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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ARTHROPOD PESTS OF APPLE AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES IN DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEMS(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-09) NIKITA CHAUHAN; P L SharmaThe present investigations entitled “Studies on arthropod pests of apple and their natural enemies in different farming systems” were conducted during the year 2022 and 2023 at Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The diversity of apple pests and natural enemies varied with different combinations of variety, planting density and farming system. Aphis pomi De Geer, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, Dorysthenus huegelii (Redtenbacher), Apriona cinera (Chevrolat), Zeuzera multistrigata (Moore), Archips termias (Meyrick), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Anomala dimidiata (Hope), Anomala lineatopennis (Blanchard), Brahmina coriacea (Hope) and Brahmina flavoserica (Bost) was found across a wide range of apple varieties (Jeromine, Red Velox, Super Chief, Auvial Early Fuji, Gale Gala, Scarlet Spur and Royal Delicious) and natural enemies recorded on all studied varieties, planting densities and farming systems were Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemii (Esben-Peterson), Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius), Oenopia sauzeti (Mulsant), Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.), Scymnus posticalis Sicard, Chilochorus infernalis Mulsant, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius), Sphaerophoria indiana Bigot, Episyrphus viridaureus (Wiedemann), Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius) and Aphelinus mali (Haldeman). In laboratory studies on demographics of pests and related natural enemies of apple, showed that all pests and natural enemies completed their life cycle on all the varieties successfully. Predatory potential and density responsiveness of natural enemies like O. kirbyi, S. posticalis, C. zastrowi sillemi, N. longispinosus and A. mali showed promising results against respective apple pests. The predatory potential increased with predator age. For all natural enemies, significant negative linear coefficients were obtained after logistic regression analysis between proportion of prey nymphs consumed (Na/N) and initial prey density (N) which indicated the Type-II functional response for all the stages of natural enemies. The attack rate decreased and increasing handling time with the advancement of the development stage of the prey in all the cases.ThesisItem Unknown MANAGEMENT OF EUROPEAN RED MITE, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) AND PESTICIDE RESIDUE DYNAMICS ON HIGH DENSITY APPLE PLANTATIONS(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-10) PANKAJ; Sapna KatnaThe present investigation entitled “Management of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and pesticide residue dynamics on high density apple plantations” was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23 in high-density apple orchards at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tabo (Lahaul and Spiti II) and Department of Fruit Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). The effect of European red mite feeding on yield attributes and physico-chemical parameters of apple cv. Jeromine, at different treatments of target threshold viz. 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 and 1000 cumulative mite days (CMDs) per leaf was evaluated. Studies on percentage fruit set, return bloom, fruit load, fruit size, mean fruit weight and total soluble solids revealed that these parameters were not significantly affected at 250 CMDs and remained at par with control. However, significant losses in these parameters were reported at ≥500 CMDs. Whereas titratable acidity, fruit firmness and fruit colour showed no significant effect at any level of mite feeding. Thereby, an economic threshold level of 250 CMDs can be suggested to implement management strategies for avoiding significant losses due to European red mite infestation in HDP apples. For persistence studies pesticide formulations were applied at recommended (X dose) and 1.25 times recommended dose (1.25X dose) respectively i.e., propargite 42%+hexythiazox 2% EC (420 + 20 and 525 + 25 g a.i./ha), spirotetramat 11.01%+imidacloprid 11.01% SC (110.1 +110.1 and 137.63 + 137.63 g a.i./ha), spinosad 45% SC (225 and 281.25 g a.i./ha) and cyenopyrafen 30% SC (90 and 112.5 g a.i./ha). Residue dynamics studies using the QuEChERS method after validating, gave initial deposits of 1.877 and 2.190 mg/kg for propargite, 0.353 and 0.440 mg/kg for hexythiazox, 0.983 and 1.263 mg/kg for spirotetramat, 0.897 and 1.270 mg/kg for imidacloprid, 1.690 and 2.057 mg/kg for spinosad, 0.923 and 1.2 mg/kg for cyenopyrafen at X and 1.25X dose respectively. These residues reached below limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.01 mg/kg) on 15th and 20th day for propargite, imidacloprid, spinosad and cyenopyrafen with a half-life of 1.653-2.395, 1.781-2.280, 1.570-2.279 and 1.697-2.419 days at X and 1.25X dose, respectively. For spirotetramat, residues reachedThesisItem Unknown POPULATION DYNAMICS OF INSECT PESTS INFESTING BROCCOLI AND TO EVALUATE MAJOR INSECTICIDES FOR THEIR BIOEFFICACY AND RESIDUES(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-24) SAKSHI SHARMA; Sapna KatnaThe present investigation entitled “Population dynamics of insect pests infesting broccoli and to evaluate major insecticides for their bioefficacy and residues” was carried out during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 at Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Results of this investigation revealed that broccoli was found to be infested mainly with aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Incidence of aphid and flea beetle was found to be present throughout the cropping season of broccoli (48th SMW to 10th SMW) while diamondback moth appeared from 4th to 6th SMW which persisted till 10th SMW. Weather parameters showed non-significant correlations with aphid population buildup; maximum and minimum temperature significantly affected diamondback moth larvae population; and maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall significantly affected population buildup of flea beetles. Bioefficacy studies indicated that acetamiprid 20% SP at recommended dose (X) resulted in 75.50-76.52 per cent efficacy in controlling aphid populations, flubendiamide 20% WG at X dose showed efficacy of 76.97-79.62 per cent against diamondback moth and lambda-cyhalothrin 4.90% SC at X dose showed highest efficacy to the tune of 73.95-76.12 per cent in managing flea beetle populations. The average initial residues of cyantraniliprole (60 and 75 g a.i./ha), acetamiprid (15 and 18.75 g a.i./ha), flubendiamide (18.24 and 22.80 g a.i./ha), lambda-cyhalothrin (15 and 18.75 g a.i./ha) and novaluron (75 and 93.75 g a.i./ha) were in the range of 0.562-0.762, 0.757-1.069, 0.231-0.358, 0.473-0.687 and 1.172-1.494 mg/kg, respectively with a half-life of 1.873-2.354, 1.525-1.930, 1.371-1.620, 1.975-2.484 and 1.678-2.170 days in broccoli heads, respectively. No residues were detected in broccoli cropped soil at harvest time. No appreciable risk to consumers from rural and urban households was observed on the basis of acute hazard quotient (HQ) and chronic HQ values being less than 1 for all the insecticidesThesisItem Unknown BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SERPENTINE LEAF MINER, LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (ORDER: DIPTERA, FAMILY: AGROMYZIDAE) IN TOMATO(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-19) LALIT KALIA; Anil SoodThe present investigations entitled “Bio-ecology and Management of Serpentine Leaf Miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Order: Diptera, Family: Agromyzidae) in Tomato” were carried out during 2022 and 2023 under laboratory and field conditions at the Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni at an altitude of 1200 m asl. Survey studies on the host range of L. trifolii revealed the infestation of 39 plants belonging to 15 families. Maximum plants from the Cucurbitaceae family were found to be infested by this pest followed by Asteraceae, Solanaceae and Malvaceae family. Survey studies were conducted to record the observations on the pest incidence of L. trifolii in all the four agro-climatic zones comprising 18 different locations of Himachal Pradesh revealed that Zones 1 and 2 i.e. Nalagarh from Zone 1 showed the maximum overall pest infestation of 62.28 per cent during 2022 while Oachghat from Zone 2 showed the maximum pest infestation (56.23%) during 2023. Studies on seasonal abundance of eggs and larvae of L. trifolii on Solan Lalima and BSS 816 varieties of tomato during 2022 and 2023 revealed the fluctuating pest population with overall maximum activity from 21st to 35th standard week during 2022 and from 20th to 27th standard week during 2023. The pest incidence data were correlated with weather parameters and were found to have a significant positive correlation of eggs and larvae with temperature during 2022 and non-significant correlation during 2023. However, a negative correlation was recorded with both humidity and rainfall during both the years. Spatial distribution studies of L. trifolii on two tomato varieties viz. Solan Lalima and BSS 816 revealed that the pest was aggregately distributed on both crops throughout the cropping season. Biology and population growth parameter studies of L. trifolii on tomato revealed that the eggs were translucent white whereas, larvae were shiny yellow. The adults were yellowish-black with red eyes and black spots on the thorax region. Females were larger than males. Studies on different stages of leafminer on two tomato varieties revealed that incubation period of the leafminer on both verities was 2.4 ± 0.1 and the larval period ranged from 1.6 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.1 for I instar, 2.5 ± 0.1 days and 2.4 ± 0.1 days for II instar, 2.3 ± 0.1 and 2.5 ± 0.1 days for III instar. However, notable distinctions emerged in respect to the pupal period, with Solan Lalima showing 10.9 ± 0.2 days compared to BSS 816 as 7.6 ± 0.1 days. Female longevity for Solan Lalima was 16.7 ± 0.1 days, whereas on BSS 816 it was 19.5 ± 0.2 days. The life fertility data of L. trifolii on tomato revealed that female L. trifolii started egg laying on 21st day of the pivotal age with an average fecundity of 0.17 female eggs per day on Solan Lalima and 18th day of the pivotal age with an average fecundity of 0.70 female eggs per day on BSS 816. Studies on Phenol content estimation for tomato varieties revealed that for Solan Lalima, the phenolic content remained high across all replications with mean phenol content 0.984 AU compared to 0.606 in case of BSS 816. Four insecticides (Cyantraniliprole 10.26 % OD, Chlorantraniliprole 18.50 % SC, Thiamethoxam 25 % WG, Imidacloprid 17.80% SL) and four botanicals (NSKE, Azadirachtin 1%, Melia azedarach, NSKE + Teepol) were evaluated for their efficacy against L. trifolii during the year 2022 and 2023. The studies revealed that during the study period on both the crops Cyantraniliprole showed the maximum mortality of (70.26 %), followed by Chlorantraniliprole (64.60), Imidacloprid (59.02%), Thiamethoxam (57.33%), NSKE + Teepol (31.03%), NSKE (24.65%), Azadirachtin 1% (20.02%), Melia azedarach (17.67%).ThesisItem Unknown STUDIES ON MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGEN(S) AND EVALUATION OF NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS IN HIVE BEES(UHF Nauni, 2024-02-21) DIKSHA DEVI; Meena ThakurThe present investigation entitled Studies on molecular characterization of bacterial pathogen(s) and evaluation of non-chemical control methods was conducted during the year 2021-23 in the Department of Entomology, Dr. YSP University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The per cent infection of bacterial diseases in Apis mellifera varied from 0.00-30.15 and 0.00-60.00 in Himachal Pradesh, 0.00- 15.00 and 0.00-5.71 in Punjab and 0.00-6.67 and 0.00-10.00 in Haryana, respectively during the year 2021 and 2022. The per cent infection of bacterial diseases in A. cerana varied from 0.00-40.00 and 0.00-60.00 in Himachal Pradesh during 2021 and 2022, respectively, no A. cerana apiaries were maintained in Punjab and Haryana. In A. mellifera apiaries, diseased larvae were found in 10, 9 and 3 apiaries during rainy, summer and winter season. Whereas, in A. cerana apiaries disease was found only in 2 apiaries during summer season and 3 apiaries during rainy season. The bacterial load (Log CFU/g) and diversity (aerobic and anaerobic) was found statistically higher in rainy season. Based on morphological, biochemical and pathogenicity tests, a total of 26, 10 aerobic and 20, 7 anaerobic bacteria were isolated from A. mellifera and A. cerana diseased larvae, respectively. In in-vitro pathogenicity assay, 17 bacterial isolates showed diseased symptoms in healthy A. mellifera larvae and were identified as a proved bacterial pathogen for hive bees. In-vivo pathogenicity studies revealed that A. mellifera larvae inoculated with K. rosea (MKiSAN1), L. fusiformis (CKRAJ9), A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (MSiSAN3), E. mexicanum (MKRAN3) and P. aeruginosa (MSoSAY1) had highest per cent mortality of 76.00, 72.00, 68.00, 64.00 and 56.00 per cent, respectively. The selected 13 probiotic isolates obtained from A. mellifera, possessing probiotic potential (above 70%) were identified as Morganella morganii subsp. morganii HMN1 (89.33%), Pusillimonas gingsengoli HMN2 (82.67%), Proteus mirabilis HMN4 (76.00%), Bacillus safensis subsp. safensis HMN5 (81.33%), Pantoea pleuroti HMN7 (73.33%), B. stercoris HMN8 (80.00%), B. paralicheniformis HMN12 (45.33%), B. safensis HMN19 (72.00%), Alcaligenes faecalis HMN24 (80.00%), Staphylococcus equorum HMM1 (89.33%), Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis HMM6 (100.00%), L. pentosus HMM8 (97.32%) and S. caprae HMM9 (90.67%) and 9 from A. cerana were identified as Bacillus stercoris HCN2 (92.00%), Enterococcus mundtii HCN5 (78.67%), E. caseliflavus HCN6 (92.00%), B. safensis HCN8 (74.67%), B. paralicheniformis HCN10 (77.33%), Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. phenolicus HCN11 (81.33%), A. faecalis subsp. phenolicus HCN12 (96.00%), B. safensis subsp. safensis HCN15 (93.33%) and Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis HCM2 (100.00%). In in-vitro studies, L. argentoratensis HMM6 (0.48 mm @ 125 μL MIC), L. pentosus HMM8 (0.36 mm @ 150 μL MIC) and S. caprae HMM9 (0.36 mm @ 175 μL MIC) had good inhibition effect against almost all the pathogens tested even at lower concentration. Neem oil and neem extract had inhibition zone of 1.24 and 0.32 mm at 20 per cent. In-vivo management studies indicated statistically minimum per cent infection (26.15%) due to use of L. argentoratensis HMM6, with minimum per cent infection (32.85%) for P. aeruginosa. In-vitro and in-vivo non-chemical management practices revealed L. argentoratensis (HMM6) and L. pentosus (HMM8) as most effective treatment against bacterial pathogens. The presence of previously recorded pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius could not be confirmed in the present study though Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Serratia fonticola, Exiguobacterium profundum and Kocuria rosea were reported to cause similar symptoms under both in-vitro and in-vivo condition on healthy larvae of A. mellifera. The status of these proved pathogens in hive bees and the disease they cause need to be further confirmed and designation for the diseases is required.ThesisItem Unknown POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS UNDER MID HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF Nauni, 2024-03-07) PRIYANKA RANI; Raj Kumar ThakurThe present investigations were conducted on four medicinal crops viz., holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.), glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.), German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) during 2021-2023 to study floral biology, insect diversity and their effect on pollination along with qualitative studies of honey obtained from these crops. Holy basil flowers remained open for two days with viable pollen grains on day-1 and receptive stigma on day-2. Glory lily flower had nine stages with maximum pollen viability (88.40%) on one day after anthesis and stigma receptivity (80%) on the day of anthesis. German chamomile flower had six reproductive stages with maximum pollen viability (87.3%) on stage-5 and stigma receptivity was synchronized with anther dehiscence. Linseed anthesis was synchronized with sunlight with maximum stigma receptivity on day of anthesis and pollen viability (92.8%) at 04 hours after anthesis. Hymenopterans were most abundant visitors on all crops except German chamomile where Dipterans especially syrphids were most abundant visitors. Relatively maximum diversity of insect floral visitors was recorded on holy basil (23) followed by glory lily (19), German chamomile (13) and linseed (12). Relative abundance of insect visitors except Lepidopterans and Coleopterans had positive correlation with temperature and had negative correlation with relative humidity except Bombus haemorrhoidalis and Lepidopterans. Foraging rate of insect visitors was maximum in glory lily (13.64 flowers/minute) and minimum in holy basil (3.49 flowers/minute). Foraging speed of all insect visitors was maximum in holy basil (17.64 seconds/flower) and minimum in glory lily (5.01 seconds/flower). B. haemorrhoidalis carried maximum loose pollen grains (169.80 thousand) in glory lily while, maximum no. of loose pollen grains adhered to Apis mellifera in holy basil (81.40 thousand), linseed (79.43 thousand), German chamomile (9.32 thousand). The nectar of these crops primarily comprises sugars, namely glucose, fructose, sucrose and raffinose was uniquely found in holy basil and glory lily nectar. There were significant variations in nectar volume, nectar sugar concentrations and dry nectar sugars based on flower size. Yield per plant, germination percentage and test weight of holy basil (29.45g, 37.10mg and 68.26%) and linseed (11.57g, 12.00g and 99.53%) along with germination percentage of German chamomile (95.57%) was maximum in honey bee pollination system. In glory lily, fruit set, pod length and seed colchicine content (87.31%, 7.93cm) was highest in hand pollination whereas, number of seeds per pod, test weight and per cent germination was maximum in blower pollination (27.30, 2.27g and 84.48%) followed by honey bee pollination (25.50, 2.04g and 79.02%). Honey obtained from these crops consists of bioactive compounds like apigenin, β-caryophyllene, eugenol, rosmarinic acid, urosoilc acid, viomellein (holy basil); coumaric acid, quercetin, myricetin, chlorogenic acid, baicalin, stevol glucoside (glory lily); caffeic acid, quinic acid, apigenin, carnosol, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, rutin (German chamomile); gallic acid, caffeic acid hexoside I, syringic acid, sinapic acid, vitexin, luteolin 6,8-c-pentoside and lucenin-2 (Linseed). The quality parameters of linseed, holy basil and chamomile honey were found to be good in terms of physical as well as chemical parameters especially DPPH, phenols, flavonoids and HMF content. So, honey obtained from studies may be promoted as Indian brand and the area under cultivation of these crops can be expanded for quality honey production.ThesisItem Open Access DISSIPATION KINETICS AND DIETARY RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOME PESTICIDES IN BELL PEPPER UNDER PROTECTED AND OPEN FIELD CONDITIONS(UHF,NAUNI, 2024-01) PRIYANKA SHARMA; P L SHARMAThe present investigations entitled “Studies on natural enemy complex of potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)” were conducted during the year 2021 and 2022 at Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The diversity of natural enemies varied with host crop and Tomato was more diverse in natural enemy complex of M. euphorbiae having 12 species viz., Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), Episyrphus balteatus De Geer, Melanostoma sp., Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemii (Esben-Peterson), Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius), Oenopia sauzeti (Mulsant), Propylea dissecta Mulsant, Episyrphus viridaureus (Wiedemann), Sphaerophoria indiana Bigot and Aphelinus asychis Walker as compared to potato having only 7 species namely C. septempunctata, H. variegata, E. balteatus, S. indiana, Ischiodion scutellaris (Fabricius), Eupeodes confrator (Wiedemann) and E. viridaureus. Both M. euphorbiae and its natural enemies (coccinellids, chrysopids, syrphids and parasitoid) followed negative binomial distribution throughout the season on potato and tomato. In laboratory studies on demographics, predatory potential and density responsiveness natural enemies like C. zastrowi sillemi, C. septempunctata, H. variegata, O. sauzeti and A. asychis showed promise against M. euphorbiae. The predatory potential increased with increase in age of predators. In each case, significant negative linear coefficients were obtained after logistic regression analysis between proportion of prey nymphs consumed (Na/N) and initial prey density (N) which indicated the Type-II functional response for all the stages of natural enemies. The attack rate decreased and handling time increased with the advancement of the development stage of the prey in all the cases. The natural enemies showed mutual interference when two or more individuals foraged in an arena. SignatureThesisItem Open Access DISSIPATION KINETICS AND DIETARY RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOME PESTICIDES IN BELL PEPPER UNDER PROTECTED AND OPEN FIELD CONDITIONS(UHF,NAUNI, 2024-01-16) HIMANI GAUTAM; Sapna KatnaThe present investigation on “Dissipation kinetics and dietary risk assessment of some pesticides in bell pepper under protected and open field conditions” was carried out during 2021 and 2022 in the Department of Entomology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. Results of this investigation revealed that all tested pesticides on bell pepper dissipated slowly under protected conditions compared to open field conditions. Under protected conditions, average initial deposits of buprofezin (@ 75 and 150 g a.i./ha), fenvalerate (@ 75 and 150 g a.i./ha), flupyradifurone (@ 250 and 500 g a.i./ha), imidacloprid (@ 25 and 50 g a.i./ha), novaluron (@ 33.5 and 67 g a.i./ha), profenofos (@ 500 and 1000 g a.i./ha), spirotetramat (@ 60 and 120 g a.i./ha) and tetraniliprole (@ 60 and 120 g a.i./ha) were found in the range of 0.450- 0.794 mg/kg, 0.564 - 1.073 mg/kg, 0.515 - 0.951 mg/kg, 0.262- 0.454 mg/kg, 0.313 - 0.581 mg/kg, 1.274- 2.215 mg/kg, 0.321- 0.588 mg/kg and 0.431 - 0.795 mg/kg, respectively with half life values ranging from 2.30 to 4.72 days. However, under open field conditions, average initial residues of buprofezin, fenvalerate, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid, profenofos, spirotetramat and tetraniliprole at X and 2X doses ranged between 0.429 –0.749 mg/kg, 0.532 – 1.016 mg/kg, 0.501 – 0.907 mg/kg, 0.214 – 0.387 mg/kg, 1.208 – 2.151 mg/kg, 0.313 – 0.570 mg/kg and 0.405 – 0.759 mg/kg, respectively with half life values varying from 1.66 to 3.03 days. Residues of all test pesticides were found to be below the limit of quantification in bell pepper cropped soil in both protected and open field conditions at harvest. In terms of acute and chronic dietary risk, all of the test pesticides when applied on yellow as well as green bell pepper were deemed safe for consumption by all age groups in rural and urban areas. Treatment with 1% NaCl most effectively (60.62-78.06 %) removed the residues of buprofezin, fenvalerate, imidacloprid, novaluron, profenofos and spirotetramat, while 5% NaHCO3 most efficiently reduced the residues of flupyradifurone and tetraniliprole (59.46-69.06 %) from both yellow and green bell pepper fruits.
