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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa

In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa. Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex. Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Molecular characterization and stability study in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes under early and terminal heat stress
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2019) YADAV, SUMAN; PANDEY, ANIL
    Present study entitled “Molecular characterization and stability study in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes under early and terminal heat stress” conducted under early-timely—late-sown environments during Rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 at research farm of TCA Dholi. The twenty genotypes belonging to various geographic locations and diverse pedigree reflected their genetic worth for thirty five morpho-physio-biochemical traits exhibiting sufficient variability. PCV higher than GCV revealed varying environmental influence. High h2 bs and GAM for LMSI, TSS, PA & PC in early and terminal stress conditions showed preponderance of additive gene action. Positive and significant association of VPD, DFFO, D50%F & DPM while, negative with PAPD expressed their phonological inter-relationship and more usefulness of VPD & PAPD for terminal heat stress condition. SYP positively with HI, EL, CC & PH (and also between EL & CC); while, negative with H.T.E. (early & terminal heat stress); OC, SPB & PC (early-sown) whereas, SI & H.S.I. (late-sown). SI & H.S.I. decrease with increased H.T.E. and subsequently, increased SYP can be utilized. HI with high positive direct effect and association was major yield predictor (early & late-sown) alongwith BYP (early) and EL, RWC & CC (terminal) heat stresses. On Tocher‘s, Canonical (vector) and K-mean clustering, Rajendra Sufalam and Urvashi (oligo-genotypic) alongwith RAURD-14-18, BPR-541-4, DRMR4001, DRMR-15-9, RGN-368, RGN-13, PRE-2013-19 and KMR (E)16-1 were divergent genotypes and also reflected desirable per se for various morpho-physio-biochemical traits. Nine crosses between divergent parents suggested 5 crosses involving DRMR-15-9, RAURD-14-18, BPR-541- 4, DRMR4001 & RGN-368 with Urvashi; and 4 crosses involving RGN-13, RGN-368, PRE-2013-19 & KMR (E) 16-1 with Rajendra Sufalam. PA & H.T.E. contributed maximum towards total divergence under both stress environments. Molecular diversity analyses also reflected PRE-2013-19, KMR (E)16-1 & RAURD-14-18 as divergent as well as genotypes with unique alleles; whereas, DRMR-15-9, Rajendra Sufalam and RGN-368 as genotypes with unique alleles. Thus, reflecting their overall usefulness as divergent genotypes. NI2A09, showed best polymorphic bands, highest (0.636) PIC values and four alleles per locus and can be effectively utilized for studying diversity of Indian mustard genotypes. Studied genotypes reflected variability in all six environments except for CT & RGR. Rajendra Sufalam offered stability under poor environment and found most suitable genotype for terminal heat stress-late-sown & timely-sown conditions. Also it was only stable stable (rich environment) genotype for oil content overall six environments as well as diverse stable parent with superior per se for many traits including SYP. RGN-13 with average and rich environment stability in early-timely and late-timely-sown conditions whereas, RAURD-14-11 and BPR-541-4 (rich environment stability) suitable for farmers for both early and late-sown with timely-sown agroecologies of Bihar. Suggested Indian mustard plant type for heat stress condition, the emphasis is required towards seedlings and early growth stages before flowering (SDW-VPD-DFFO), PAPD, DPM, high: LPMA, PBP, SPMA, SPB, SL, TSW, RWC & CC including SI, H.S.I. and H.T.E.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Heat Stress on Tissue Culture Response in Wheat Genotypes
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2019) Raj, Anant; Kumar, Harsh
    The effect of heat stress on tissue culture responses like callogenesis and organogenesis including green structures formation and rhizogenesis was studied in four wheat genotypes Sonara-64, PBW-343, HD-2967 and SIDS. Media were identified for callus formation and organogenesis from cultured mature embryos, the best medium for callus formation was MS + 4mg/l 2,4-D and for organogenesis MS + 1mg/l BAP + 0.5gm/l NAA. Mature embryos from pre-heat treated seeds were induced to develop callus and on the basis of calculated heat susceptibility index (HSI) and heat tolerance index (HTI), the genotype HD-2967 was the most heat tolerant followed by PBW-343. Genotype SIDS was the most heat sensitive followed by Sonara-64. The formed calli under controlled and heat stress were further pre-heat treated and cultured on differentiating medium for organogenesis. Genotype HD-2967 showed the best response followed by PBW-343, Sonara-64 and SIDS respectively under heat stress indicating their relative heat tolerance. Thus based on tissue culture responses under heat stress genotype HD-2967 and PBW-343 were heat tolerant and Sonara-64 and SIDS were heat sensitive. Molecular characterization study of eleven genotypes resulted in successful amplification with 12 SSR primer pairs. A total of 79 allelic variants were detected with an average of 6.07 alleles per locus and total 46 unique alleles were observed with an average of 3.53 unique alleles per locusat 13 SSR loci. The highest number Name of Student : Anant Raj Admission No./Registration No. : M/AB/199/2017-18 MajorAdvisor : Dr. Harsh Kumar Degree to be awarded : M.Sc.(Ag) in Agricultural Biotechnology Major Subject : Agricultural Biotechnology Minor Subject : Plant Breeding & Genetics Year : 2019 Total pages of the Thesis : 70+i-xiv (Bibliography) Title of the research problem : “Effect of heat stress on tissue culture response in wheat genotypes” of alleles per locus was observed in the B genome (38 alleles) as compared to A (24) and D (17) genomes. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.327 for the primer pairXgwm160 to 0.878 for the primer pairXgwm 577with an average of 0.764. The similarity coefficient was the maximum between HD-2967 and BWL-9022 (0.519) and the minimum (0.0) infour pair-wise combinations HD-2967 with Purulla, PBW-343 with Sonalika, BWL-9022 with Sonalika and KSG-1186 with Sonalika. It ranged from 0.0 to 0.519 indicating the presence of wide range of genetic diversity at molecular level among the genotypes. Dendrogram was constructed using Dice similarity coefficients. The entries were divided into three groups on the basis of drawing phenon line at 0.20 coefficient of similarity level.Cluster A grouped together highly heat tolerant genotypes (PBW-343, HD-2967, BWL-9022 ), cluster B grouped moderately heat tolerant genotypes (Purulla, Seri-82, SALEMBO, KSG-1186 ) except CIANO-T-79 ( moderately heat susceptible) and cluster C grouped together highly heat susceptible genotypes (Sonara-64, SIDS, Sonalika) of wheat. Thus, molecular characterization revealed that genotypes under study were having genetically different levels of heat tolerance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on cloning of Starch Synthase III gene in wheat
    (Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2019) Kumar, Vishnu; Kumar, Rajeev
    Bread wheat is one of the primary sources of energy and proteins for millions of people world over. Starch is the most critical food energy source in the world and constitutes 65% to 80% proportion of the wheat grain weight. Starch synthase III is directly associated with starch accumulation in wheat. Hence, the present investigation entitled “Study on cloning of Starch Synthase III gene in wheat” was conducted to clone the full length of starch synthase III genes. The work includes detailed In-silico characterization of genome-specific TaSS-III genes in wheat, covering positions of exons, introns, location of the genes in chromosomes, phylogenetic analysis, protein’s domain analysis, and expression analysis under heat stress conditions. The genomic DNA of heat susceptible PBW-343 and tolerant KSG-1186 genotypes was used for PCR amplification of TaSS-IIIa1D gene using gene specific primers, and using pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector, and then sequenced to detect the SNPs. Two homologs of the TaSS-III genes, TaSS-IIIa and TaSS-IIIb, were found on the plus strand of chromosome 1 (1A, 1B & 1D) and minus strand of chromosome 2 (2A, 2B &2D), respectively. All homeologous copies of the gene contained 16 exons. Out of which, 3rd was the largest (1698-2757 bp) and 2nd the smallest (64 bp). Besides, 15 introns were identified in the gene. Among which 1, 5, and 8 were longer (391-2906 bp, 447-910 bp, and 591-899 bp), and 6, 13, 14, and 15 were shorter (75-114 bp, 83-99 bp, 87-90 bp, and 81-118 bp) in size. Exon 1 and 3 of the homologous and homeologous copies of the genes exhibited maximum variation. Introns were found relatively more variable than the exons. The average length of the total intronic region of the genes was estimated slightly longer than that of its coding sequence. TaSS-IIIa1B, TaSS-IIIa1D, and TaSS-IIIb2A contained 3 splice variants, TaSS-IIIb2B & TaSS-IIIb2D contained 2 splice variants and TaSS-IIIa1A contained only a single transcript. Phylogenetic analysis showed that copy of the gene present on the 1st chromosome (1A, 1B & 1D) share maximum similarity with HvSS-IIIa followed by BdSS-IIIa, OsSS-IIIa, SbSS-IIIa, and ZmSS-IIIa whereas, TaSS-IIIb exhibited maximum similarity with OsSS-IIIb followed by ZmSS-IIIb and SbSS-IIIb respectively. Maximum dissimilarity for SS-III genes was found between monocots and dicots. For both TaSS-III genes, the sequences found on A and D genomes were more similar than that of the gene on the B genome. Domain analysis revealed that the glycosyltransferase (GT) domain was most conserved among all the domains. Three SBDs were found in each of the homeologous copies of TaSS-IIIa & TaSS-IIIb protein, wherein the positions of tryptophan amino acids were found conserved. Expression analysis of both copies showed that TaSS-IIIb expresses in the tissues viz. leaf, stem, root, spike, & grain and in much higher amounts than TaSS-IIIa. Whereas, TaSSIIIa expression was highly specific to endosperm in the grain. The expression of the TaSS-III genes reduces due to heat stress. Sequencing of the products of direct PCR and indirect vector cloning showed that in-vitro amplification and in vivo amplification products have no variation. A total of 49 SNPs were identified in 10,529bp of the TSS-IIIa1D gene between the PBW-343 and KSG-1186 genotypes. Twenty-nine specific SNPs were identified in heat-sensitive genotype (PBW-343), and 20 specific SNPs were identified in the heat-tolerant genotype (KSG-1186). There were 14 intronic and 15 exonic SNPs contributing to 18 transitions and 9 transversions in the PWB-343 genotype, reflecting the transition bias. While in genotype KSG-1186, 9 transitions, 9 transversions, and two deletions are contributing to 6 intronic and 14 exonic SNPs showing no such bias. Maximum SNPs were detected in 3rd and 8th exons of PBW-343, whereas in genotype KSG-1186, only 3rd exon contained maximum SNPs. Exon 3 was found to be evolutionarily highly variable among all monocots and dicots taxa. Between PBW-343 and KSG-1186, 18 SNPs consisting of 11 transitions, and 7 transversions were found, reflecting the transition bias. Seven SNPs found associated with SBD-1, SBD-2 and SS-CD domains of the TaSS-IIIa1D protein. In SBD-1, one non-synonymous and one synonymous mutation were observed in both PBW-343 and KSG-1186; in SBD-2, one non-synonymous mutation was observed in KSG-1186 whereas, one non-synonymous and one synonymous mutation were observed in SSCD of PBW-343.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IN-SILICO AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF YSL1 GENE IN WHEAT
    (Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2019) Panigrahi, Sourav; Kumar, Rajeev
    Wheat is the staple food for the majority of people in the world and thus forms an important component of human nutrition and hence its bio-fortification concerning mineral nutrients is a major concern in the scientific world. In this study, the biofortification of wheat with respect to grain Fe and Zn content has been taken into consideration. Twenty-five wheat genotypes were sown under normal and late sown conditions (heat stress). Estimation of Fe and Zn content in wheat grains was done by AAS after wet digestion by Nitric acid: Perchloric acid:: 1:3. The data about Fe and Zn content in grains of wheat sown under normal and late conditions were analyzed statistically and it was found that there was a reduction of Fe and Zn content in the late sown than the normal sown conditions in most of the genotypes under study. Contrarily, 5 genotypes showed increased Fe accumulation and seven genotypes showed increased Zn accumulation in wheat grains under late sown condition, thus exhibiting negative HSI values. This distribution of Fe and Zn content over two dates of sowing was subjected to cluster analysis and were classified into three groups Fe content and 4 groups based on Zn content in seed. The YSL gene family plays an important role in Fe and Zn homeostasis into the grains. In this study, all 63 members of the YSL gene family were identified in the wheat genome. Out of all the TaYSL genes, TaYSL2, in particular, was characterized in silico and was found to be expressed in the spike and involved directly in metal-NA loading into the seeds. Three homeologous copies of the gene TaYSL2 namely TaYSL2-6A, TaYSL2-6B and TaYSL2-6D, were identified on the 6th chromosome of each of the three genomes. 6 introns and 7 exons were found in each of the homeologous copies of the gene. In-silico expression of TaYSL2-6A increased many folds under prolonged drought conditions, TaYSL2-6B increased many folds under heat stress and combined stress of heat and drought increases the expression of TaYSL2-6B to many folds and TaYSL2-6D significantly. TaYSL2 gene was taken up for molecular characterization using gene-based genome-specific primers as well as gene-based SSRs primer in 12 genotypes selected from the varied Fe and Zn content data. Amplification was obtained successfully in all the designed primers. A total of 67 alleles including 37 unique alleles, were obtained from all the primers. The PIC value of primers ranged from 0.542 to 0.904. Maximum polymorphism was observed in B genome followed by A and D genomes respectively. Dice's similarity coefficient computed from the molecular data analysis ranged from 0.821 to 0.672. Based on the similarity coefficient, the genotypes were classified into 4 clusters and were successfully correlated with the Fe and Zn content data.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on variability and management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense isolates causing Panama wilt of banana
    (Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2019) Shukla, Daya Nand; Singh, S.K.
    Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important fruit crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical region throughout the world. Panama wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 strain B2 was first time identified in Dwarf Cavendish group of banana cultivar by sending culture to Agharkar Research Institute, Pune. Panama wilt of banana incited by TR4 was found only in Koshi belt, whereas Race 1 and Race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense were present in Vaishali belt and this belt was found free from TR4 strain B2 during course of investigation. Inoculum mixed with sterilize soil @ 5% w/w (T5) was found most effective among all the tested inoculation techniques. The cv. FHIA-17 (AAAA) showed some level of tolerance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR 4 strain B2under sick plot condition during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Fourteen different fungicide and novel chemicals were tested in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. Native (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25%) was found to exhibit 100% inhibition in vitro, whereas in pot conditions 86.2% inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR 4 strain B2 in cultivar Alpan (AAB) was observed. Aqueous extract of Garlic creeper (Adenocalymma alliaceum) was found superior among all the tested botanical extracts, while among bio-agents, Trichoderma viride (Native) was found most effective against the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR 4 strain B2. For integrated management of Panama wilt of banana incited by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 strain B2, the maximum inhibition of percent wilt index (93.1%) and percent vascular wilt index (93.4%) were observed in T12 (dipping roots of TC planting materials in Nativo (tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%) for 45 minutes followed by soil drenching with help of Nativo (tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%)@150 ml/pit +Garlic creeper (10%)@ 100 ml/pit and soil application of 50g BCA (Trichoderma viride(107)+Trichoderma harzianum(107)in1:1ratio) at 2nd 4th and 6th and 0, 3rd, 5th and 7th month after planting respectively . The next best treatment was T11 (dipping roots of TC planting materials in Nativo (tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%) for 45 minutes followed by soil drenching with Nativo (tebuconazole 50%+trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%)@150 ml/pit +soil application of 50 g BCA (Trichoderma viride (107)+Trichoderma harzianum(107)in1:1ratio) at 2nd 4th and 6th and 0, 3rd, 5th and 7th month after planting with more than 90% inhibition of wilt index and vascular wilt index .However difference between T11 and T12 was non- significant .
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Growth and instability of food grain production in Bihar: regional analysis
    (Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, samastipur, 2019) Kumari, Priyanka; Singh, Krishna Murari
    Agriculture is considered as backbone of the economy of Bihar. Agriculture contributed about 22 percent to the state GDP during 2010-14. The state has attained self sufficiency in food grains production, even though the productivity of various farm produces are much below the corresponding national average. Inspite of rich fertile soils and abundance of ground water the net sown area is shrinking on account of increasing population pressure and climatic variability. The agricultural production can further be enhanced through raising cropping intensity, changing cropping pattern, genetic improvement in crop varieties, mechanized cultivation practices and making availability of improved post harvest technology etc. Analysis of cropping pattern indicated that cereal crops like; paddy, wheat and maize were dominating crops in Bihar. Rice and wheat together contributed more than 60 per cent in gross cropped area. Paddy area declined but wheat area showed increasing trend for entire period of study, but, area of pulses declined in Bihar and all agro- climatic zones, except in zone II which exhibited fluctuating trend. Rapeseed & mustard is no doubt an important crop but growth in area reflected mixed trend in all zones and the state, whereas, area share of sugarcane and potato showed increasing trend. Area has increased only in case of wheat and maize, while the area under other crops like paddy, gram, red gram, lentil, green gram and rapeseed & mustard declined over both the referenced points of time i.e., 2005 over 1995 and 2016 over 2005 in Bihar. However, paddy, wheat and maize production observed increasing trend during both the referenced points. Among pulse crops, only lentil registered increase in production in the state. Productivity of all the crops under investigation registered positive trend at both the referenced points of time, only rapeseed & mustard observed declining trend in first point of reference. In zone I, it was found that wheat, gram, lentil and rapeseed & mustard registered increase in area under crops in the first decade. Production scenario indicated that only cereal crops like paddy, wheat and maize showed positive variation with respect to the reference period of time in zone II. In zone IIIA, the results indicated that decadal change in area of almost all the crops under investigation was observed negative in the first decade. In case of production and productivity of all the crops except gram (-23.08%) and red gram (-33.21%) in production and red gram (-30.36%) in productivity registered positive changes in production and productivity. In zone III B, area under wheat registered positive (10.61%). Production and productivity of most of the crops under study were also found positive except for some pulse crops. Compound growth rate of area of paddy observed negative for overall period in the state and for different zones except zone II. But in case of wheat, area was found positive in zone I, zone IIIB and the state for overall period. In case of maize, area during overall period was positive in zone II, zone IIIB and for the state as a whole. Growth rate of area in major pulse crops and oilseed crops mostly declined during different periods in all the zones and the state. Production and productivity of major cereal crops and lentil in pulses group was found positive, except it was negative in zone II and zone-IIIB for period II & IIIB. For overall period in all the zones and the state production of lentil was positive except in zone-II. Red gram, Gram and Green gram showed mixed trend. Instability in area of cereals i.e., paddy and wheat and maize was comparatively low during overall period in the state, while production and productivity of these crops were found more unstable as compared to area. Besides several other factors, total production of crop output is determined mainly by yield, area and their interaction effect. In the state, yield effect was positive during all study periods except period-I in paddy. Area effect exerted negative effects on production of paddy in the state. In zone wise analysis, area effects for most of the periods were computed negative and interaction effects were observed negative in all zones for most of the periods under study. In wheat, yield effect for all the periods in the state and in all the zones was found positive. Similar trend was found in case of area effect except in period-III for zone-II. Interaction effects reflected mixed scenario. In maize crop, yield effect, area effect and interaction effect were found positive for all the periods under investigation in zone II and Bihar. Change in production in red gram and gram was mainly due to area effect. But in lentil, production was influenced by yield effect. In green gram, area effect and yield effect were assessed fluctuating during the period of investigation. For most of the periods in different zones, area and interaction effect have positive influence on augmenting the production of rapeseed and mustard in the state. A detail analysis on components of growth performance was carried out. In paddy and wheat crops, irrigated area and consumption of fertilizer were found significantly positive components in augmenting production of these crops in the state but only irrigated area emerged as an important factor in maize. In case of pulse crops total area was common factor of the production of respective crop which was positively significant in red gram, gram and green gram. Rainfall affected adversely to production of lentil. Total area of the crop, irrigated area and fertilizer consumption played positive and significant role in production of rapeseed & mustard. Yield gap analysis was carried to know the actual differences in demonstration yield and average yield of farmer‟s field in the state and its agro-climatic zones. In case of paddy, yield gap was comparatively higher in zone IIIA (28.19%) and it was 18.43 % in the state as whole. Yield gap in wheat was assessed comparatively high, 28.98% in zone-IIIA and it was computed to be 26.42 % for the state. Yield gap in maize was estimated to be 32.49% in the state and highest yield gap was found in zone-I and lowest in zone-IIIB. The yield gap was recorded comparatively low in case of lentil (23.01 %) and high in case of green gram (49.39 %) followed by red gram (36.33 %) and in gram (24.38%). In case of rapeseed and mustard, mean yield gap was recorded 28.88% for the state. Among the zones, zone IIIB recorded the highest yield gap of 32 % and lowest 27.85% in zone II. The study suggests that there is need for research and innovation at the state level to embrace and leverage new technologies. Offering credit support to the individual farmer and at cluster levels is highly desirable to ensure the adoption of technology and diversification. There is a need to emphasize on National Agriculture Market (eNAM) which is a digital-India electronic trading portal which helps to get knowledge about the market of agricultural commodities. However, arrangement should also be made to improve the farmers‟ access to eNAM portal. On the other side, Bihar‟s agriculture sector is also facing the wrath of natural calamities, particularly flood in north Bihar and drought in south Bihar. Therefore, through the use of appropriate crop technology and extending crop insurance for all farmers would help to reduce risk of climatic variation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Adoption behaviour of jute growers in Kosi region of Bihar
    (Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricutural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2019) Kumar, Amit; Ansari, Naushad
    The study entitled “Adoption Behaviour of Jute Growers in KosiRegion of Bihar” was conducted with the specific objectives to know the socio-economic conditions, their level of knowledge and extent of adoption about jute cultivation practices along with the association between selected independent variables. Attempts were also made to identify the constraints faced by the jute growers and to explore the suggestions given by them to overcome the constraints and various problems occurring in jute cultivation. The present study was carried out in Kosi region of Bihar. Three district namely Madhepura, Saharsa and Supaul were selected for the study, from these three districts one block from each district were selected on the basis of major area under jute cultivation.And from each block two villages were selected randomly, further fifteen respondents were selected from each villages constituting a total sample size of 90 jute growers for the study purposes. Face to face interaction with the help of well prepared interview schedule was used for collection of data. The collected data were analyzed with the help of frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation and Pearson‟s correlation coefficient. The study revealed that majority of the jute growers of Kosi region were belonged to middle age group, having primary/middle school level of education, maximum percentage of them belonged to backward class and having marginal land holding area. It was also indicated that majority of them having medium level of their annual income from all available sources,they were medium in contact with different extension agencies, their exposure to mass media tools were medium to high. They were also medium in orientation towards scientific cultivation, economic orientation and also in risk bearing ability. The findings also indicated that, they weremedium in level of knowledge and extent of adoption of jute production technology.The study also revealed that out of ten independent variables, eight variables i.e. education, land holding, annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation, economic orientation and risk orientation shows positive significant relationship with the knowledge level and extent of adoption of jute growers towards jute cultivation practices. Age shows negative correlation with knowledge level and adoption of jute growers and caste shows non-significant relationship with the level of knowledge and adoption. It is concluded that the major constraints faced by the jute growers in Kosi region of Bihar were lack of mechanization for processing of jute after harvest, lack of proper storage house, appearance of different types of insect, pest and diseases, intensity of flood and drought, lack of proper marketing channel, unaware of the practice of seed treatment, lack of technical knowledge with respect to use of pesticides, lack of assured and adequate irrigation facility and poor drainage system and lack of extension service. The important suggestion given by jute growers were develop mechanization for extraction of jute, develop water resources and timely availability of water for retting, establishment of retting tanks, release of flood tolerant varieties, providing good quality seed at cheaper rate, appropriate control measures of pest and diseases, timely technical guidance and soil testing, provision of fertilizers on subsidized rates, supply of effective plant protection chemicals,provision of credit facility, develop proper market structure to overcome the problem by middle manand providing good transport facility .
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on QTL analysis for heat stress response in wheat using doubled haploid population
    (RPCAU, PUSA, Samastipur, 2019) Pankaj, Yaswant Kumar; Kumar, Rajeev
    The inheritance of tolerance to high temperature stress at grain yield was investigated via a QTL analysis based on 167 doubled haploid progeny of a cross between the cultivar PBW 343 and KSG 1186. Performance data were collected from three different date of sowing in the month of 28 November, 22 December and 15 January, followed by almost one month gap period at the farm of Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all the traits under consideration namely grain yield and canopy temperature. Exploitable extent of correlation amongst the entries between both the characters for different date of sowing was present as revealed by considerably higher estimates correlation coefficient up to the value of (R = 0.88). Using composite interval mapping, a total no. of eight QTLs were identified for both the characters viz. canopy temperature and grain yield. QTL.ct2-6B was flanked by the marker barc127-cfd135 was having largest LOD score of 4.36 with the highest phenotypic variance (R2 = 23.28%). QTL.yld2-1A was flanked by gdm33-gwm136 was having the lowest LOD score of 2.54 with the lowest phenotypic variance (R2 = 11.66%). This scenario has indicated that LOD score and phenotypic variance are proportional to each other. Two QTLs viz. QTL.ct1-2A and QTL.ct2-6B related to canopy temperature has sown negative additive effect with the value of -0.92 and -1.20. The reason behind the negative additive effect is the mostly alleles contributing from the poor parent PBW 343 which is susceptible to heat stress. These information's can be used further for fine mapping and marker assisted selection in the near future.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Morphological and bio chemical characterization of Winged bean Rhizobium and its impact as seed Inoculant either singly or Combinedly with PGPR towards Yield Attributing Characters and Yield of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)”
    (Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kumari, Shweta; Yadav, R.C.
    A laboratory investigation for morphological and bio-chemical characterization and physiological properties of winged bean Rhizobium with a purified culture; and a field experiment consisting of four seed-inoculation treatments [No inoculation, Rhizobium, PGPR(Bacillus) and Rhizobium+PGPR(Bacillus)] and three nitrogen levels [0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1] in RBD (factorial) with three replications for evaluation of two winged bean germplasm IC-17002 and DLN-9, during crop season in the year 2014-15 and with better-performing IC-17002 in 2015-16 to find out impact of the Rhizobium as seed inoculant alone or in combinedly with PGPR on yield attributes and yield of winged bean were conducted at Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi Farm of RPCAU, Pusa (Bihar). The pure-culture of winged bean Rhizobium isolate was Gram-negative rod-shaped with a dimension of 0.59 μm x 1.81μm. The Rhizobium tested vis-à-vis (pea, gram, lentil and moong-rhizobia) showed a wide diversity in tolerance for its growth at different pH values, though neutral pH being the optimum. The winged bean-Rhizobium isolate produced 64.6 μg mL-1 of IAA at 72h of incubation with antibiotic-resistance and carbon-utilization test, the Rhizobium isolate was found to be resistant to vancomycin (30μg) and utilized a wider group of carbon sources than other rhizobia. The Fatty-Acid-Methyl-Ester (FAME) profiling confirmed that it belonged to Rhizobium-miscellany group. Seed inoculation and nitrogen levels greatly influenced nodule-parameters, nitrogenase activity and yield attributes, value of which were the highest with the combined inoculation of Rhizobium+PGPR (Bacillus), followed by seed inoculation of Rhizobium alone, and differed significantly among themselves at both 60 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). Nitrogen application @ 20 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher nodule parameters over the control. The inoculation x nitrogen interaction effect was found to be significant with respect to nodule parameters. The combined inoculation of Rhizobium+PGPR (Bacillus) at 20 kg N ha-1 appeared significantly superior to other treatment combinations. S, Fe and Mo in the nodule recorded higher at 60 DAS than at 120 DAS. Rhizobium inoculation alone caused higher S and Mo content in nodule, whereas combined application of Rhizobium and PGPR recorded the highest Fe content at both growth stages. Nitrogen application @ 20 kg ha-1 increased Fe content significantly over no-nitrogen application at 120 DAS. The highest nitrogen content in pod was noted by combined inoculation of Rhizobium and PGPR treatment, followed by Rhizobium alone. Nitrogen @ 20 kg ha-1 was found to be superior to the higher level of N application. The combined inoculation of Rhizobium and PGPR at 20 kg N ha-1 proved better than the other treatments. The treatments recorded greater N and P content of winged bean plant at 60, 120 DAS and at harvest. In seed, Rhizobium and PGPR inoculation in combination recorded more N content than other treatments and was found to be at par with Rhizobium inoculation alone. Nitrogen application @ 20 kg ha-1 recorded higher N, P and K in seed of winged bean in first year only. Protein content in green edible pod, seed and tuber was significantly increased by combined inoculation of Rhizobium and PGPR over the control and was at par with the treatment of Rhizobium inoculation alone, whereas basal nitrogen @ 20 kg ha-1 favoured more protein content than higher level of nitrogen. After harvest of winged bean, the highest available soilnitrogen build-up was recorded with the treatment of Rhizobium inoculation alone. Seed-oil content (33.76 %) recorded the highest in the treatment with seed inoculation of PGPR at zero nitrogen application. The study proved the multiple-utilitarian potential of winged bean including its role in soil fertility improvement which was best with seedinoculation of Rhizobium-miscellany and PGPR either alone or in combination with basal dose of 20 kg N ha-1.