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Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
Assam Agricultural University is the first institution of its kind in the whole of North-Eastern Region of India. The main goal of this institution is to produce globally competitive human resources in farm sectorand to carry out research in both conventional and frontier areas for production optimization as well as to disseminate the generated technologies as public good for benefitting the food growers/produces and traders involved in the sector while emphasizing on sustainability, equity and overall food security at household level.
Genesis of AAU -
The embryo of the agricultural research in the state of Assam was formed as early as 1897 with the establishment of the Upper Shillong Experimental Farm (now in Meghalaya) just after about a decade of creation of the agricultural department in 1882. However, the seeds of agricultural research in today’s Assam were sown in the dawn of the twentieth century with the establishment of two Rice Experimental Stations, one at Karimganj in Barak valley in 1913 and the other at Titabor in Brahmaputra valley in 1923. Subsequent to these research stations, a number of research stations were established to conduct research on important crops, more specifically, jute, pulses, oilseeds etc. The Assam Agricultural University was established on April 1, 1969 under The Assam Agricultural University Act, 1968’ with the mandate of imparting farm education, conduct research in agriculture and allied sciences and to effectively disseminate technologies so generated. Before establishment of the University, there were altogether 17 research schemes/projects in the state under the Department of Agriculture. By July 1973, all the research projects and 10 experimental farms were transferred by the Government of Assam to the AAU which already inherited the College of Agriculture and its farm at Barbheta, Jorhat and College of Veterinary Sciences at Khanapara, Guwahati.
Subsequently, College of Community Science at Jorhat (1969), College of Fisheries at Raha (1988), Biswanath College of Agriculture at Biswanath Chariali (1988) and Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science at Joyhing, North Lakhimpur (1988) were established. Presently, the University has three more colleges under its jurisdiction, viz., Sarat Chandra Singha College of Agriculture, Chapar, College of Horticulture, Nalbari & College of Sericulture, Titabar. Similarly, few more regional research stations at Shillongani, Diphu, Gossaigaon, Lakhimpur; and commodity research stations at Kahikuchi, Buralikson, Tinsukia, Kharua, Burnihat and Mandira were added to generate location and crop specific agricultural production packages.
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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of wound healing properties of flacourtia jangomas and pongamia pinnata(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2021) Rahman, Farida; Mohan, PritamThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the wound healing property of hydroethanolic and chloroform extracts of two different medicinal based plant Flacourtia jangomas and Pongamia pinnata on excision, incision, dead space and diabetic wound model. Each experiment was carried out for 12 days separately. Extracts were prepared from the barks of Flacourtia jangomas and seeds of Pongamia pinnata plant. A total of 384 albino rats of Wistar strain were divided into two groups each for Flacourtia jangomas and Pongamia pinnata plant having eight subgroups consist of six rats per group. The extracts were applied topically at the dose rate of 1%, 2.5% and 5% on excision, incision and diabetic wound model. For dead space wound model extracts were administered orally at the dose rate of 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg body weight to evaluate the toxic effect of the extracts on different blood biochemical parameters along with its wound healing potential. Wound healing efficacy was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, epithelialization period, breaking strength for excision and incision wound model; wet and dry weight of granulation tissue and its hydroxyprolein content was measured for dead space wound model. In vivo antioxidant activity was also estimated in blood and tissues on the last day of the experiment. Phytochemical study of both the plant extract of Flacourtia jangomas and Pongamia pinnata revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoids, tannin, saponin, glycosides and steroid. Result of the present study revealed, topical application of the ointments prepared from the respective plants exhibited its healing potential in a dose dependent manner at different significant level of (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001), as evident from the decreased in wound size, epithelialization period and increased in tensile strength. Wet and dry weight of granulation tissue and its hydroxyprolein content were also well correlated with the healing pattern observed. Oxidative stress was also found to be ameliorated by the treatment with the plant extracts during healing process. On the other hand, toxicological evaluation of the extracts on different blood biochemical parameters, such as AST, ALT, ALP, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine total protein and urea did not show any significant alteration on 0 and 12th day of the experiment. From the present study it can be concluded that both the plant extracts have good wound healing property and chloroform extract of Pongamia pinnata plant showed better efficacy and can be used commercially due to its easy availability.ThesisItem Open Access THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY AND ROLE OF CYTOKINES ON WOUND HEALING IN RATS BY SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MIZORAM(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) LALMUANTHANGA, C.; ROY, D.C.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in three different models of wound in rats, incision, burn, diabetic excision wound models and also the polyherbal formulation of the plants at three different combination in diabetic wound model in rats. The cytokine, IL- 6, TNF-α and IL-10, blood biochemical profile, histopathological examination of tissue, antimicrobial effect of different extracts of plant under study and the analysis of the antioxidant property of the plants were undertaken to find the correlation with the wound healing property of plant extracts. The yields of methanol extract of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria were 166.93gm (16.693%), 78.00 (7.80%), 60.00 (6.00%), 117.00 (11.70%) and 50.68 (5.068%) per 1000 gram of dry powder respectively. The preliminary analysis of phytochemical constituent of plant shows that Parkia timoriana extract was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Securinega virosa extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Abelmoschus moschatus extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids; alkaloids and phlobotannins. Scoparia dulcis extract was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids and Blumea lanceolaria extract was found to contain flavonoids, phlobotannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins. All the plant extracts were found to be safe @ 2000 mg/kg after testing the acute oral toxicity in rats and mice. Topical administration of methanol, chloroform and ether extract of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in incision wound model in rats @ 10 and 20 % w/w ointment increased the breaking strength of wound when compared with control and standard treated groups at P<0.001 significant level. An increasing trend in the total protein, albumin and globulin level of wound tissue was observed with some variation between control and the treated groups. The level of AST, ALT and glucose in the treatment groups were significantly lower than the control group at P<0.05 and P<0.00. The percent of wound contraction after topical application of 10 and 20% w/w ointments of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in burn wound model in rats were significantly higher (P<0.001) on day 4, 8, 12 and 16 as compared to ii control group and standard group; but individual variation for significant different with standard drug treated group occurs amongst the plant extracts. There were remarkable fibroblast collective tissue proliferation, collagenation, mononuclear infiltration, angiogenesis, vascular engorgement and epithelialisation on histopathological examination. In excision diabetic wound model in rats, the methanolic, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria administered @ 250 and 500mg/kg P.O. showed significantly increased (P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001) percent of wound contraction on day 4, 8, 12 and day 16 as compare to the control group and the epithelisation time were significantly reduced. Regenerating skin appendages tissue proliferation, mononuclear infiltration which confirm the healing action which are quite comparable to the standard (Vitamin E) treated group. Biochemical analysis revealed that the blood glucose, protein, globulin and albumin levels in control groups are significantly higher in most of the cases and AST, ALT and creatine kinase are significant reduced at P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001. The cytokine analysis of blood plasma on day 1 and day 9 of post wound creation and after treatment with plant extracts shows that the level of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreasing on day 9 as compared to the previous sampling. The different extracts of plants at two different dosing @ 10 and 20 % w/w ointment showed the significance difference (P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001) between the groups. Contrary to the level of IL-6 and TNF- α, the level of IL-10 was increased doubled fold or more on day 9 in all the treated groups. The topical application of Poly I MZ, Poly II MZ and Poly III MZ @ 20% w/w ointment each on diabetic incision wound showed significantly increased the breaking strength when compared to control group.ThesisItem Open Access THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY AND ROLE OF CYTOKINES ON WOUND HEALING IN RATS BY SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MIZORAM(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) LALMUANTHANGA, C.; ROY, D. C.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in three different models of wound in rats, incision, burn, diabetic excision wound models and also the polyherbal formulation of the plants at three different combination in diabetic wound model in rats. The cytokine, IL- 6, TNF-α and IL-10, blood biochemical profile, histopathological examination of tissue, antimicrobial effect of different extracts of plant under study and the analysis of the antioxidant property of the plants were undertaken to find the correlation with the wound healing property of plant extracts. The yields of methanol extract of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria were 166.93gm (16.693%), 78.00 (7.80%), 60.00 (6.00%), 117.00 (11.70%) and 50.68 (5.068%) per 1000 gram of dry powder respectively. The preliminary analysis of phytochemical constituent of plant shows that Parkia timoriana extract was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Securinega virosa extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Abelmoschus moschatus extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids; alkaloids and phlobotannins. Scoparia dulcis extract was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids and Blumea lanceolaria extract was found to contain flavonoids, phlobotannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins. All the plant extracts were found to be safe @ 2000 mg/kg after testing the acute oral toxicity in rats and mice. Topical administration of methanol, chloroform and ether extract of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in incision wound model in rats @ 10 and 20 % w/w ointment increased the breaking strength of wound when compared with control and standard treated groups at P<0.001 significant level. An increasing trend in the total protein, albumin and globulin level of wound tissue was observed with some variation between control and the treated groups. The level of AST, ALT and glucose in the treatment groups were significantly lower than the control group at P<0.05 and P<0.00. The percent of wound contraction after topical application of 10 and 20% w/w ointments of methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria in burn wound model in rats were significantly higher (P<0.001) on day 4, 8, 12 and 16 as compared to ii control group and standard group; but individual variation for significant different with standard drug treated group occurs amongst the plant extracts. There were remarkable fibroblast collective tissue proliferation, collagenation, mononuclear infiltration, angiogenesis, vascular engorgement and epithelialisation on histopathological examination. In excision diabetic wound model in rats, the methanolic, chloroform and ether extracts of Parkia timoriana, Securinega virosa, Abelmoschus moschatus, Scoparia dulcis and Blumea lanceolaria administered @ 250 and 500mg/kg P.O. showed significantly increased (P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001) percent of wound contraction on day 4, 8, 12 and day 16 as compare to the control group and the epithelisation time were significantly reduced. Regenerating skin appendages tissue proliferation, mononuclear infiltration which confirm the healing action which are quite comparable to the standard (Vitamin E) treated group. Biochemical analysis revealed that the blood glucose, protein, globulin and albumin levels in control groups are significantly higher in most of the cases and AST, ALT and creatine kinase are significant reduced at P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001. The cytokine analysis of blood plasma on day 1 and day 9 of post wound creation and after treatment with plant extracts shows that the level of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreasing on day 9 as compared to the previous sampling. The different extracts of plants at two different dosing @ 10 and 20 % w/w ointment showed the significance difference (P<0.05; P<0.01 and P<0.001) between the groups. Contrary to the level of IL-6 and TNF- α, the level of IL-10 was increased doubled fold or more on day 9 in all the treated groups. The topical application of Poly I MZ, Poly II MZ and Poly III MZ @ 20% w/w ointment each on diabetic incision wound showed significantly increased the breaking strength when compared to control group.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC EFFICACY OF CERTAIN INDIGENOUS PLANTS AGAINST EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED Ascaridia galli INFECTION IN LOCAL BIRDS (Gallus domesticus)(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) HAZARIKA, ARCHANA; Roy, R. K.The present study was an attempt to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of certain indigenous plants against experimentally induced Ascaridia galli infection in local birds (Gallus domesticus). A total of five (5) indigeneous plants viz., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Sewali), Butea monosperma (Palash), Melia azedarach (Ghora neem), Erythrina stricta (Madar), and Ficus hispida (Dimoru) based on indigeneous technical knowledge (ITK) and ethnomedical uses Three types of extracts, viz. ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of each of the five plants were prepared for in vitro and in vivo studies. A. galli was used as the test parasite for in vitro studies. Three different concentrations, 10, 25 and 50 mg/ml was used for in vitro studies. Rats were used for acute toxicity studies while local indigeneous birds of either sex were used for induced infection with A. galli and in vivo studies. A total of twelve groups (each plant having three types of extracts and three different doses, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, two control groups and one standard group ) of each of the two plants consisting of six (6) birds in each group were used for in vivo studies. A total number of 1000 ± 50 infective ova were inoculated to each of the experimental bird except birds of negative control group. Piperazine hydrate liquid was used as standard drug @ 200mg/kg body weight. The percentage yield of ethanolic extracts of N. arbor-tristis, B. monosperma, M. azedarach, E. stricta, and F. hispida were found to be 14.56, 12.50, 16.84, 13.16 and 5.84 percent (w/w) respectively, for hydroethanolic extract, the percentage yield were found to be 17.0, 8.3, 38.90,10.56 and 9.62 percent (w/w) respectively and the percentage yield of aqueous extracts were found to be 27.56, 14.48, 27.26, 47.62 and 19.24 percent (w/w) respectively. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis, B. monosperma, M. azedarach, E. stricta, and F. hispida revealed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and triterpenes. Acute toxicity studies with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis, B. monosperma, M. azedarach, E. stricta, and F. hispida did not show any behavioural change or gross abnormality nor any sign of toxicity upto 14 days of observation and mortality was absent within 48 hours @ 2.0 g / kg body weight in rats. The extracts were considered to be safe up to a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg. Among the five plants studied for in vitro efficacy N. arbor-tristis was observed as the best plant having in vitro anthelmintic efficacy followed by B. monosperma, M. azedarach, E. stricta and F. hispida. Based on the findings of the in vitro studies, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Butea monosperma were selected to undergo in vivo studies in birds artificially infected with A. galli worms. Oral treatment with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma did not show any signs of hyperactivity or behaviour alterations throughout the study period. The biological evaluation was carried out at doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. No signs of toxicity were observed. Birds dosed with the extract continued to feed normally. In birds treated with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma at 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, there were no significant differences on the 7th and 14th day post treatment. However, the difference in mean body weight gain of this group was significant (P<0.05) on 21st and 28th day post treatment.The changes in body weight were not dose dependent. The increase in body weight after treatment with Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Butea monosperma were comparable to standard Piperazine treated group. Almost all biochemical and haematological parameters showed a significant (P<0.05) increase from 14th day post treatment in all the groups, at all the doses and types of extracts of N. arbor-tristis used. However, B. monosperma leaf extract showed a significant (P<0.05) increase from 21st day post treatment in all the groups, at all the doses and types of extracts used. Piperazine treated group showed significant increase 14th day post treatment as compared to control.Treatment with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma caused a significant reduction in egg output in the droppings of treated birds from 7th day onwards upto 28th day in comparison with infected controls (P < 0.05). Piperazine hydrate brought down the mean EPG from 733.33±268.22 at pre-treatment to 106.67±23.33 at 28th day post treatment.The ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma at all the doses used showed an efficacy above 80% indicating that the plants are effective against A. galli. Piperazine treated group showed an efficacy of 88.99% and 93.15%. The ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. arbor-tristis and B. monosperma at all the doses used showed FECR above 80 indicating that A. galli is not resistant to these two plants. Piperazine treated group showed FECR of 89 and 93 indicating that A. galli is prone to resistance to Piperazine as the 95% confidence level is 90 for standard drugs. The plant extracts not only depressed the faecal egg output but also significantly reduced the adult worms population in parasitized birds. The total worm count at necropsy was significantly lower. Piperazine treated group showed no worm recovery. In conclusion, extracts found to possess significant in vitro anthelmintic activity did not increase the biochemical or haematological values significantly. It is concluded that further study is needed, of longer duration, to study the anthelmintic activity against A. galli infection in poultry.The plant extracts not only depressed the faecal egg output but also significantly reduced the adult worms population in parasitised birds. This is desirable as it has the advantage of reducing the deleterious effects on individual birds and contamination of the environment with parasite eggs. in vivo studies indicated that both the plant extracts and Piperazine hydrate response did not differ significantly. The plant leaves crude extract can be used as alternative de-wormer. Butea monosperma and Nyctanthes arbortristis reduced FEC by 80%. FEC reductions greater than or equal to 70% was considered biologically significant.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF A FEW MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS AS MEMORY ENHANCERS ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN LABORATORY ANIMAL MODELS(Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2017-07) SAIKIA, BEENITA; Barua, Chandana ChoudhuryThe present study was undertaken to explore the cognition-enhancing activity of different extracts of few medicinal plants. Ethanol, hydroethanol, aqueous, petroleum ether, n- hexane, ethyle acetate and chloroform extracts of seeds of Zanthoxylum alatum and leaves of Conyza bonariensis were experimentally used to treat scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats and mice. Four (4) different models, universally used for learning and memory studies, were utilized in the present study, i.e., Elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) in mice, Radial arm maze (RAM) and Barnes maze (BM) in rats. The study was targeted to develop plant-based anti-amnesic agents. Preliminary behavioural studies were performed for all the extracts using Morris water Maze. Hydroethanolic extract of Z. alatum (HEZA) and petroleum ether extract of C. bonariensis (PECB) were found to be more active than other extracts. The extracts were further subjected to detailed biochemical and molecular analyses in order to assess their mechanism of action. The animals were divided into nine (9) groups, each consisting of 6-10 numbers of animals. Tacrine (3 mg/kg; intra-peritonial) was used as standard nootropic drug. Scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, intra-peritonial) was used to produce amnesia. Phytochemical studies revealed that HEZA contains terpenoids, tannins and saponins; whereas PECB contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. HEZA and PECB exhibited cognition-enhancing activity as indicated by a significant reduction in the transfer latency (TL) and increased in inflexion ratio (IR), in the EPM. Likewise, reduction in escape latency (EL) and path length and increased time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) in MWM; decreased WME (working memory error) and RME (reference memory error) in RAM; decreased escape latency (EL) in BM, indicated protection from loss of memory after treatment with HEZA and PECB. Standard drug tacrine showed similar result. Pretreatment with standard drug tacrine and test drug HEZA and PECB significantly decreased the AChE activity and also prevented scopolamine-evoked oxidative stress by improving reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreasing lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitrite (NO) level. HEZA and PECB also inhibited the scopolamine-induced β amyloid accumulation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and also significantly increased the anti-inflammatoty cytokine (IL-10). HEZA and PECB also significantly increased the mRNA expression of Nrf2, HO-1, PP2A and decreased the mRNA expression of AChE, Tau, NFκB in the hippocampus of mice and rats. The same results were also observed after treatment with tacrine, when compared with scopolamine-treated animals. The immunoblotting assay showed significant up regulation of BDNF and TrkB protein expression with simultaneous down regulation of caspase-3 and Bax protein expression in the hippocampal tissues of mice and rats similar to tacrine, as compared with scopolamine treated group. In conclusion, HEZA & PECB exhibit multiple pathways for cognition enhancement in scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice and rats. The mechanism by which HEZA & PECB performs anti-amnesic activity could be through inhibition of the key enzymes AChE, preventing Tau aggregation, impending neuro-inflammation, increase BDNF level and its antioxidants property. HEZA showed more potency than PECB in cognition enhancement where as tacrine, showed the best activity in all the models comparable to Z. alatum. Therefore, it might be suggested that these two test plants might go a long way in the management of cognitive dysfunctions in human and animal subject. However, further studies are required to isolate the active compounds responsible for cognition-enhancing property.
