestock status, particular of assets, income from various on-farm and off-farm sources was recorded for individual household in each of five villages based on before and after project scenarios. Detailed survey of native flora was done in each village adopting walk and (Quadrate) method. Three sample plot of 0.1 hectare were laid in each village at different sites randomly for analyzing structural and functional parameter of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. In each sample plot one sub-plot of size 10m×10m was established to study shrub vegetation and one sub-plot of 50cm×50cm was laid to study herbaceous vegetation. The diameter of the tree in sampled plot was determined by tree caliper. Various phyto-sociological parameters (basal area, frequency, density, IVI, similarity and diversity index) were calculated from primary data to bring out some conclusions. In Socio-economic status, it was revealed that like other construction activities Kol dam construction resulted in acquisition of land. Due to the loss of cultivated land, area under different crops also suffered losses which affected the on farm income from agricultural crops. Income from livestock was also decreased due to loss of pasture/ghasni land as well as fodder trees. Project had also been resulted in loss of assets like houses, commercial structure and cattle sheds. A decrease in on farm income and increase in off farm income has been observed from the affected villages, but the net income was found to be increased to some extent in all the villages. In most of the cases maximum loss was observed in Kyan village. Hence, Kyan was the most affected among the five villages. Whereas minimum loss was observed for Jamthal. Among the native flora, in project area Acacia catechu, Princepia utilis and Chrysopogon montanus were the most dominant species of tree, shrubs and grasses, respectively. Ficus religiosa, Zanthoxylum alatum and Caloris local were the least dominant species among tree, shrubs and grasses, respectively. Maximum diversity for tree vegetation was recorded in village Ropa, whereas minimum for Harnora. Recognizing the change/impacts on different biophysical resources status an environment management plan to mitigate the adverse impacts has been suggested.ThesisItem Open Access QUANTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIORECYCLING OF URBAN SOLID WASTE OF SOLAN TOWN OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2011) PATHANIA, RADHIKA; BHARDWAJ, S.K.ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Quantification, characterization and biorecycling of urban solid waste of Solan town of Himachal Pradesh”,were carried out in the municipality area of Solan and at research farm of the Department of Environmental Science, Dr.Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, which is located at a longitude 76042” to 77020”E and latitude 30054” to 31015”N at an elevation of 1453m amsl. The present investigations were conducted to quantify and study the composition of urban solid waste of Solan town of Himachal Pradesh and its biorecycling through composting. In Solan town, presently waste is collected in bins at a central point in a locality from where it is transported to a common dumping ground at Salogra situated along the national Chandigarh-Shimla national highway at distance of 7 km from the town. The bins are placed along the main road and their numbers in a locality is limited. Moreover, the majority of bins are of low capacity and open, there by attracting flies, insects and stray animals. From uncovered bins the waste often spills out in the streets and is not disposed off proper. The collected waste is transported in open trucks and mostly it gets spilled over, during transportation. The collected waste is dumped at Salogra irrespective of its composition and thereby making its biorecycling difficult. The Solan town of Himachal Pradesh during the year 2010-2011 generated 17.51 tonnes of urban solid waste per day with a rate of 0.31 kg/capita/day. Among all the sectors of Solan town household buildings generated the highest (12.29 tonnes per day) urban solid waste with a rate of 0.22 kg/capita/day. In Solan town the economic status of the people also affected the urban solid waste generation. The urban solid waste of Solan town contained 91% of biodegradable material out of which 75% of organic in nature and hence considered good for composting.Composting of biodegradable material of Solan town with cowdung, microbial consortium ( Azotobacter chroocococcum, Aspergillus niger & Trichoderma harizanum) and agricultural waste resulted superior compost which was, normal in reaction, dark coloured with earthy smell and contained 1, 0.34 and 0.55 percent total N,P,K, respectively. The total methane emission potential of urban solid waste generated in Solan town during 2010-2011 was 3197.29 Gg which was equivalent to 67143.09 CO2 at source level.From the study it can be concluded that, in the Solan town more emphasis should be given to develop a system for segregation of waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable components at the household or source level (door step collection), so that biodegradable material which is generated in high quantity (91%) may be biorecycled into a valuable compost for supplementing the nutrient requirement of agriculture/horticulture sector. Further, the biorecycling of biodegradable waste will reduce green house gas emission (methane) and environment deterioration.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LAND USES ON WATER QUALITY OF DHARMPUR BLOCK OF SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2012) GUPTA, KAVITA; VERMA, SUBHASH CHANDERABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Effect of different land uses on water quality of Dharampur block of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2011-2012 in Dharampur block of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh under different land uses ( agriculture, forest and urban/ suburban) during different seasons (rainy, winter and summer) at four locations. The water samples were collected from surface as well as underground water from agriculture, forest and urban / suburban land uses where as aquatic insects were collected from surface water under these land uses. The overall mean value of pH, EC, Temperature, TDS, BOD, COD, Ca, Mg, Cl, NO3 in surface and underground water under different land uses during different seasons were 7.61, 0.40 dS/m, 21.68 0C, 277.73mg/l, 3.61mg/l , 17.01 mg/l , 81.99 mg/l , 8.04 mg/l , 1.64 mg/l , 28.36 mg/l and 7.75, 0.59 dS/m, 20.70 0C, 388.41 mg/l , 1.98 mg/l , 10.94 mg/l , 100.35 mg/l , 12.36 mg/l , 3.10 mg/l , 18.67 mg/l , respectively. The contents of calcium under surface (81.99 mg/l) as well as underground water (100.35 mg/l) were above permissible limit (>75 mg/l). The colour of surface and underground water under different land uses during different seasons varied from colourless to blackish and colourless to light brown, respectively. The odour of both water sources (surface and underground water) under different land uses during different seasons varied between odourless to septic. The overall mean value of Fe, Mn, Zn in surface and underground water under different land uses during different seasons were 3.67 ppb, 1.44 ppb, 0.38 ppt and 7.61 ppb, 2.11ppb, 0.53 ppt, respectively. The maximum water quality index (WQI) of surface water (21.10) and underground water (15.93) was registered under urban land use and minimum under forest land use. The maximum WQI (31.32) was recorded at Barotiwala and minimum (9.52 ) at Chandi – Goyla. The Simpson’s Diversity index (D) and EPT index of Dharampur block ranged from 0.88 to 0.91 and 27.33 to 43.67, respectively. Both indices (Simpson’s Diversity index and EPT) were highest at Chandi- Goyla and minimum at Barotibala. The FBI ( Family biotic index) of aquatic insects of Dharampur block ranged from 2.31 to 2.73. Overall water quality of Dharampur block was good to excellent category.