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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa

In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa. Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex. Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.

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20203
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Subject: Plant Physiology × End date: 2020 × Start date: 2020 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Zinc Nanoparticles on physiology of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under moisture stress condition
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Kumar, Satendra; Kumar, Shaliesh
    The present study entitled ‗‗Effect of zinc oxide Nanoparticles on the physiology of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under moisture stress conditions‘‘. The experiment was performed in laboratory condition. Screening of 20 mungbean genotypes was done in order to identify the contrast set of moisture stress tolerant and susceptible genotype via evaluation of germination percentage and seedling traits (7-days old seedling). The experiment was performed in laboratory condition in Petri plate, under 1st objective to identify the optimum concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles in both moisture stress tolerant and susceptible genotypes based on germination percentage and seedling traits (7-days old seedlings) under normal as well as moisture stress condition. And further in IInd objective the effect of seed priming and foliar application with optimum concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters in 10 days old seedling were studied in both identified moisture stress tolerant (SPM-19-42) and susceptible genotype (SPM-19-53) under normal and moisture stress condition. The screening experiment is conducted with twenty Mungbean genotypes to classify the contrasting collection of Mungbean genotypes based on changes in physiological traits and germination related parameters. In screening experiment moisture stress was induced chemically with the help of PEG 6000 at different concentration (10 % and 20%). The selection carried out based on germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour-I, and seedling vigour-II. Now both mungbean genotypes have been treated with different concentrations of zinc oxide Nanoparticles. The first objective was to define the optimum concentration of zinc oxide Nanoparticles based on germination percentage, germination capacity, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour-I, and seedling vigour-II. In the second objective, the response of pre-seed soaking treatment to an optimum concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles on mungbean seedling mechanism was studied in both control and moisture stress conditions. This was accomplished by observation of physiological parameters such as relative water content, membrane stability index and photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and Carotenoid content), SPAD value, chlorophyll stability index and lipid peroxidation. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, specific leaf weight, dry matter portioning, and biochemical parameters such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and Proline were taken under consideration. Overall moisture stress has adverse effects on seed germination, RWC, pigment content and also on dry matter partitioning in mungbean. Among the concentrations the pre-seed soaking with 50 ppm of ZnO Nanoparticles was effective in improvement of seedling growth and physiology of mungbean under normal as well as moisture stress conditions. The performance under seed priming along with foliar application with optimum concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles (50 ppm) was most effective among treatments in improving physiological and biochemical traits and overall plant growth of mungbean seedlings of both tolerant and susceptible genotypes under normal as well as water stress condition. Seed priming and foliar application with a concentration of 50 ppm of ZnO Nanoparticles can therefore be an effective alternative approach to reducing the adverse affect of moisture stress on mungbean seedling. However, more research is required under field conditions, to use ZnO NPs to reduce adverse affect of moisture stress in mungbean crop.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of zinc nanoparticle on physiology of mungbean [Vigna radaita (L.) Wilczek] under normal and salinity stress condition
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Sherpa, Dayanji; Kumar, Shailesh
    About 20 per cent of the world’s cultivated area and approximately 50 % of the world’s irrigated lands are moved by salinity making it one of the main constraint for crop growth and production. As Mung bean is sensitive to salt stress and increasing salt concentration reduces its growth, development and yield attributes. On the other hand, potential of nanoparticles; in addition, the role of Zn in plant system as micronutrient, and the ZnO nanoparticle in agricultural research has suggested the possibility of zinc contribution in developing tolerance against the effect of stress. The present study entitled “Effect of zinc nanoparticle on physiology of Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under normal and salinity stress condition” was conducted with two objectives i.e. (1)To assess the effect of seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles on germination physiology and seedling growth of Mung bean genotypes under normal and salinity stress condition. (2) To investigate the response of seed priming and foliar spray of zinc oxide nanoparticles on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of Mung bean seedlings under normal and salinity stress condition. The emergence percent and seedling traits were evaluated in 10-days old seedlings under 1st objective and morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in 25-days old seedling under 2nd objectives in both salinity tolerant (TMB-37) and susceptible (MH-1314) genotypes of mung bean grown in pot condition under normal along with saline soil condition. In addition, dry matter and other growth paramters were also evaluated at harvesting stage i.e. 60 days after emergence in both genotypes under normal and saline soil condition. Salinity significantly reduced emergence percent and seedling traits i.e. shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, seedling length, vigour index-I, vigour index-II and SPAD value; However, the reduction percent was greater in susceptible genotype (MH-1314) as compared to tolerant genotype (TMB-37). Seed were primed with different concentration of ZnO nanoparticles i.e. T1 (50 ppm), T2 (100 ppm), T3 (250 ppm), T4 (500 ppm) and T5 (1000 ppm); where, emergence percent significantly increased with T1 and T2 in tolerant genotype, with T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in susceptible genotype under normal along with saline soil condition, significantly increased shoot length, shoot dry weight, seedling length, vigour index- I, vigour index –II and SPAD value with T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in both genotypes under normal along with saline soil condition. Similar was reflected for root length and root dry weight except root length of susceptible genotype and root dry weight of both genotypes which in contrast significantly decreased with T5 i.e. when treated with 1000 pm of ZnO nanoparticles under normal along with saline soil condition. However, maximum percent change was exhibited by seed priming with ZnO nanoparticles of T1 i.e. 50 ppm in both tolerant and susceptible genotypes under normal along with saline soil condition. Salinity significantly affect morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters by reducing plant height, leaf area, specific leaf weight (SLW), dry matter of plant, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and by increasing the lipid peroxidation; in this concern, the percent change was greater in susceptible genotype as compared to tolerant genotype. And also by increasing specific leaf area (SLA), antioxidant machinery i.e. superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), peroxidise activity (POX) and proline content; where, the percent increase was greater in tolerant genotype in contrast to susceptible genotype. In addition, salinity significantly reduced dry matter of plant and its other growth paramters also i.e. plant height, leaf area and SLW and pod dry weight also. However, treatment with 50 ppm of ZnO nanoparticle with different methods i.e. T1 (seed priming with ZnO), T2 (foliar spray with ZnO) and T3 (seed priming + foliar spray with ZnO) significantly increased plant height, leaf area, SLW, dry matter of plant, RWC, MSI, photosynthetic pigments and CSI, significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and further increased SLA and antioxidant machinery i.e. SOD & POX and proline content in 25-days old seedling; in addition, also increased growth paramters (leaf area, SLW, pod dry weight etc) at harvesting stage in both genotypes under normal along with saline soil condition. However, optimum percent change in morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters, dry matter of plant and other growth paramters was exhibited by T3 (seed priming + foliar spray with 50 ppm ZnO NP) in both tolerant and susceptible genotypes under normal along with saline soil condition. The study suggest optimum dose of ZnO nanoparticles (50 ppm) increased the tolerance against salinity stress by maintaining membrane stability, by decreasing lipid peroxidation and by further increasing in proline content and antioxidant enzymatic activity (SOD and POX). Overall, the study demonstrates that seed priming followed by foliar spray with optimum dose ZnO nanoparticle (50ppm) improved the plant growth of mung bean genotypes under normal along with saline condition. This signifies that optimum levels of ZnO nanoparticles improved cell metabolism leading to promote growth and stress tolerance.