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Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was established on 20th October, 1969 with its head-quarter at Akola. This Agricultural University was named after the illustrious son of Vidarbha Dr. Panjabrao (alias Bhausaheb) Deshmukh, who was the Minister for Agriculture,Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of this university is spread over the eleven districts of Vidarbha. According to the University Act 1983 (of the Government of Maharashtra), the University is entrusted with the responsibility of agricultural education, research and extension education alongwith breeder and foundation seed programme.
The University has its main campus at Akola. The instructional programmes at main campus are spread over in 5 Colleges namely, College of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Forestry, College of Horticulture and Post Graduate Institute. At this campus 4 degree programmes namely B.Sc.(Agri.) B.Sc. (Hort.), B.Sc. (Forestry) and B.Tech. (Ag. Engg.) , two Master’s Degree Programmes viz. M.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Tech. (Agri.Engg.) and Doctoral Degree Programmes in the faculties of Agriculture and Agril. Engineering are offered.
The University has its sub-campus at Nagpur with constituent College, College of Agriculture which offers B.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Sc.(Agri.) degree programmes. The Nagpur Campus is accomplished with a garden, surrounded by its natural beauty and a well established Zoo which attract the general public and visitors to the city. A separate botanic Garden is being maintained on 22 hectares with a green house for the benefit of research workers.
In addition there are 2 affiliated grant-in-aid colleges and 14 private non-grant-in-aid colleges under the umbrella of this University
A Central Research Station is situated at the main Campus which caters to the need of research projects undertaken by Crop Scientists of the principle crops of the region are Cotton, Sorghum, Oilseeds and Pulses.
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ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF DAIRY FARMING ON LIVELIHOOD OF DAIRY FARMERS.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-12-24) KOLI, RAMESH TATYASAHEB.; Mankar, Dr. D. M.Dairy farming is a part of the livestock sector and plays a significant role in sustaining rural livelihood in developing countries like India. The dairy farming can help in poverty reduction and can ensure sustainable livelihood for the people. Crop farming is the major source of income in many countries like India. However climate change, increasing cost of production, low productivity and reduced net gain are limited to support peoples livelihoods. Dairy farming is also significant sector supporting the livelihoods of farmers in multiple manners. Dairy farming not only holds potential to be income generating source but also viable solution of poverty, malnutrition and hunger. Dairy farming is one of the most important activities of the rural population of our country. The study entitled “Impact of dairy farming on livelihood of dairy farmers” was conducted in Akola and Amravati districts of Maharashtra state during 2018-19. The selection of these districts was done on the basis of maximum milk production which ultimately leads to the large dairy farmers. The present study was based on Ex-post facto Research Design of Social Research. The list of villages adopting highest dairy farming and milk production was obtained from respective district dairy development officer. From the list, 20 villages were selected purposively. A list of dairy farmers was obtained from the respective milk collection centers of villages. Two hundred (200) dairy farmers who have at least 3 or more number of milch animals kept for 5 years were selected by random sampling method. Data were collected by personally interviewing the respondents with the help of well-structured interview schedule and data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The characteristics of the dairy farmers like age, education, family size, family type, land holding, herd size, type of breed, experience in dairy farming, annual income, extension contact, daily sale of milk, scientific orientation, risk preference, economic motivation, knowledge and adoption of modern dairying and animal husbandry practices by dairy farmers were studied as independent variables. Impact on livelihood of dairy farmers as dependent variable and also constraints faced by the dairy farmers in deriving benefits were studied. The salient findings of the present study revealed that little more than one-half (53.00 %) of the dairy farmers belonged to the middle age group between 36 to 50 years. Exactly one-half (50.00 %) of the dairy farmers were educated up to secondary school (8th to 10th std.) level. Nearly one-half (49.00 %) of the dairy farmers had medium family size (05 to 07 members). Majority i.e. 78.50 per cent belonged to nuclear type family. Exactly one-third (33.00 %) of dairy farmers possessed small land holding (up to 1.01 to 2.00 ha.). More than two third i.e. 76.50 per cent of dairy farmers possessed medium (07 to 14 animals) herd size. Majority of dairy farmers 79.00 per cent possessed descript breeds (Local breeds). Majority of dairy farmers (63.00 %) had medium dairy farming experience i.e. between 09 to 25 years. In case of total annual income 68.50 per cent of the dairy farmers had medium level of annual income i.e. (Rs. 200001 to 400000). The majority 64.50 per cent of the dairy farmers had medium extension contact. The majority of the dairy farmers (92.50 %) had medium level of daily sale of milk i.e. 12 to 34 litres. Majority (71.50 %) belonged to medium level of scientific orientation. Majority of the dairy farmers i.e. 58.50 per cent had medium level of risk preference. More than half number i.e. 57.00 per cent had medium level of economic motivation. The majority (93.50 %) of dairy farmers had high level of knowledge. Over three fourth i.e. 81.50 per cent had medium level of adoption about the modern dairying and animal husbandry practices. Regarding the extent of overall livelihood of dairy farmers, majority i.e. 93.00 per cent dairy farmers were in medium level, while remaining 07.00 per cent were in high level of livelihood. Regarding the impact of dairy farming on livelihood of dairy farmers all the livelihood indicators of respondents were significantly increased during the period of dairy farming. The per cent change were increased by 72.62 per cent, 67.46 per cent, 58.01 per cent, 49.62 per cent, 31.35 per cent and 21.48 per cent in case of physical capital, natural capital, financial capital, social capital, human capital and food security respectively. The overall impact of dairy farming on the livelihood of dairy farmers was increased by 41.02 per cent. The findings of relational analysis revealed that, amongst personal, socio-economic, communication and psychological characteristics of dairy farmers; land holding, annual income, extension contact, daily sale of milk, scientific orientation, economic motivation, knowledge and adoption were having highly and positively significant relationship with the livelihood of dairy farmers at 0.01 level of probability, while age, education, family size, herd size and experience in dairy farming were found to be significantly correlated at 0.05 level of probability with livelihood of dairy farming. There was significant and positive contribution of family type and land holding at 0.05 level of probability, while the daily sale of milk, scientific orientation, economic motivation, knowledge and adoption were positively and significantly contributed with livelihood of dairy farmers at 0.01 level of probability. Coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.63 that means all selected independent variables jointly explain significant amount of variation. Regarding financial constraints 96.50 per cent had expressed the constraints about high cost of mineral mixture. Constraints regarding to feeding practices, 97.00 per cent respondents had constraint about inadequacy of green fodder round the year. As regards to fodder production constraints, about 46.00 per cent respondents had expressed about lack of technical guidance for fodder production. In situational constraints lack of knowledge about machineries was the major constraint faced by 90.00 per cent respondents. In technical constraints majority i.e. 41.00 per cent of the respondents had encountered constraint like lack of scientific knowledge about improved dairy farming practices. As regards to breeding constraints 36.50 per cent respondents had faced constraints about distantly located AI centre. In selling of milk, 99.00 per cent of the respondents had expressed constraint about low price of milk. Regarding suggestions cent per cent of the dairy farmers suggested the better price for their milk. Cost of feed materials, veterinary services should be reduced (94.50 %), loan facility with lower interest rates for purchase of animals should be made available (89.50 %), market for purchase of animals should be arranged in nearby vicinity (89.00 %), availability of the credit and subsidy facilities for purchase of feed concentrates, improved machineries and other (81.50 %) and training regarding improved dairying practices has to be organized (75.50 %) were the major suggestions given by majority of the dairy farmers.ThesisItem Open Access JOB PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION OF SUBJECT MATTER SPECIALISTS AND PERCEPTION OF THE FARMERS TOWARDS EXTENSION SERVICE OF KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-12-12) SARNAIK, SHAILESH DINKARRAO; Bhople, Dr. P. P. Dr. P. P.The present study entitled, ‘Job performance and job satisfaction of Subject Matter Specialists and perception of farmers towards extension service of KrishiVigyan Kendra’ was carried out in eight KrishiVigyan Kendra under Western Vidarbha Zone of Maharashtra State with following specific objectives. 1. To study personal, communication and psychological characteristics of subject matter specialists of KVK 2. To study the personal, socio-economic, communication and psychological characteristics of the farmers 3. To study the job performance and job satisfaction of subject matter specialists of KVK 4. To study the perception of farmers towards extension service of KVK 5. To find out the relationship between selected characteristics of the subject matter specialists with their job performance and job satisfaction 6. To study the relationship between selected characteristics of the farmers towards their perception about extension service of KrishiVigyan Kendra 7. To study the extension activities carried out by subject matter specialists of KVK 8. To find out the constraints encountered by the subject matter specialists in their job performance The sample for the study was confined to the 48 Subject Matter Specialists working in the KVK’s to ascertain the job performance and job satisfaction of the SMSs, along with 240 contact farmers selected randomly, who were in regular contact with the SMS’s to obtain handful suggestion on agriculture and allied sectors as and when required to access the perception of farmers towards extension service of KrishiVigyan Kendra. The salient findings with regard to the selected characteristics of the SMSs revealed that, larger proportion (64.58%) of the Subject Matter Specialists belonged to the middle age group i.e. between 36 to 50 years of age. Exactly half (50.00%) of the SMSs were had observed with post-graduation in agriculture or in allied science as their academic qualification with more than half (54.17%) of the SMS were recorded with low level of service experience (below 10 years) as Subject Matter Specialists. Majority (56.25%) of the SMSs had attained the in-service training for period of more than two weeks, whereas, 58.33 per cent of the respondents had expressed medium level availability of the infrastructure facilities at their respective KVKs. Half (50.00%) of the SMSs working in the KVKs under the study area were reported their moderate use of sources of information followed by 66.67per cent and 58.33 per cent of the SMSs had shown good level of job commitment and job involvement respectively. Majority (60.42%) of the SMSs recorded above average level of achievement motivation followed by slightly above half (52.08%) of the SMSs were moderately satisfied with the prevailing organizational climate at their respective KVK’s. Job performance and job satisfaction of the Subject Matter Specialists were studied as dependent variables, the findings with regard to the job performance of the SMS revealed that, 89.58 per cent SMS’s recorded themselves under good job performance category as per their self-rating whereas, 72.92 per cent of the SMSs falls under good job performance category as per the superior rating obtained from the Programme Coordinator about the job performance of the SMSs. Job performance and job satisfaction was assumed to be correlated with each other. It was observed that, job performance of an individual increases with the increase in the job satisfaction. Keeping this in view the job satisfaction of the SMSs was studied. It was observed that, more than half(54.17%) of the SMSs were recorded their satisfaction while working as SMSs in the KVK, while slightly above one third (35.42%) of the SMSs recorded their highest level of satisfaction while working as SMS. The relational analysis of the dependent variables with the selected characteristic of the Subject Matter Specialists was worked out, from the findings it was inferred that, sources of information, job commitment, job involvement, achievement motivation and organizational climate had positive and highly significant relation with the job performance of the SMSs at 0.01 level of probability whereas infrastructure facilities was found positive and significant correlation at 0.05 level of probability with their level of job performance. The rest of the variables under the study did not show any kind of relationship with the job performance of the SMSs. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the independent characteristics was recorded 0.8683, which means that 86.83 per cent of total variation in the job performance of the Subject Matter Specialists was observed due to presence of above mention characteristics of the SMSs. The coefficient of correlation was also worked out between selected characteristics of the SMSs with their job satisfaction, the findings revealed that organizational climate had positively and highly significant with the job satisfaction of the SMSs at 0.01 level of probability whereas, infrastructure facilities, job commitment and job involvement had positive and significant with the job satisfaction of the SMSs at 0.05 level of probability. The remaining characteristics did not form any kind of relationship with the job satisfaction of the SMSs. The coefficient of determination (R2) was recorded 0.5320, which means 53.20 per cent of the total variation in the job satisfaction of the SMSs was recorded due to the presence of above characteristic of the SMSs. The constraints experienced by the SMSs during their job performance were recorded and tabulated in their rank order. No provision of family pension after retirement (70.83%), lack of promotional opportunities (62.50%) followed by lack of response from farmers in participation of training programme (58.33%), lack of job diversity (52.08%) and lack for facility for medical claims (50.00%) were the major constraints reported by the Subject Matter Specialists in their job performance. The findings with regard to the extension activities carried out the SMSs during last one year were analyzed, results indicated all the SMSs had organized 152 FLD’s, 140 OFT’s, 103 field days, 686 diagnostic visit and made 1058 field visits with 725 training programmes on the different aspects of crop cultivation. The other aspect of the study was to ascertain the perception of the farmers towards the extension service of KVKs. The findings with regard to the respondent farmers revealed that, slightly less than half (47.08%) of the farmers were belonged to the middle age category i.e. between 36 to 50 years of age. It was worthy to mention that majority (45.42%) of the farmers were recorded college-university level education while 36.25 per cent of the farmers were engaged in subsidiary occupation along with farming. The findings with respect to the land possessed by the farmers, it was revealed that almost equal number of the farmers i.e. 29.17 per cent and 28.33 per cent had semi medium and small type of land holding respectively. Larger proportion (44.58%) of the farmers were observed with the medium level of farming experience and majority of them 71.67 per cent were following seasonal cropping pattern followed by 60.83 per cent of the farmers had recorded medium level of extension contact and nearly half (47.92%) of them had underwent training up to period of one week. More than half of the farmers i.e. 56.67 per cent and 52.08 per cent were observed under the medium category of scientific orientation and innovativeness respectively. The perception of the farmers towards the extension service of KVK was studied as dependent variable. Larger proportion (57.50%) of the farmers under the study perceived the advisory services rendered through KVK were useful to them whereas, nearly one third (30.83%) of the farmers recorded extension services were extremely useful for them. The correlational coefficient was worked out to ascertain the relationship between the selected characteristics of the farmers with their perception towards the extension service of KVK, the findings revealed that extension contact, training received, scientific orientation and innovativeness formed positive and highly significant relationship with their perception towards extension service of KVKs at 0.01 level of probability, whereas, age, education and farming experience had found to be in a positive and significant relationship at 0.05 level of probability whereas, remaining characteristics of the farmers viz., occupation, landholding and cropping pattern does not form any kind of relationship with their perception towards the extension service of KVK. The findings with regard to the multiple regression analysis revealed that the coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.4867 which means that the selected characteristics under the study jointly contribute 48.67 per cent of the variation in the perception of the farmer's towards the extension service of the KrishiVigyan Kendra.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ORGANIC SOYBEAN CULTIVATION IN WESTERN VIDARBHA.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-12-03) PATIL, JYOTI MADHUKAR.; Koshti, Dr. N. R.The demand for organic food is growing fast in India and so most of the states in India are trying to convert a remarkable portion of their cultivated areas into organic farming. As such, worldwide there is a strong feeling that the solution of problems of conventional farming now lies in organic farming. According to a survey of IFOAM, only 0.83 per cent of organic area share to total agricultural land of India in 2016 has been under organic farming which accounts for a negligible part of total Indian agriculture production. Notwithstanding the growing opportunities in this field, there has been little effort in research front regarding evaluation of organic soybean cultivation in western Vidarbha. Therefore a research study entitled “Evaluation of Organic Soybean Cultivation in Western Vidarbha” was an attempt to explore farmers’ knowledge and adoption of recommended organic farm practices for organic soybean cultivation and the constraints faced by them in adoption of recommended organic farm practices. This was an outcome of bottom-up approach of hearing the voices from the field and sincere efforts of researcher to taking their concerns to the people who matter the most. There is an urgent need to create a data base on various aspects of organic farming followers in order to reorient the research agenda and train extension and development workers in organic farming. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with following specific objectives. 1. To study the profile of organic soybean growers 2. To study the status of organic farming in western Vidarbha in terms of percent increase in area under organic farm and number of organic farms 3. To study the comparative economic analysis of soybean crop production under organic and inorganic farming 4. To document the organic farm practices followed by the organic soybean growers and their adoption with respect to recommended organic farm practices 5. To examine the constraints faced by the organic soybean growers in adoption of recommended organic farm practices and during the conversion phase from conventional farming to organic farming 6. To study the relationship between the selected characteristics of organic soybean growers with their adoption of recommended organic practices and constraints faced by them 7. To document in-depth case study to analyze the impact of organic farming in term of quality of produce and price premium. The study was conducted in three districts of western Vidarbha namely Akola, Buldana and Washim. Four talukas in Akola district namely Patur, Akola, Murtijapur and Barshitakali were selected purposively for in depth study having highest concentration of organic soybean cultivators involved in organic soybean production. The data were collected from 200 organic soybean growers and 10 per cent of whole sample size i.e. 20 inorganic soybean growers were selected randomly by following proportionate stratified random sampling method spread over 10 villages across the 4tahsils of Akola district by conducting field survey and applied diagnostic research design of social research. Apart from in depth interviews with the 200 organic soybean growers and 20 inorganic soybean growers, five group discussions were also carried out in the study area. For fulfilling other objectives, the researcher collected the information of total number of organic farm, farmers and total area under organic soybean cultivation in the study area has been collected from respective agencies and changes with respect to area under organic soybean cultivation over time, organic farm practices followed by the organic soybean growers and different indigenous knowledge and practices they knew and actually used in the farm, the rationale behind using these indigenous practices and how beneficial of them for organic farming and the information on year wise constraints faced by the organic soybean growers in adoption of recommended farm practices in conversion phase with suggestions to overcome the narrated constraints.The data collected from the respondents was then suitably organized, scored, classified, tabulated and analyzed in line with the objectives of the study. The data were also subjected to statistical treatments and analysis with the help of appropriate statistical techniques and tests. The results pertaining to independent variables revealed that 61.00 per cent of the organic soybean growers belonged to the middle age category i.e. 36 to 50 years followed by young age and old age category, more than two-fifth i.e. 43.00 per cent of the organic soybean growers possessed college level education followed by high school level. Nearly half i.e. 47.00 per cent of the organic soybean growers have medium (05 to 06 family members) family size followed by small family size. Maximum percentage of organic soybean growers (63.00%) was found in semi medium category of land holding i.e. 2.01 to 4.00 ha. More than half of organic soybean growers (55.00%) possessed medium (2.67 to 3.32 ha) area under organic soybean cultivation. Nearly two-third (63.50%) of the organic soybean growers had medium (9 to 13 years) level of farming experience and 44.50 per cent of them had annual income between Rs. 2,90,001/- to Rs. 3,80,000/-. Maximum number (42.50%) of the organic soybean growers had possessed more than 4 animals. Two third of the organic soybean growers (65.50%) had received medium duration training (08 to 18 days) followed by short and long duration training. Majority of the organic soybean growers i.e. 74.00 per cent had medium level of agriculture infrastructure. Majority of the organic soybean growers (70.00%) had medium level of extension orientation and two third of them (66.50%) had medium level of motives behind organic farming. Exactly three fourth of the organic soybean growers (75.00%) had medium level of risk orientation and majority of them (60.00%) had medium level of market orientation. More than two third of the organic soybean growers (67.00%) had medium level of economic motivation and majority of them (84.50%) had medium level of knowledge followed by high and low level of knowledge.The results pertaining to independent variables revealed that majority of the organic soybean growers (79.50%) had medium level of adoption followed by high and low level of adoption. Many of the organic soybean growers (60.50%) had highly severe level of constraint severity index. The findings in present research clearly indicated that in the year 2016, 2017 and 2018, Akola, Buldana and Washim districts had 27, 61 and 78 organic farm or organic farming groups which include 689, 1727 and 1566 organic farmers those covers 385.40 ha, 596.02 ha and 368.59 ha area under organic farming respectively. In the year 2018, all these farms come under in conversion phase 3 (IC-3) or certified organic with remark “PGS-INDIA ORGANIC”. In today’s date means in the year 2019 all these farms were certified organic. All these organic farms go through the PGS-India’s certification procedure under PKVY scheme for western Vidarbha. The data collected from the NGOs and Suminter India Organics, etc clearly indicated that Akola, Buldana and Washim districts had total 6624, 741and 541 organic soybean growers and 17,725.49 ha, 1,598.13 ha and 1,112.48 ha area recorded under “Certified Organic” category. The data recorded for Akola district regarding area and number of organic soybean growers was highest among the three districts of western Vidarbha. The findings regarding percent increase in number of organic soybean growers in Akola district clearly revealed that with comparison to the year 2006 there was 26.97 per cent increase in the year 2007. As compared to 2007, there was unexpected increase in the area of organic soybean cultivation (386.00%) was observed over a period of decade (i.e. year 2007 to year 2016). Whereas, Washim district recorded 28.70 per cent increase and Buldana district recorded 12.99 per cent increase in the year 2007. The findings pertaining to economic analysis of organic and inorganic soybean revealed that input utilization for organic soybean cultivation is much lesser as compared to inorganic soybean cultivation, except labour cost. Total human labour requirement for organic and inorganic soybean cultivation was 65.37 man days and 58.36 man days, respectively and total cost required to pay labour charges for organic and inorganic soybean cultivation was Rs. 13,921.13 and Rs. 12,631.62 respectively. Total cost required for per hectare cost of cultivation of organic soybean (Rs. 54,203.08) was less as compared to inorganic soybean (Rs. 64,547.82). Similarly the yield produced from organic soybean cultivation (20.89 qtls/ha.) was also found low as compared to yield obtained from inorganic soybean cultivation (22.03 qtls/ha.). However the prices received for organic soybean (3,382.98 Rs./qtl) was higher than price received for inorganic soybean (3,115.68 Rs./qtl). This price was found to be the most crucial factor in comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic soybean cultivation. Due to the lower investment and higher price return for production, reduces the per quintal cost of main produce i.e. in organic soybean cultivation was Rs. 2,486.74 per quintal and in inorganic soybean cultivation Rs. 2,799.74 per quintal. Further findings inferred that B:C ratio of organic soybean cultivation was 1.34 and of inorganic soybean cultivation was 1.11. This was shows that, organic soybean growers received more profit as compared to inorganic soybean growers. This was not because of higher production but, due to high premium prices received by organic soybean than inorganic soybean. The findings related to year wise constraints faced by the organic soybean growers in adoption of recommended organic farm practices revealed that the organic soybean growers faced the major constraints like, lack of information about standardized organic farming practices (67.00%), non availability of literature on package of practices for organic farming (87.50%) and non-availability of organic inputs like seeds, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides in time (93.50%) in the first year of conversion phase. During second year the major constraints were low yield (95.00%), non remunerative market prices (90.50%)and lack of suitable markets for sale of organic produce (86.50%). The most important year in the process of organic certification was third year and in this year organic soybean growers faced the major constraints like low yield level as compared to inorganic crops (83.50%), market rate not compensate to inorganic produce (97.00%) and the certification procedure is very complicated and expensive (94.50%). Researcher proposed the extension strategy to overcome the year wise constraints faced by organic soybean growers during conversion phase based on the suggestions received from all stake holders like organic soybean growers, experts in this field, different executing agencies like Department of Agril., NGOs, RCOFs, NCOF, SAUs, etc. In case of relational analysis, out of 16 independent variables the eleven variable viz; education, land holding, area under organic soybean cultivation, annual income, livestock possession, agriculture infrastructure, extension orientation, risk orientation, market orientation, economic motivation, and knowledge shows highly significant and positive correlation with adoption of recommended organic farm practices at 0.01level of probability while the other remaining three variables likefarming experience, training received, motives behind organic farming shows significant and positive correlation with adoption of recommended organic farm practices at 0.05 level of probability. The results of relational analysis were fitted in regression equation and regression analysis shows that, the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.9651, indicated that, all the selected variables contributed 96.51 per cent of the total variation in dependent variable adoption of recommended organic farm practices. Again out of 16 independent variables education, land holding, annual income, agriculture infrastructure, extension orientation, risk orientation and knowledge were found negatively significant at 0.01 and 0.05 level of probability with the constraints severity index. The results of relational analysis were fitted in regression equation and regression analysis which shows that, the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.1440, it means that, all the selected variables contributed 14.40 per cent of the total variation in dependent variable over all constraints severity index. In depth case study of successful organic grower Mr. Rajendra Tale explored that, he increased his area under organic farming till date and his whole land is now certified organic by certification agency. His net annual profit from 6.5 acre land is more than 6 lakh. Mr. Tale continuously carried new experiments on his field which are now beneficial to other farmers like cycle spraying pump which covers 1 acre area within 20 to 30 minutes. In the year 2015, he got Swaminathan Foundation fellowship and many awards for his outstanding contribution in organic farming. The organic practices followed by Mr. Tale on his own farm and getting quality produce and fetching premium prices in the market for his organic produce inspires other fellow farmers in the study area to adopt organic farming. Suggestions received from organic soybean growers revealed that awareness and training programme on advancement in organic farming should be organized through the concerned agencies, certification procedure should be made easy, simple and less costly, the subsidy should be given during the conversion period (first 3 years) by the concerned agencies in the form of organic inputs, infrastructure development and training for processing and value addition, fixation of minimum support price for organic produce, the separate market place should be established for the sale of organic products, etc. Overall, the findings of the study indicated the need for improving the adoption of organic farming in western Vidarbha which is beneficial to the human being and environment. An effort to increase in area under organic farming in western Vidarbha is required. Organic farmers should get organic inputs, subsidy at conversion phase and premium prices for their produce on time. Although government is taking serious efforts on all these issues but the fruits are yet to be ripened. There is need to re-evaluate, re-validate all the schemes related to welfare of organic farmers of the region to motivate inorganic farmers to go for organic cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES ON ITS MEMBERS.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-09-30) RATHOD, TRUPTI PREMSING.; MANKAR, Dr. D. M.People of rural India face lot of hardship to have a day’s square meal. Majority of them are occupied in agriculture, animal husbandry, and other ancillary activities. Income of agriculture activity has been as erratic as monsoon. Hence, rural people were forced to think of generating additional source of revenue. Since people are less literate and possess limited skills, the hunt for alternate income is constrained to few occupations. Therefore, majority of them chose rearing of milking cattle and selling its milk as a source for second income. The country produces only five percent of the total quantity of milk and this amount is too inadequate to meet the demand. As a result, many dairy cooperatives have been formed to meet local demand and to develop dairy industry. The study entitled “Socio-economic impact of dairy co-operative societies on its members” was conducted in Akola and Amravati district of Maharashtra state during 2017-18. The selection of these districts was done on the basis of maximum milk production which ultimately leads to the large beneficiary members. The present study was based on Ex-post facto Research Design of Social Research. The list of beneficiary members of dairy co-operative societies was obtained from respective District Dairy Development Officer and from the list of 20 dairy Co-operative Societies total 200 respondents was randomly selected. Approximately 10 regular members of each dairy co-operative society from last 5 years were selected for study. Data were collected by personally interviewing the respondents with the help of well-structured interview schedule and data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The characteristics of the DCS members like age, education, family size, occupation, land holding, herd size, milk production and its utilization, farm yard manure availability, mode of marketing, annual income, schemes, training received, social participation, extension contact, knowledge and adoption of modern dairying and animal husbandry practices by its members was studied as independent variable. Socio-economic impact of dairy co-operative societies as dependent variable and also constraints faced by the members of dairy co-operative societies in deriving benefits was studied. The salient findings of the present study revealed that majority of the members of dairy co-operative societies i.e. 54.50 per cent belonged to the middle age group between 36 to 50 years. More than one third i.e. 40.50 per cent of the members of dairy co-operative societies were educated up to secondary school (8th to 10th std.) level. More than half of the DCS members 54.00 per cent had medium family (5 to 6 members), the majority 63.50 per cent of the members were engaged in farming as well as dairy as a main occupation. Majority of members of dairy co-operative societies 42.00 per cent were possessed small land holding (up to 1.01 to 2.00) More than half i.e. 70.50 per cent of members of dairy co-operative societies possessed small herd size (up to 24). Regarding type of herd, majority of members of dairy co-operative societies (77.50 %) possessed discript cow. Majority of members of dairy co-operative societies 57.50 per cent belonged to low milk production i.e. (Up to 73.2 lit.). Regarding utilization of milk majority 63.00 per cent of the members were utilized their milk in dairy cooperative, home consumption and retail sale. More than half i.e. 56.00 per cent of members of dairy co-operative societies had used farm yard manure for own farm as majority of farmers engaged in dairying and farming. Majority 52.00 per cent of the members of dairy co-operative societies were selling their milk in dairy cooperative societies on daily basis, and remaining milk utilized by retail selling from home. In case of total annual income 75.00 per cent members of dairy co-operative societies had low annual income i.e. Up to Rs. 2,00,000. More than three fourth i.e. 87.00 per cent of members of DCS were not benefited from any scheme so, comes under no scheme (up to 0.66). Majority of the members of dairy co-operative societies (49.50 %) had received short duration training (Up to 7 days). More than half i.e. 61.50 per cent of the members of DCS were having medium social participation. Nearly three fourth of member of DCS (74.00 %) had medium extension contact. The data regarding practicewise knowledge of DCS member about modern dairying and animal husbandry practices and dairy co-operative societies observed that, regarding feeding management practices majority cent per cent i.e. 100.00 per cent DCS members having knowledge about feeding of concentrates for milk production. In housing management practices overwhelming majority percent of the DCS member had knowledge about availability of electricity in animal shed, Construction of housing structure for cattle and type of shed pakka/ katcha housing structure for cattle were 100.00, 99.00 and 95.00 per cent respectively. Regarding health management practices similar trend was observed where sprinkling of water were fully known by 100.00 per cent of DCS members. In breeding management practices, it was noticed that all the DCS members were fully knowledge i.e. 100.0 per cent about practicing natural service insemination in animal at proper time of heat. In milking management 100.00 per cent of the DCS members had knowledge about well ventilated and free from flies milking barn and milk is kept in a cool place to maintain the flavour and keeping quality. Calve management practices it was observed that 100.00 per cent members of dairy cooperative society having knowledge about colostrums feeding i.e. the first milk of the cow for the first 3 days. In case of animal bio waste management practices 100.00 per cent of the members of DCS having knowledge about use of dung for manure, use of dung for fuel/gas and use of dung for vermicompost. In case of marketing management practices of dairy co-operative societies 100.00 per cent of the members of DCS having knowledge about milk given to dairy cooperative societies on daily basis, selling milk as a hawkers, given to institutions or private persons, amount of milk kept for household consumption. In case of adoption most of the practices were found partially adopted by the farmers under feeding management practices, these are feeding of concentrates of milk production 98.00 per cent. In the cleaning management practices, 99.00 per cent of the DCS members were fully adopted the cleaning of milking utensils. Regarding health management, most of the DCS members had partially adopted these practices like sprinkling of water had 82.50 per cent. Regarding breeding management practices, most of the DCS members 60.00 per cent and 49.00 per cent had fully adopted the practice of Cross-breeds should be preferred for dairy purpose. Regarding calve management practices 99.00 per cent of the DCS members had full adoption about feeding of colostrums i.e. the first milk of the cow for the first 3 days. In management of pregnant animals most of the DCS members had partially adopted these practices majority 54.50 per cent of the members observed in feeding of additional ration after 7 month at 1.52 to 2 Kg per animal. In animal bio waste management practices 56.00 per cent of the DCS members found in full adoption of use of dung for production manure. Water management practices 99.00 per cent of the DCS members had full adoption regarding abundant supply of fresh, clean and soft water should be made available to animals. Regarding, marketing management practices of dairy co-operative societies 100.00 per cent of the members of DCS having full adoption about milk given to dairy cooperative societies on daily basis and amount of milk kept for household consumption. Regarding the socio-economic status of the DCS members was found low (4.95 to 7.95) i.e. 97.00 per cent before the member of dairy co-operative societies followed by 3.00 per cent observed in very low (Up to 4.94) but the hike of 94.00 per cent was observed in medium category (7.96 to 10.96) after the member of dairy co-operative societies followed by 4.50 per cent found in medium high category. The finding of relational analysis revealed that, amongst personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of DCS members education, milk production and its utilization, annual income and knowledge were highly and positively significant relationship with the socio-economic impact at 0.01 level of probability, while age, occupation, herd size, farm yard manure availability, mode of marketing, social participation, extension contact and adoption were found to be significantly correlated at 0.05 level of probability. Coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.34 that means all selected independent variables jointly explain significant amount of variation and the calculated ‘F’ ratio (5.991) was found to be significant at 0.01 level of probability. Regarding constraints in deriving benefits almost all of DCS members i.e. 93.00 per cent has expressed the constraints about irregular payment of milk bills by society and 92.00 per cent members about irregular or non availability of medical facilities for dairy animals followed by 83.50 per cent members about Absence of training facilities in dairy business and 81.50 per cent members about non availability of facilities of milk preservation, while 79.50 per cent members about non availability of local market for milk and milk product. In case of general constraints, all DCS members 100.00 per cent expressed their constraint about non availability of green fodder throughout the year followed by 91.00 per cent members about lack of knowledge about silage preparation and 90.00 per cent of members about high cost of preparation of milk product.ThesisItem Open Access SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL NEED OF THE SHADENET OWNERS(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-09-30) TELANGE, PRAJAKTA SATISH.; Mankar, Dr. D. M.A significant problem facing world agriculture is the variation in crop yields from year to year due to variation in environmental stresses like drought, flooding, high wind velocities and high or low temperatures damage. The greenhouse is generally covered by transparent or translucent material such as glass or plastic. The green house covered with simple plastic sheet is termed as poly house. The state of Maharashtra is the third largest state of the Indian union considering both the population as well as geographical area. Maharashtra has traditionally remained drought prone state. Almost nearly 70.00 per cent of the state’s geographical area lies in semi-arid region rendering it vulnerable to water scarcity. Every year, Vidarbha region and other part of the state are affected by drought or drought like condition affecting availability of water for drinking and irrigation. Hence, the cultivation of various crops under control situation is essential. Considering this in view the topic socio-economic development and technological need of the shadenet owners is selected for the research purpose. Specific objectives of the study are delineated as below 1. To study the profile of shadenet owners 2. To study the knowledge and adoption of shadenet owners about improved cultivation practices of the crops grown in shadenet 3. To develop and standardize the scale to measure the socio-economic status of shadenet owners 4. To study the impact of shadenet on socio-economic development of shadenet owners 5. To find out the technological needs of the shadenet owners 6. To study the relationship between the selected characteristics of shadenet owners and socio-economic impact of shadenet owners 7. To study the constraints faced by the shadenet owners regarding management of shadenet house Methodology: An Ex-post-facto research design of social research was used for the present investigation. The present investigation was carried out in Akola and Buldana Districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state. In the present study shadenet owners were selected purposively. The shadenet owners who were continuously using shadenet from last 3 years and having the area under shadenet more than 10 R (0.25 acre) based on list of 2009-10 of that particular village provided by Agriculture and Horticultural Departments working in Western Vidarbha was selected. For the propose study total 200 shadenet owners were selected by random sampling method from 2 districts of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Results: The findings indicated that, the majority 60.00 per cent of shadenet owners were between 36 to 50 years of age group, regarding family education status, more than half (51.50%) of the shadenet owners family were educated up to medium level, 36.00 per cent respondents were possessing large family size (7 and above). Nearly one half 42.00 per cent respondents engaged in agriculture as a major occupation with having a small size land holding (01.01 to 02.00). Majority (55.00%) of the shadenet owners having area under shadenet cultivation in between 0.11 to 0.25 ha and having farming experience between 5-6 years. Well/ tube well/ farm pond as a source of irrigation was possessed by 91.50 per cent of the shadenet owners. Regarding annual income of shadenet owners they were categorized into medium level of annual income in between Rs. 275000- 350000. The average annual income of the shadenet owners found Rs.332975. Most of the shadenet owners availed different subsidy occurred in agriculture and also overall development of shadenet owners. Shadenet owners have high level extension contact (40.50%) and high economic motivation (49.50%). Nearly one half (48.00%) of the shadenet owners found medium level of risk orientation and more than half (52.00 %) of the owners have medium level of innovativeness. The shadenet owners had high (60.50%) knowledge and 64.50 per cent of the respondents had medium adoption level. In knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of capsicum crop grown in shadenet house examined that, majority 89.00 per cent of the capsicum growers possessed knowledge about capsicum varieties grown under shadenet and only 55.00 per cent of the capsicum growers had knowledge about doses of application of growth regulators which was very less. Only 23.00 per cent the capsicum growers had adopted this cultivation practice. Regarding knowledge of improved cultivation practices of cucumber crop grown in shadenet house enlightened that, 88.00 per cent of the shadenet owners possessed high knowledge and high adoption level about stage of training of cucumber crop and only 56.00 per cent of the shadenet owners had less knowledge and less adoption level about time of weeding/ and application of weedicides. Little less than two third (72.00%) of the shadenet owners found in low (05.87 to 09.54) socio-economic status before use of shadenet house technology in their farm, followed by 28.00 per cent of shadenet owners found in very low (Upto 05.86) socio-economic status before use of shadenet house technology. Whereas, 56.00 per cent of shadenet owners converted into medium (09.55 to 13.22) socio-economic status after use of shadenet house technology in their farm, followed by 32.00 per cent of shadenet owners converted into high (13.23 to 16.90) socio-economic status and remaining 12.00 per cent of the shadenet owners have low socio-economic status after use of shadenet house technology in their farm. Regarding impact, it was found that, there was change in socio-economic status 72.32 per cent after use of shadenet house technology. The calculated ‘z’ value of all the parameters of SES scale was found to be positive and significant at 0.01 level of probability. The observed difference between two sample means and the error variance was computed as indicated ‘Z’ value was observed to be significant. In case of relational analysis, out of 16 independent variables except family size all were found positively significant at 0.05 and 0.01 level probabilities with dependent variable. The value of coefficient determinant (R2) was found 0.3621. It was indicates that, growth regulators and plant protection found the high rank based quotient, and give first rank to this as their major technological need. The investigation led to conclude that, all the shadenet owners had demanded technological need for growth regulators and plant protection measures as well as weed control by weedicide. The shadenet owners had less knowledge about the growth regulators and plant protection. They might have urged technological needs in these particular operations. Major constraints faced by shadenet owner were crop insurance was not covered for vegetables, complexity of loan procedure, lack of adequate and timely disbursement of loan. To overcome these constraints respondents had given the suggestion such as increase the amount of subsidy for protected cultivation, undergoing cluster and cooperative based approach in production and marketing of produce.