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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Seasonal incidence and management of Lasora fruit weevil under low and mid hills of Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-05-21) Simran Kaushal; V.K. RanaThe present investigations entitled ‘Seasonal incidence and management of Lasora fruit weevil under low and mid hills of Himachal Pradesh’ were carried out in year 2022-2023 at experimental farm, COHF, Khaggal (HP). Samples were collected and sent HARC, Solan which revealed that Lasora fruit borer belongs to genus Barioscapus and species cordiae. Experiments were conducted on seasonal incidence and management of Lasora weevil using different insecticides and biopesticides. During the investigation, it was noted that the larvae exhibit an apodous, C-shaped form, appearing white and fleshy with a noticeable brown head capsule. The pupa is of the exarate type and has a pale white coloration. Adult weevils arecharacterized by an elongated snout, equipped with chewing and biting mouthparts. It was revealed that population of the weevil was maximum in July and minimum in May. Out of the seven insecticides and biopesticides which were evaluated against Lasora fruit weevil,Chlorantraniliprol 18.5% SC were proved best which was 3.64 times superior to control. Percent reduction of insecticides over control was calculated and revealed that chlorantraniliprol has 72.55 per cent reduction of weevil incidence. All the treatments proved significantly superior to control.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGEN(S) AND EVALUATION OF NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS IN HIVE BEES(UHF Nauni, 2024-02-21) DIKSHA DEVI; Meena ThakurThe present investigation entitled Studies on molecular characterization of bacterial pathogen(s) and evaluation of non-chemical control methods was conducted during the year 2021-23 in the Department of Entomology, Dr. YSP University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The per cent infection of bacterial diseases in Apis mellifera varied from 0.00-30.15 and 0.00-60.00 in Himachal Pradesh, 0.00- 15.00 and 0.00-5.71 in Punjab and 0.00-6.67 and 0.00-10.00 in Haryana, respectively during the year 2021 and 2022. The per cent infection of bacterial diseases in A. cerana varied from 0.00-40.00 and 0.00-60.00 in Himachal Pradesh during 2021 and 2022, respectively, no A. cerana apiaries were maintained in Punjab and Haryana. In A. mellifera apiaries, diseased larvae were found in 10, 9 and 3 apiaries during rainy, summer and winter season. Whereas, in A. cerana apiaries disease was found only in 2 apiaries during summer season and 3 apiaries during rainy season. The bacterial load (Log CFU/g) and diversity (aerobic and anaerobic) was found statistically higher in rainy season. Based on morphological, biochemical and pathogenicity tests, a total of 26, 10 aerobic and 20, 7 anaerobic bacteria were isolated from A. mellifera and A. cerana diseased larvae, respectively. In in-vitro pathogenicity assay, 17 bacterial isolates showed diseased symptoms in healthy A. mellifera larvae and were identified as a proved bacterial pathogen for hive bees. In-vivo pathogenicity studies revealed that A. mellifera larvae inoculated with K. rosea (MKiSAN1), L. fusiformis (CKRAJ9), A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (MSiSAN3), E. mexicanum (MKRAN3) and P. aeruginosa (MSoSAY1) had highest per cent mortality of 76.00, 72.00, 68.00, 64.00 and 56.00 per cent, respectively. The selected 13 probiotic isolates obtained from A. mellifera, possessing probiotic potential (above 70%) were identified as Morganella morganii subsp. morganii HMN1 (89.33%), Pusillimonas gingsengoli HMN2 (82.67%), Proteus mirabilis HMN4 (76.00%), Bacillus safensis subsp. safensis HMN5 (81.33%), Pantoea pleuroti HMN7 (73.33%), B. stercoris HMN8 (80.00%), B. paralicheniformis HMN12 (45.33%), B. safensis HMN19 (72.00%), Alcaligenes faecalis HMN24 (80.00%), Staphylococcus equorum HMM1 (89.33%), Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis HMM6 (100.00%), L. pentosus HMM8 (97.32%) and S. caprae HMM9 (90.67%) and 9 from A. cerana were identified as Bacillus stercoris HCN2 (92.00%), Enterococcus mundtii HCN5 (78.67%), E. caseliflavus HCN6 (92.00%), B. safensis HCN8 (74.67%), B. paralicheniformis HCN10 (77.33%), Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. phenolicus HCN11 (81.33%), A. faecalis subsp. phenolicus HCN12 (96.00%), B. safensis subsp. safensis HCN15 (93.33%) and Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis HCM2 (100.00%). In in-vitro studies, L. argentoratensis HMM6 (0.48 mm @ 125 μL MIC), L. pentosus HMM8 (0.36 mm @ 150 μL MIC) and S. caprae HMM9 (0.36 mm @ 175 μL MIC) had good inhibition effect against almost all the pathogens tested even at lower concentration. Neem oil and neem extract had inhibition zone of 1.24 and 0.32 mm at 20 per cent. In-vivo management studies indicated statistically minimum per cent infection (26.15%) due to use of L. argentoratensis HMM6, with minimum per cent infection (32.85%) for P. aeruginosa. In-vitro and in-vivo non-chemical management practices revealed L. argentoratensis (HMM6) and L. pentosus (HMM8) as most effective treatment against bacterial pathogens. The presence of previously recorded pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius could not be confirmed in the present study though Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Serratia fonticola, Exiguobacterium profundum and Kocuria rosea were reported to cause similar symptoms under both in-vitro and in-vivo condition on healthy larvae of A. mellifera. The status of these proved pathogens in hive bees and the disease they cause need to be further confirmed and designation for the diseases is required.ThesisItem Open Access POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS UNDER MID HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-03-07) PRIYANKA RANI; Raj Kumar ThakurThe present investigations were conducted on four medicinal crops viz., holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.), glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.), German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) during 2021-2023 to study floral biology, insect diversity and their effect on pollination along with qualitative studies of honey obtained from these crops. Holy basil flowers remained open for two days with viable pollen grains on day-1 and receptive stigma on day-2. Glory lily flower had nine stages with maximum pollen viability (88.40%) on one day after anthesis and stigma receptivity (80%) on the day of anthesis. German chamomile flower had six reproductive stages with maximum pollen viability (87.3%) on stage-5 and stigma receptivity was synchronized with anther dehiscence. Linseed anthesis was synchronized with sunlight with maximum stigma receptivity on day of anthesis and pollen viability (92.8%) at 04 hours after anthesis. Hymenopterans were most abundant visitors on all crops except German chamomile where Dipterans especially syrphids were most abundant visitors. Relatively maximum diversity of insect floral visitors was recorded on holy basil (23) followed by glory lily (19), German chamomile (13) and linseed (12). Relative abundance of insect visitors except Lepidopterans and Coleopterans had positive correlation with temperature and had negative correlation with relative humidity except Bombus haemorrhoidalis and Lepidopterans. Foraging rate of insect visitors was maximum in glory lily (13.64 flowers/minute) and minimum in holy basil (3.49 flowers/minute). Foraging speed of all insect visitors was maximum in holy basil (17.64 seconds/flower) and minimum in glory lily (5.01 seconds/flower). B. haemorrhoidalis carried maximum loose pollen grains (169.80 thousand) in glory lily while, maximum no. of loose pollen grains adhered to Apis mellifera in holy basil (81.40 thousand), linseed (79.43 thousand), German chamomile (9.32 thousand). The nectar of these crops primarily comprises sugars, namely glucose, fructose, sucrose and raffinose was uniquely found in holy basil and glory lily nectar. There were significant variations in nectar volume, nectar sugar concentrations and dry nectar sugars based on flower size. Yield per plant, germination percentage and test weight of holy basil (29.45g, 37.10mg and 68.26%) and linseed (11.57g, 12.00g and 99.53%) along with germination percentage of German chamomile (95.57%) was maximum in honey bee pollination system. In glory lily, fruit set, pod length and seed colchicine content (87.31%, 7.93cm) was highest in hand pollination whereas, number of seeds per pod, test weight and per cent germination was maximum in blower pollination (27.30, 2.27g and 84.48%) followed by honey bee pollination (25.50, 2.04g and 79.02%). Honey obtained from these crops consists of bioactive compounds like apigenin, β-caryophyllene, eugenol, rosmarinic acid, urosoilc acid, viomellein (holy basil); coumaric acid, quercetin, myricetin, chlorogenic acid, baicalin, stevol glucoside (glory lily); caffeic acid, quinic acid, apigenin, carnosol, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, rutin (German chamomile); gallic acid, caffeic acid hexoside I, syringic acid, sinapic acid, vitexin, luteolin 6,8-c-pentoside and lucenin-2 (Linseed). The quality parameters of linseed, holy basil and chamomile honey were found to be good in terms of physical as well as chemical parameters especially DPPH, phenols, flavonoids and HMF content. So, honey obtained from studies may be promoted as Indian brand and the area under cultivation of these crops can be expanded for quality honey production.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FRUIT FLIES (TEPHRITIDAE) AND STUDY OF GUT BACTERIA OF Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel(UHF Nauni, 2023-11-04) MANTHAN JARYAL; Dr. Rakesh KumarThe present study entitled “Population dynamics of fruit flies (Tephritidae) and study of gut bacteria of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel.” was carried out in the apple orchard of Dr. YSP UHF Nauni, Solan (HP) and in the mango and guava orchard of RHRT&S Jachh, Kangra, H.P. The gut bacteria study was conducted in Fruit Entomology Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Dr. YSP UHF Nauni, Solan (HP), during 2022-23. Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel is one of the most destructive fruit fly pests globally. Its short life cycle, wide host range and adaptability make it difficult to control. The feeding activity of maggots leads to putrefaction of fruit pulp and hence direct loss of crop. The activity of fruit flies varies with the prevailing climatic conditions and thus parapheromone traps were installed to study population dynamics of fruit flies in apple, mango and guava orchards. A total of five species of fruit fly viz., B. dorsalis, B. zonata, B. divenderi, B. cucurbitae and B. zahadi were found in all the orchards. The highest mean population of fruit flies in apple orchard was found in the 1st fortnight of August (278.53 fruit flies/trap) with maximum mean population of B. dorsalis (191.56 fruit flies/trap). The highest mean population of fruit flies in mango and guava orchard was found in the 2nd fortnight of August (300.00 and 269.00 fruit flies/trap) respectively, with maximum mean population of B. dorsalis (234.65 and 241.26 fruit flies/trap) respectively. The population of fruit fly species in apple, mango and guava orchard was positively correlated with maximum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. Among all the fruit flies reared on various fruit crops, maximum bacterial count of 3.91 (Log CFU/g) was found in the gut of B. dorsalis reared on guava whereas minimum bacterial count of 3.19 (Log CFU/g) was found in the gut of B. dorsalis reared on apple. Among all the different culture media used, BHIA resulted in highest bacterial count (4.71 Log CFU/g). Maximum bacterial diversity (21 bacterial isolates) was isolated from the gut of B. dorsalis reared on apple. Out of 31 total bacterial colonies, 11 were found to be morphologically and biochemically different from each other and were subjected for molecular identification. The most prominent genera obtained from gut of B. dorsalis reared on mango were Enterobacter and Klebsiella. However, Shigella and Klebsiella were prominent in the gut of B. dorsalis reared on guava and Bacillus whereas, Citrobacter and Microbacterium were obtained from gut of B. dorsalis reared on apple.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND PHYTOTOXIC COMPATIBILITIES OF RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES IN APPLE(UHF Nauni, 2023-11-04) AKSHUL RANA; Dr. Sangita SharmaIn order to assess the physical compatibility, phytotoxic incompatibility, and chemical compatibility of pesticide combinations in apples, the current studies were conducted in the lab and field at RHRTS, Mashobra, Shimla, of the Department of Entomology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan H.P.2021-23.The objective of the current study was to examine the compatibility of common pesticides used in apple farming on a physical, chemical, and phytotoxic level. Six acaricides, 20 fungicides, 6 insecticides and 6 nutrients in total were chosen for the study, and their compatibility was evaluated in light of their physicochemical characteristics and potential effects on apple trees. Some of the pesticides did, however, exhibit chemical incompatibility, as evidenced by the development of precipitates or observed colour changes. Additionally, the effects of the pesticides on apple seedlings were evaluated in order to determine their phytotoxicity. Out of 150 mixtures of HMO, acaricides, insecticides, fungicides and nutrients alone and in combinations, 36 combinations showed foaming, flocculation and sedimentation. However, this foaming/sedimentation was lower than the prescribed limit (2ml/100ml or 20ml/l), but it requires extended research before any recommendations. The remaining 114 pesticide combinations showed neither foaming nor sedimentation indicating that they were physically compatible. Among 150 different combinations of pesticides studied; 49 combinations exhibited flocculation and sedimentation. Minimal pH shifts toward alkalinity or acidity were observed in the current experiments. Propineb, Mancoeb, Copper oxychloride, Ziram, Zineb, Nativo, SAAF and Cabriotop reported sedimentation/foaming, flocculation and other undesirable effects in HMO solutions. According to the findings, some pesticides significantly hampered the growth and development of apple seedlings, while others had no negative effects. Overall, this study's findings offer insightful information about the compatibility of pesticides frequently used in apple farming in terms of their physical, chemical, and phytotoxic properties. Farmers and other agricultural professionals can use these findings to optimise pesticide use and reduce any potential adverse effects on apple trees and the environmentThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON COLONY PERFORMANCE OF HONEY BEE (Apis cerana F.) IN ISI WOODEN HIVES AND MUD HIVES(UHF Nauni, 2023-11-10) SHIVANI SHARMA; Dr. Kiran RanaThe present investigations entitled “Comparative studies on colony performance of honey bee (Apis cerana F.) in ISI wooden hives and mud hives” were conducted during August, 2022 to July, 2023 in Apis cerana F. colonies maintained in university apiary the Department of Entomology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan and at RHRTS Katrain, Kullu (Himachal Pradesh). The study was undertaken to record the colony parameters, bee activity and seasonal incidence of diseases and enemies in A. cerana colonies in wooden and mud hives at Nauni, mid hills and Kullu, high hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The colony parameters viz. brood area, honey stores, pollen stores and prolificacy of queen were found to be significantly varied in wooden and mud hives. The development of brood (1146.11 cm2), honey production (1085.69 g), pollen stores (196.14 cm2), prolificacy of queen (218.29 eggs/ day) as well as bee strength (6.06 bee frames) was recorded maximum in mud hive at Kullu as compared to wooden hive at Kullu and Nauni and mud hive at Nauni. The foraging activity showed a positive significant correlation with bee strength of colony at Nauni and Kullu. The foraging activity was positively correlated (significant) with outside temperature, relative humidity and internal hive temperature and positively correlated (non-significant) with rainfall in mud hive whereas in wooden hive at Nauni, it was positively correlated (non-significant) with weather parameters and internal relative humidity. At Kullu, it was positively correlated (non-significant) with outside temperature, rainfall and internal hive parameters in both wooden and mud hives whereas outside relative humidity was highly significantly positively correlated with foraging activity in mud hive and positively correlated (significant) in wooden hives. Incidence of brood diseases was found lower in mud hives compared to wooden hives and incidence of greater wax moth was observed only in wooden hive at Nauni. The study revealed that mud hive is better for establishment of A. cerana in mid hills and high hills of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access SEASONAL ABUNDANCE, BIOLOGY AND GROWTH PARAMETERS OF CABBAGE BUTTERFLY, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) ON CAULIFLOWER(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-27) SIDDHANT THAKUR; Dr. Tanuja BanshtuThe present study entitled “Seasonal abundance, biology and growth parameters of cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) on cauliflower” was conducted during 2022- 23 in the department of Entomology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP. The cabbage butterfly population peaked during 11th SMW i.e., the 2nd week of March. No significant correlation was found between abiotic factors and the cabbage butterfly population. The incubation period of cabbage butterfly was highest on Pusa Snowball- 1 (5.62 days) followed by Pusa Snowball K-1 (4.67 days) and Pusa Snowball K-25 (4.11 days). The maximum developmental period of 42 days was observed on Pusa Snowball-1, followed by Pusa Snowball K-1 (37.83 days) and Pusa Snowball K-25 (32.12 days). The fecundity of female butterfly was maximum on Pusa Snowball K-25 (128.80 eggs/female) followed by Pusa Snowball K-1 (115.50 eggs/female) and Pusa Snowball-1 (93.50 eggs/female). Maximum value for true intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.11 female per female per day on Pusa Snowball K-25 followed by 0.09 and 0.062 female per female per day on Pusa Snowball K-1 and Pusa Snowball-1, respectively. The genotype Olympus exhibited the highest larvae per plant at 30.86 and had the highest phenol content of 931.42 mg per 100g and the lowest glucosinolate content of 3.76 μmoles/g. When the three varieties were compared, lowest phenol content of 761.32 mg per 100g and maximum glucosinolate content of 9.35 μmoles/g was observed in Pusa Snowball-1, that corresponded with the lowest egg hatchability (80%), larval survival (50%), pupal survival (75%), fecundity (93.50 eggs/female) and the lowest infestation of 21.66 larvae per plant. Among the three varieties, Pusa Snowball K-25 had highest infestation (25.80 larve/plant) and fecundity (128.80 eggs/female), corresponding to the higher concentration of phenol (783.14 mg/100g) and the lower concentration of glucosinolates (6.34 μmoles/g.). According to a comprehensive analysis of all the observed parameters, Pusa Snowball-1 was identified to be least susceptible to cabbage butterfly, thereby indicating its suitability for cultivation under field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON TRADITIONAL Apis cerana F. BEEKEEPING PRACTICES IN KULLU VALLEY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-19) KRITIKA SAKLANI; Joginder SinghThe current studies entitled "Studies on traditional Apis cerana F. beekeeping practices in the Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh," were conducted during 2022-23. Three sites viz., Hurla (1086 m), Kasol (1640 m) and Buruwa (2204 m), representing different altitudes of the valley, were used to collect worker bees and honey samples for morphometric and honey analysis. A survey of traditional beekeeping practices was done in the valley for the collection of information on different kinds of hives, bee flora, pest control approaches, honey extraction techniques, and the economic significance of beekeeping. Three types of hives, viz., log hives (76.08× 38.80 cm), rectangular wooden hives (39.46× 36.53× 33.09 cm), and wall hives (51.15× 24.67× 26.66 cm), were recorded in the valley. Analysis of A. cerana honey collected from various elevations showed significantly higher values of EC (0.60 mS/cm), fructose (36.92%), F: G ratio (1.40), HMF (12.20 mg/100 g), total phenols (162.01 mg/100 g), Vit C (21.82 mg/100g), and mineral content in Buruwa honey; pH in Buruwa (4.66) and Kasol (4.74) honey; moisture (15.62%) content in Hurla honey. Kasol honey samples had statistically higher contents of TSS (79.13°B), sucrose (4.62%) and glucose (33.67%), while honeys from Hurla and Buruwa showed statistically at par acidity (32.44, 34.37 miliequi/kg) and amino acid (83.43, 54.31 mg/100g) contents. However, all three locations were at par w.r.t. pollen count, optical density, and DPPH content of honey. The physical characteristics of A. cerana workers obtained from various elevations in the Kullu Valley showed significant differences in morphological characteristics. The observations revealed variations in body length (13.11 to 13.60 mm), head length (2.95 to 3.21 mm), thorax length (4.03 to 4.30 mm), abdomen length (5.72 to 6.31 mm), antennal length (3.97 to 4.01 mm), proboscis length (4.20 to 5.05 mm), forewing length x breadth (8.76-8.93 mm x 2.88-3.04 mm), hindwing length x breadth (6.04 mm-6.21 mm x 1.56 mm-1.7 mm), hamuli number (18.48 to 18.80), tibia length (2.79 to 2.91 mm), metatarsus length (2.08 to 2.11 mm). The body colour of the worker bees ranged from yellowish brown to brownish black. Further, it can also be concluded that most of the morphological features evaluated had a positive correlation with altitude.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Brevicoryne brassicae on cabbage under low hills condition of Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-02-15) Bhatia, Rishabh; Rana, Virender KumarThe present investigations entitled “Studies on Brevicoryne brassicae on cabbage under low hills condition of Himachal Pradesh” were carried out in the Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, (HP). Experiments were conducted to collect data on seasonal incidence, screening of cabbage varieties and eco-friendly management of cabbage aphid on cabbage. The incidence of cabbage aphid was lowest in November (0.86) and maximum in January (5.13). In correlation studies with weather parameters, it was found that minimum temperature and maximum temperature had negatively significance. Whereas, correlation of aphid population with relative humidity was found negatively non-significant and rainfall had positively nonsignificant. Among the five varieties assessed for their genetic response to cabbage aphid, Pusa Hybrid-81 exhibited the most favourable performance, with an average of 1.26 aphid/square inch over the entire cropping season. Following closely, Golden Acre displayed the next best performance, with an average of 1.32 aphid/square inch. Conversely, Pusa Hyrid-82 recorded the highest aphid population, with an average of 3.69 aphid/square inch. In assessing the effectiveness of various pesticides against aphid, cyantraniliprole 10.26%OD and spinosad 45%SC emerged as the most successful for reducing aphid populations. NSKE and neem oil exhibited a moderate level of effectiveness in controlling aphid. Conversely, agni astra and pongamia oil were the least effective for controlling aphid population. When considering crop yield (t/ha), the ranking of various pesticides treatments, from highest to lowest, was as follows: spinosad 45%SC (31.70) > cyantraniliprole 10.26%OD (29.94) > NSKE (27.83) > agniastra (26.75) > neem oil (26.20) > pongamia oil (24.62) > control (18.83).
