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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Zinc Nanoparticles on physiology of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under moisture stress condition(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Kumar, Satendra; Kumar, ShalieshThe present study entitled ‗‗Effect of zinc oxide Nanoparticles on the physiology of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under moisture stress conditions‘‘. The experiment was performed in laboratory condition. Screening of 20 mungbean genotypes was done in order to identify the contrast set of moisture stress tolerant and susceptible genotype via evaluation of germination percentage and seedling traits (7-days old seedling). The experiment was performed in laboratory condition in Petri plate, under 1st objective to identify the optimum concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles in both moisture stress tolerant and susceptible genotypes based on germination percentage and seedling traits (7-days old seedlings) under normal as well as moisture stress condition. And further in IInd objective the effect of seed priming and foliar application with optimum concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters in 10 days old seedling were studied in both identified moisture stress tolerant (SPM-19-42) and susceptible genotype (SPM-19-53) under normal and moisture stress condition. The screening experiment is conducted with twenty Mungbean genotypes to classify the contrasting collection of Mungbean genotypes based on changes in physiological traits and germination related parameters. In screening experiment moisture stress was induced chemically with the help of PEG 6000 at different concentration (10 % and 20%). The selection carried out based on germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour-I, and seedling vigour-II. Now both mungbean genotypes have been treated with different concentrations of zinc oxide Nanoparticles. The first objective was to define the optimum concentration of zinc oxide Nanoparticles based on germination percentage, germination capacity, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour-I, and seedling vigour-II. In the second objective, the response of pre-seed soaking treatment to an optimum concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles on mungbean seedling mechanism was studied in both control and moisture stress conditions. This was accomplished by observation of physiological parameters such as relative water content, membrane stability index and photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and Carotenoid content), SPAD value, chlorophyll stability index and lipid peroxidation. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, specific leaf weight, dry matter portioning, and biochemical parameters such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and Proline were taken under consideration. Overall moisture stress has adverse effects on seed germination, RWC, pigment content and also on dry matter partitioning in mungbean. Among the concentrations the pre-seed soaking with 50 ppm of ZnO Nanoparticles was effective in improvement of seedling growth and physiology of mungbean under normal as well as moisture stress conditions. The performance under seed priming along with foliar application with optimum concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles (50 ppm) was most effective among treatments in improving physiological and biochemical traits and overall plant growth of mungbean seedlings of both tolerant and susceptible genotypes under normal as well as water stress condition. Seed priming and foliar application with a concentration of 50 ppm of ZnO Nanoparticles can therefore be an effective alternative approach to reducing the adverse affect of moisture stress on mungbean seedling. However, more research is required under field conditions, to use ZnO NPs to reduce adverse affect of moisture stress in mungbean crop.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of salinity stress on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L..) and its amelioration using microbes(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Sowmya, Nagaram; KaviitaThesisItem Open Access Effect of zinc nanoparticle on physiology of mungbean [Vigna radaita (L.) Wilczek] under normal and salinity stress condition(DRPCAU, Pusa, 2020) Sherpa, Dayanji; Kumar, ShaileshAbout 20 per cent of the world’s cultivated area and approximately 50 % of the world’s irrigated lands are moved by salinity making it one of the main constraint for crop growth and production. As Mung bean is sensitive to salt stress and increasing salt concentration reduces its growth, development and yield attributes. On the other hand, potential of nanoparticles; in addition, the role of Zn in plant system as micronutrient, and the ZnO nanoparticle in agricultural research has suggested the possibility of zinc contribution in developing tolerance against the effect of stress. The present study entitled “Effect of zinc nanoparticle on physiology of Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under normal and salinity stress condition” was conducted with two objectives i.e. (1)To assess the effect of seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles on germination physiology and seedling growth of Mung bean genotypes under normal and salinity stress condition. (2) To investigate the response of seed priming and foliar spray of zinc oxide nanoparticles on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of Mung bean seedlings under normal and salinity stress condition. The emergence percent and seedling traits were evaluated in 10-days old seedlings under 1st objective and morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in 25-days old seedling under 2nd objectives in both salinity tolerant (TMB-37) and susceptible (MH-1314) genotypes of mung bean grown in pot condition under normal along with saline soil condition. In addition, dry matter and other growth paramters were also evaluated at harvesting stage i.e. 60 days after emergence in both genotypes under normal and saline soil condition. Salinity significantly reduced emergence percent and seedling traits i.e. shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, seedling length, vigour index-I, vigour index-II and SPAD value; However, the reduction percent was greater in susceptible genotype (MH-1314) as compared to tolerant genotype (TMB-37). Seed were primed with different concentration of ZnO nanoparticles i.e. T1 (50 ppm), T2 (100 ppm), T3 (250 ppm), T4 (500 ppm) and T5 (1000 ppm); where, emergence percent significantly increased with T1 and T2 in tolerant genotype, with T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in susceptible genotype under normal along with saline soil condition, significantly increased shoot length, shoot dry weight, seedling length, vigour index- I, vigour index –II and SPAD value with T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in both genotypes under normal along with saline soil condition. Similar was reflected for root length and root dry weight except root length of susceptible genotype and root dry weight of both genotypes which in contrast significantly decreased with T5 i.e. when treated with 1000 pm of ZnO nanoparticles under normal along with saline soil condition. However, maximum percent change was exhibited by seed priming with ZnO nanoparticles of T1 i.e. 50 ppm in both tolerant and susceptible genotypes under normal along with saline soil condition. Salinity significantly affect morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters by reducing plant height, leaf area, specific leaf weight (SLW), dry matter of plant, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and by increasing the lipid peroxidation; in this concern, the percent change was greater in susceptible genotype as compared to tolerant genotype. And also by increasing specific leaf area (SLA), antioxidant machinery i.e. superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), peroxidise activity (POX) and proline content; where, the percent increase was greater in tolerant genotype in contrast to susceptible genotype. In addition, salinity significantly reduced dry matter of plant and its other growth paramters also i.e. plant height, leaf area and SLW and pod dry weight also. However, treatment with 50 ppm of ZnO nanoparticle with different methods i.e. T1 (seed priming with ZnO), T2 (foliar spray with ZnO) and T3 (seed priming + foliar spray with ZnO) significantly increased plant height, leaf area, SLW, dry matter of plant, RWC, MSI, photosynthetic pigments and CSI, significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and further increased SLA and antioxidant machinery i.e. SOD & POX and proline content in 25-days old seedling; in addition, also increased growth paramters (leaf area, SLW, pod dry weight etc) at harvesting stage in both genotypes under normal along with saline soil condition. However, optimum percent change in morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters, dry matter of plant and other growth paramters was exhibited by T3 (seed priming + foliar spray with 50 ppm ZnO NP) in both tolerant and susceptible genotypes under normal along with saline soil condition. The study suggest optimum dose of ZnO nanoparticles (50 ppm) increased the tolerance against salinity stress by maintaining membrane stability, by decreasing lipid peroxidation and by further increasing in proline content and antioxidant enzymatic activity (SOD and POX). Overall, the study demonstrates that seed priming followed by foliar spray with optimum dose ZnO nanoparticle (50ppm) improved the plant growth of mung bean genotypes under normal along with saline condition. This signifies that optimum levels of ZnO nanoparticles improved cell metabolism leading to promote growth and stress tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of flooding and chemical oxygen enrichment on physiology of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Reddy, Desam Abhinay; Kumar, ShaileshFlooding is a serious problem which affects growth and yield in various crops and flooding events are expected to increase globally as a result of climate change. Mungbean highly sensitive to waterlogging, particularly during the early stages of growth. Waterlogging during early growth stages, cause considerable yield losses in mungbean. The main cause of damage under waterlogging is oxygen deficiency, lack of oxygen shifts the energy metabolism from aerobic mode to anaerobic mode, causes oxidative stress, interruption of nutrient and water intake. Chemical oxygen fertilization of the root zone with addition of fast release (liquid) formulations such as hydrogen peroxide, is a potential method of alleviating root hypoxia. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes in the soil releasing which is needed for aerobic metabolism in the roots. The purposes of this study is to examine and explore the possible effect of application of H2O2 (as a source of oxygen) in flooded soil in improving growth and yield of mungbean genotypes under flooding stress conditions and for better understanding of mechanism, changes in physiological attributes and biochemical traits were also studied. The present investigation entitled “EFFECT OF FLOODING AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN ENRICHMENT ON PHYSIOLOGY OF MUNGBEAN [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted with two objectives (1) Identification of a contrasting set of mungbean genotypes for flooding stress on the basis of morpho-physiological traits. (2) To investigate the response of exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide on tolerance mechanism of mungbean genotypes under flooding stress. Complete experiment was performed in pot and morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters were studied in 21-days-old mungbean genotypes. Effect on yield and yield attributes were also studied in in all treatments. For identification of contrasting sets of mungbean genotypes to flooding stress, pot culture experiment was performed with sixteen mungbean genotypes. All genotypes were subjected to flooding stress for 7 days and morpho-physiological data was collected at the end of flooding stress. The morphological and physiological parameters were significantly decreased under flooding stress compared to control condition. Among genotypes, least percent reduction in shoot length, root length, plant height, dry weight, relative water content and SPAD value was observed in genotypes IPM-02-3 and GAM-5 and maximum percent reduction was observed in PANT M-5 and SML-1901. In objective second, two experiments were conducted. First experiment was performed with four mungbean genotypes, IPM-02-3, GAM-5 (tolerant genotypes) and PANT M-5, SML-1901 (susceptible genotypes) to identify optimum H2O2 concentration. Total three concentrations (1%, 2% & 3%) of H2O2 was used as a source of oxygen. Addition of hydrogen peroxide in flooded soil helped in maintaining the higher growth and physiological traits compared to untreated condition. Among three different concentrations, 3% hydrogen peroxide showed better results in all growth and physiological parameters than 1% & 2% concentrations of hydrogen peroxides under flooding stress. Second experiment was also performed in pot with one tolerant (IPM-02-3) and one susceptible genotype (PANT M-5), to compare the change in morphological, physiological traits, biochemical traits, yield and yield attributes of mungbean genotypes under control, flooding stress and addition of 3% hydrogen peroxide in flooded soil. Results showed that flooding stress significantly decreased the growth parameters (plant height, no of nodules and dry weight), physiological parameters (RWC, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, SPAD value, and MSI), and yield and yield attributes (yield per plant, test weight, number of pods plant-1, and number of seeds plant-1) in both mungbean genotypes compared to control. However, biochemical traits (TBARS content, alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase, peroxidase and SOD activity, and proline contents) increased significantly compared to control plant. Addition of 3% hydrogen peroxide in flooded soil facilitated to maintain higher growth (plant height, no of nodules and dry weight), physiological parameters (RWC, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, SPAD value, and MSI), and yield and yield attributes (yield per plant, test weight, number of pods plant-1, and number of seeds plant-1) in both mungbean genotypes compared to untreated flooded condition. The biochemical parameters (TBARS content, alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase, peroxidase and SOD activity, and proline contents) were decreased significantly compared to untreated flooded condition as stress level decreased which was reflected in terms of decrease in TBARS contents. Overall flooding stress at vegetative stress adversely affected the mungbean genotypes and genotypic variation in response to flooding stress was observed. The addition of 3% hydrogen peroxide in flooded soil mitigated the adverse effect on growth and yield of mungbean genotypes. Thus, the potential exists to use chemical oxygen fertilization to reduce the adverse effect of flooding stress in flood-prone areas and in flooding sensitive genotypes. However, further studies are needed for different soil types and in field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Role of hydrogen peroxide in salinity tolerance of Mungbean [Vignaradiata (L.) Wilczek](Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Ranjan, Deepika; Kumar, ShalieshSalinity is one of the most atrocious environmental factors limiting the productivity of crop plants because most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity caused by high concentrations of salts in the soil. Mungbean is an economically important food grain legume crop, which is highly sensitive to salinity stress. It is established that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is toxic at high levels and causes oxidative damage but could also act as a signaling molecule at low concentrations leading to development of adaptive mechanisms in plants under stressful conditions. The present study entitled, “Role of hydrogen peroxide in salinity tolerance of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted with two objectives, (1) To assess the effect of pre-seed soaking treatment of hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations on morpho-physiological traits of tolerant and susceptible mungbean genotypes under salinity stress. (2) To investigate the response of pre-seed soaking treatment of optimum concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on tolerance mechanism of mungbean seedlings under salinity stress. The morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters were estimated in 12-day-old seedlings of two mungbean genotypes i.e., TMB-37 (tolerant) and MH-1314 (susceptible) grown in normal and saline soil in pot condition. The yield and yield attributing traits as well as dry matter partitioning were also estimated in all treatments and conditions of both the genotypes. Salinity stress significantly decreased the seedling emergence and morphophysiological parameters (shoot length, root length, plant height, seedling dry weight, SPAD value, RWC, chlorophyll contents, CSI and MSI) in both the genotypes. However, reduction per cent was comparatively higher in susceptible genotype (MH- 1314) as compared to tolerant genotype (TMB-37). Seed priming with lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.01%, 0.03% and 0.05% H2O2) increased seedling emergence and morpho-physiological parameters (shoot length, root length, plant height, seedling dry weight, SPAD value, RWC, chlorophyll contents, CSI and MSI) in both the genotypes and under normal and salinity stress condition. However, maximum increase was observed in treatment (0.01% H2O2). Priming with higher concentrations (0.5% and 1.0% H2O2) decreased the seedling emergence and morphophysiological traits in both genotypes under normal and salinity stress condition. Salinity stress significantly increased the lipid peroxidation in leaf and root of both tolerant as well as susceptible mungbean genotypes as compared to the normal condition. The treatment with hydrogen peroxide (0.01%) significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation in leaf and root of both tolerant (TMB-37) and susceptible (MH- 1314) genotypes under normal and salinity stress conditions. The antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD and POX) and proline content were significantly higher in leaf and root in both tolerant and susceptible mungbean genotypes under salinity stress condition with respect to the normal condition. The treatment with hydrogen peroxide (0.01%) further increased the CAT, SOD and POX activity and proline content in leaf and root of both tolerant (TMB-37) and susceptible (MH-1314) genotypes under both normal and salinity stress conditions. Salinity stress also significantly decreased yield per plant, yield attributing components and dry matter accumulation in both the genotypes. However, priming with optimum concentration (0.01%) of hydrogen peroxide increased the seed yield per plant, yield attributing components (number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant and number of pods per cluster) and dry matter accumulation (pod, leaf, shoot and root) in both mungbean genotypes under normal and salinity stress conditions. Overall, the data show that hydrogen peroxide increased the seedling emergence per cent, as well as the morpho-physiological traits in a concentrationdependent manner. Lower concentration of H2O2(0.01%) alleviated the salinity stress, by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity, proline level and specific leaf area appeared to be the key factor for efficient growth and yield responses under salinity stress condition. This suggests that H2O2 could be used as potential molecules to improve seedling emergence, growth and yield under salt stress.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological response of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes to salinity stress and its mitigation through microbial inoculation(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2018) Rani, Ediga Usha; KavitaLentil is an important legume crop which is highly sensitive to salinity and is adversely affected by salt stress in terms of growth and yield. Inoculation of plants with microbes such as Trichoderma viride, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas can enhance plant growth during salt stress, which is an eco-friendly approach to sustainable agriculture. The present investigation entitled “Physiological response of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes to salinity stress and its mitigation through microbial inoculation” was conducted with two objectives viz., to identify contrasting sets of lentil genotypes against salinity stress on the basis of physiological traits, and to study physiological response of microbes application in contrasting genotypes under salinity stress. For the identification of contrasting sets of lentil genotypes to salinity stress, experiment was performed in Petri dishes with seventeen genotypes. All genotypes were subjected to control and salinity stress (4.0 and 8.0 dSm-1) for 7 days and physiological parameters viz. germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, germination relative index, vigour index-І and vigour index-II were observed. Results showed a significant decrease in values of these parameters under salinity stress compared to control condition. Among genotypes, the least reduction in germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, germination relative index, vigour index-І and vigour index-II value were observed in genotypes RLG-234 and RLG-254 while the maximum percent reduction was observed in LL-931 and SJL 7-2. For the second objective, contrasting set of genotypes i.e., tolerant (RLG-234 and RLG-254) and susceptible genotypes (LL-931 and SJL 7-2) were sown in CRD with three replications in plastic pot filled with soil having EC 4.0 dSm-1. The contrasting genotypes were primed with different commercial formulation of microbes (Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescence, Trichoderma viride + Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescence + Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescence + Bacillus subtilis) and morpho-physiological and biochemical response under salinity stress was studied. Results showed that morphological (root length, shoot length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight) , physiological (relative water content, membrane stability index, total chlorophyll content) biochemical (proline, soluble protein, total free amino acids) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) were significantly increased in all the treatments over control (without microbial inoculation), whereas lipid peroxidation and protease activity was significantly decreased in all the treatments. Sodium content was decreased while potassium content was significantly increased in both root and shoot. Potassium- sodium ratio was higher in shoot than in root. On the basis of present study it was concluded that, salinity stress adversely affected morpho-physiological, biochemical attributes and nutritional content (Na and K) in lentil genotypes. These parameters were improved under salinity stress with the combined application of Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viride showing synergistic response in ameliorating salinity stress.ThesisItem Open Access Physiology of mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss) genotypes under salinity and high temperature stress at seedling stage(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2018) Prasad, Satya Narayan; KavitaRapeseed-mustard is considered to be the second largest edible oilseed crop in the world after soybean. However, this is sensitive to salinity stress that adversely affects growth and yield. The crop also faces high temperature at seedling stage when sown late. The present investigation was carried out to screen mustard genotypes against salinity and high temperature stress conditions and to study physio-biochemical response in two contrasting genotypes under salinity and high temperature stress condition at seedling stage. The salt solution was prepared by using NaCl: CaCl2 in the ratio of 7:2 (w/v) and its electrical conductivity of different salinity levels (4.0 dSm-1 and 6.0 dSm-1) were maintained by direct reading conductivity meter. Twenty one genotypes viz., CS-52, CS-56, CS2002-61, CS2002-189, CS2002-195, CS2004-105, CS2004-106, CS2004-114, CS2004-191, CS2005-124, CS2005-125, CS2009-105, CS2009-145, CS2009-256, CS2009-261, CS2009-332, CS2009-347, CS2013-10, CS2013-19, CS2013-27 and CS1013-41 were subjected to primary screening at different stresses sown in seedling trays filled with soil. The treatments comprised of (a) Control (1.2 dSm-1) (b) 1.2 dSm-1 + High temperature (40℃) (c) Salinity of EC = 4.0 dSm-1 (d) Salinity of EC = 6.0 dSm-1 (e) Salinity (EC = 4.0 dSm-1) + high temperature (40℃) (f) Salinity (EC = 6.0 dSm-1) + high temperature (40℃) that were compared with control (1.2 dSm-1). The contrasting set of genotypes identified were used to study the physio-biochemical changes in 15-day old seedlings. On the basis of physiological parameters viz., survival percent, seedling length, dry weight of seedlings, vigour index-I and vigour index-II of contrasting set of genotypes were identified. Survival percent, seedling length, dry weight of seedlings, vigour index-I and vigour index-II declined in all the genotypes in different treatments over control, however, the decline was less in genotypes CS2009-347 and CS-52 whereas it was more in CS2009-256 and CS2009-145. The genotypes CS2009-347 and CS-52 were identified as relatively tolerant, whereas CS2009-256 and CS2009-145 were found to be susceptible genotypes. Stress application resulted in decline in membrane stability index, relative water content, chlorophyll content and soluble protein content; however, the decline was less in tolerant genotypes. Contrary to this, carotenoids content, proline content, catalase activity, peroxidase activity were found to increase, the increase being more pronounced in tolerant genotypes. Total free amino acids and protease activity also enhanced with the percent enhancement being more in susceptible genotypes. Results of this study will be helpful for finding salinity and high temperature tolerant genotypes for mustard improvement programme.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological response of Mung bean [Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek)] genotypes to application of salicylic acid and trichoderma under salinity stress(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2018) Kumar, Suresh; KavitaThesisItem Open Access Physiology of mungbean [Vignaradiata(L.)Wilczek] under salt and high temperature stress condition(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2018) Kumari, Shikha; Kumar, ShaileshMany agricultural lands affected by salinity, the influence of salt stressis aggravated by the simultaneous action of high temperature. Recent studies revealed that the response of plants to a combination of two different stresses is specific and cannot be deduced from the stresses applied individually. Here, we report on the respons1e of mungbean seedlings to individual and combination of salt and high temperature stress. The present study entitled “Physiology of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under salt and high temperature stress condition” was conducted with three objectives (1) Screening of mungbean genotypes for combined salt and high temperature stress to identify contrasting sets of mungbean genotypes on the basis of physiological traits(2) To study physiological and biochemical mechanisms of tolerance of mungbean genotypes subjected to independent, and combined salt and high temperature stress condition.(3) To study the ionic and nutrient homeostasis in contrasting sets of mungbean genotypes subjected to independent, and combined salt and high temperature stress condition. Entirestudies were performed in 8 days old mungbean seedling grown in petriplate. For screening of contrasting sets of genotypes, experiments were performed with thirty one mungbean genotypes. Germination percentage and growth parameters (seedling dry weight, root length & seedling length, seedling vigour I & II, germination relative index) and physiological traits (chlorophyll contents measured in terms of SPAD units), were recorded in 8 days old mungbean seedling, and on the basis of growth performance under combined stress condition, two sets of contrasting mungbean genotypes were identified (TMB-37 & Pusa 1501, relatively tolerant for combined stressand MH-1314 & MH- 1315, relatively susceptible for combined stress). Second experiment was conducted to compare the changes occurred due individual and combined stress on physiological and biochemical traits.Results showed that combined stress severely reduced the photosynthetic pigment contents, carotenoids contents, SPAD value, chlorophyll stability, relative water contents, membrane stability compared to individual stress. Reduction was more in susceptible group compared to tolerant group of genotypes. In tolerant group the levels of antioxidant enzyme activity (peroxidase, CAT and SOD) and proline were higher compared to susceptible group both under individual and under combined stress conditions. Compared to individual stress the antioxidant enzyme activity (peroxidase, CAT and SOD) and proline were higher under combined stress conditions. Lipid peroxidation (estimated in terms of TBARS content) were also significantly high in combined stress compared to individual stress. In third experiments ionic and nutrient homeostasis estimated by analyzing the content of Na, K, and Zn and Fe in shoot and root of contrasting sets of mungbean genotypes subjected to independent, and combined salt and high temperature stress condition. Results indicated that tolerant genotypes maintained high K-Na ratio in both shoot and root compared to susceptible genotypes under individual and combined stress conditions and produced more dry matter compared to susceptible genotypes. Reduction in K-Na ratio both shoots and roots were more in combined stress compared to individual stress. Zn and Fe mobilization was severely affected under stress condition in all genotypes under individual and combined stress conditions, however tolerant genotypes able to maintain more Zn and Fe content in their shoot and root compared to susceptible genotypes. From Pearson Correlation Matrix it is clear that the endogenous seed Zn contents was positively correlated with dry weight, germination percentage, total chlorophyll, RWC, SPAD value, Fe & Zn content of shoot and root, and K-Na ratio. Therefore, seed Fe & Zn can also be used trait for screening of genotypes under individual & combined stress conditions during seedling stage.
