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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF AGRI ENTREPRENEUR TRAINING PROGRAM OF JEEViKA(RPCAU, Pusa, 2023) Sirisha, Mondem; KUMARI, PUNAMBihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society (BRLPS) designated as the State Rural Livelihoods Mission is mandated to mobilize, empower and promote livelihoods for 1.5 crore rural poor families through sustainable Community-based Organisations and Farmer Producer Organisations. Agri Entrepreneur Training Program is a component of BRLPS commonly known as JEEViKA. An Agri Entrepreneur acts as a one-stop service provider for most of the agricultural needs of small and marginal farmers in JEEViKA. The study entitled, “Impact of Agri Entrepreneur Training Program of JEEViKA” has been conducted in Repura village of Sakra Block in Muzaffarpur District of Bihar consisting a total number of 140 women trainees as the sample of study. Formulation and Standardization of Knowledge Test Items was done using t-test and then reliability and validity were tested. The resulting reliability of 0.93 indicated that the Knowledge Test was highly reliable. The Content validity of 0.85 indicated a high level of content validity. Further the Pre and Post Knowledge Tests were fed to the trainees. Pre Knowledge-Test (T1) was fed to them just before undergoing the training and Post Knowledge-Test (T2) was fed to the same group immediately after the training. The dichotomous Knowledge items included in the Knowledge Test were quantified in terms of one score for the correct answer and zero for the incorrect one. The scores of Pre and Post Knowledge Tests were then calculated using Frequency, Percentage, Paired sample t-test and Chi-square for getting the results. The results of pre and post knowledge tests reveals that, there is an enhancement in the knowledge level of respondents reducing the percentage of respondents under low-level category from 17.14% to 13.57% with a respective increase in the percentage of respondents under medium-level knowledge category the percentage rising from 65.72% to 67.15%. Finally, there has been an increase in the percentage of people with high-level knowledge, the percentage rising from 17.14 % to 19.28%. The study revealed that the overall knowledge level of the 140 respondents, the majority fall into the medium-level category, accounting for 69.28% of the total. Meanwhile, 18.58% of respondents have a high level of knowledge and 12.14% have a low level of knowledge. The mean score before the training (Pre-Knowledge Test) was 23.72 and the mean score after completing the training (Post Knowledge Test) was 41.73. This shows significant increase of 18.01 mean score. The t-value obtained from the analysis was found to be 46.81* which is considered significant at 1% level of significance. The results of Chi-square test depicted that the Agri Entrepreneur Training Package of JEEViKA had a significant impact on trained women at 1% level of corresponding Chi-square value of 97.759* at 1 degree of freedom. It was concluded that the Agri Entrepreneur Training Program had a significant and positive effect on women's knowledge level.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA) SCHEME ON RURAL WOMEN OF SAMASTIPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR(RPCAU, Pusa, 2023) PAL, SHALOO; Shipra, KumariThe Present research was carried out in the Samastipur District of Bihar with the objective to evaluate the “Impact of MGNREGA Scheme on rural women in the Samastipur District of Bihar”. Two villages were selected from each of the two Panchayats. Total Four villages and two Panchayats were chosen for the research study. A total, 30 women from each of the village were selected at randomly to form a sample of 120 respondents for the study. To collect the necessary data, the information was gathered through a personal interview. This study applied an ex-post-facto research design. The Collected data were examined using frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, correlation, and Multiple regression analysis. The study revealed that, the most of respondents (45.83 percent) were belonged to the young age, having Scheduled Caste (52.00 percent) were labour category (69.00 percent), Annual family income (70.00 Per cent) respondents up to Rs.50,000, Nuclear family type (68.33 per cent), Primary school education (41.00 per cent), Medium level of work experience (78.33 percent), Small size of land holding (69.00 percent), Medium Number of working Days is (75.00 per cent). The finding indicates that, the majority of the respondents had improved Socio- economic independence and Women involving in decision making. The most of the respondents had improve nutritional security, infrastructure development, sanitation and waste management, enhanced livelihood security, gaining purchasing power and family economic situation has been improved. The finding indicates that, Independent variable Age (0.185) Family type (0.195) were shows positive correlation, at 5 per cent level of significance and Work experience (0.690) and Number of Employment days (0.320) was also showing positive correlation at 1per cent level of significance with the Impact of MGNREGA Scheme on rural women. The Multiple regression analysis showed that, Work experience contributing significantly, towards the impact of MGNREGA Scheme. The R2 value indicates that the set of variables explained (0.536) indicate that the set of variables explain 53.60 per cent of the total variability towards dependent variable i.e., Impact of MGNREGA Scheme. The MGNREGA beneficiaries’ face many constraints which are affecting their Social, Cultural, Psychological, status. In the study area the most severe constraints under the societal constraints as apparent by the respondents were Gender disparity, psychological constraints as social stigma, further Institutional constraints as perceived by respondents were Lack of adequate facility at work site, and in Cultural constraints as perceived by respondents were lack of decision-making power.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF GIRLS(RPCAU, Pusa, 2023) SOWJANYA, ANGADI RUPA; Kumari, PunamGender discrimination is the unjust and prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on their gender or sex, involving differential treatment, opportunities, or privileges, often to the detriment of one gender. The study was conducted in the Samastipur district of Bihar in four villages of Pusa block, namely, Mahmada, Deopar, Morsand and Birauli Khurd were selected for the study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 households from each of the four selected villages, totaling 120 households. School going siblings from these households were selected as respondents for the study. The research is undertaken to know the impact of gender discrimination in education on social development of girls.The findings of the study reveal that there is gender discrimination in education in the study area. This discrimination affects the social development of girls in turn. The findings further reveal that there is a strong association between socio –economic status of the respondents and their education, meaning with an enhancement and the socio –economic status of the respondents, their education is positively impacted.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON GENDER-BASED RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON WOMEN DEVELOPMENT(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) PREETI; Kumari, PunamGender is “Socially constructed roles, activities, behaviours and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for women and men.” Gender-based resource allocation is defined as the distribution of resources within the family among girls and boys according to their gender. The study focused on gender-based resource allocation in rural households and its implications on women development. To know the dimensions and reasons of gender-based resource allocation and its impact on women development the researcher selected 120 respondents. The study indicates that gender-based resource allocation exists in targeted area; the study indicates that women have fewer resources than men. Due to unequal distribution of resources within the family girls are deprived of access to various resources such as material goods – food, clothing, goods and services, land & property, vehicles, money, savings and other essential facilities which affect the development of girls/women. For gender neutral resource allocation in the families must be promoted in order to develop an equalitarian society.ThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY THE GENDER BIASNESS PREVALENT IN FAMILY AND SOCIETY AND ITS EFFECT ON CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN IN SAMASTIPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) Jena, Padmalaya; Kumari, PunamGender biasness persists in the form of fewer educational opportunities, less food and nutrition portions and exclusion of women from decision-making processes which has an impact on women‟s potential to achieve the economic autonomy in order to lead a better quality of life by entering into the professions of their desired career choices. Therefore, an empirical study was conducted to see the gender biasness prevailing in the society which affects the career development of women. The study was conducted in Bishunpur Birauli of Pusa block where 120 female respondents were randomly selected for the study. A Structured Interview Schedule alongwith Probing and Observational Technique were employed to obtain relevant information from the respondents. The findings of the current study revealed that the impact of gender biasness was highly evident on career development of women in the study area with Pearson chi-square value of 77.551 which is statistically significant at 1% level. It is also found that there was a negative correlation between gender biasness and career development of women which is negatively significant at 1% level, with the p value of -0.457. Furthermore socioeconomic status of the respondents found to have significant influence on career development of women.ThesisItem Open Access DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GIRL CHILD: – A CRITICAL STUDY IN HARPUR AND BHUSKAUL VILLAGES OF PUSA BLOCK AT SAMASTIPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) BEHERA, ARPITA; Kumari, ArunimaEvery child is equally vital in society for maintaining social balance. The environment for children should be full of peace, prosperity, fairness, and dignity. But in reality, discrimination affects the purity of social equilibrium between boys and girls which creates a huge difference between the two sexes. Our country touches the tip of success in different fields like education, technology, mass media, and so on but some old-fashioned taboos and culture hampered the value of girls in society. It also affects the growth and development of each girl in every stage of life. Discrimination against girls occurs in both higher- and lower-class families and the pattern of discrimination is highly complex. Some stereotypes related to discrimination gradually encroach on every girl's freedom of choice, suppressing the balance between males and females and dragging our society into a bad state. The present study entitled “Discrimination against girl child: – a critical study in Harpur and Bhuskaul villages of Pusa block at Samastipur district of Bihar” was conducted in Harpur and Bhuskaul villages of Samastipur district of Bihar with four objectives a) To find out the socioeconomic status and personal characteristics of the respondents, b) To know the discrimination prevailing followed by people in the research area, c)To know the extent of discrimination practiced by the people d)To find out ways and means to reduce discrimination to understand every criterion of discrimination against girls. For conducting this research researcher selected 120 respondents which means 60 adolescent girls of 10 to 19 years from Harpur village and 60 adolescent girls of 10 to 19 years from Bhuskaul village by using simple random sampling method. Further to know about the discrimination in the study area a well-structured interview schedule was developed and with the help of that schedule primary data was collected from the respondents. The collected data were analyzed with the help of appropriate statistical tools like frequency, percentage, correlation, and ranking method to make data more authentic, meaningful, and informative. The study found that socio economic variables like age (most of the respondents were within the age of 18), caste (most of the respondents were belonged to OBC category), religion (all the respondents were Hindu), marital status (all the respondents were unmarried), family type (most of the respondents had nuclear family), family size (most of the respondents had 5 members in their family), housing type (equal distribution was showed in this category), education (most of the respondents belonged to secondary and higher secondary education), fathers occupation (most of the respondents‟ fathers worked as labourer), mothers occupation (most of the respondents‟ mothers were housewives), annual family income (the range varied from 50,000/- to 1lakh) and exposure to mass media (most of the respondents used mobile phone). The findings of discrimination in various fields revealed that in the case of decision making the majority of respondents' families controlled their daughters' wearing and grooming styles, whereas the majority of respondents never had the opportunity to participate in their families' financial matters. In the case of educational opportunities, most of the respondents had the highest acceptance of studying with their own interests, whereas most of the respondents' parents did not compel their daughters to study hard. In the case of nutrition, most of the respondents got sweets, beverages, and other snacks whereas most of the respondents mothers did not pressurize their daughters to eat more food and did not give them special meals during menstruation. In the case of health and hygiene, all the respondents maintained general body cleanliness during baths and kept their garments neat and clean on a daily basis whereas most of the respondents did not use iron and calcium tablets for nutritional fulfillment of the body. In the case of resource allocation, most of the respondents rode bicycles to school and college, while most of the respondents had no idea about ATM cards. In the case of socialization and social recognition, most of the respondents parents allowed their daughters friends to visit home whereas most of the respondents were not allowed to went on school or college picnics and were also not allowed to worship God during menstruation. The findings of the extent of discrimination disclosed that in the extent of decision making most of the respondents had the high mean score in allowed to make only household decisions with no financial implications whereas low mean score in attitude towards voting. So, the high and low mean scores of the rest of the parameters of the extent of discrimination were completely mentioned in the results and discussion. The correlational findings of the extent of discrimination showed that the education of the respondents positively and significantly correlated with discrimination at 5% level whereas the occupation of both parents, annual income of the family, and exposure to mass media was positively and significantly correlated with discrimination at 1% level. However, some variables such as age, caste, family size, family type, and housing pattern are completely insignificant with discrimination whereas educational opportunities were positively and significantly correlated with decision making at 1% level whereas nutrition, health, resource allocation, and socialization and social recognition were negatively and significantly correlated with decision making at 1% level. The last objective was the conceptual framework of ways and means to reduce discrimination. The present study indicated that discrimination was found in every stage and discrimination had an adverse effect on girls in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT STUDY OF PRADHAN MANTRI BHARTIYA JAN AUSADHI PARIYOJNA ON WOMEN IN MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) SRIVASTAVA, DIKSHA; Kumari, ArunimaFor the benefit of people, with the goal of making India self-reliant in the field of manufacturing quality generic drug, available at a cheap cost, Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Ausadhi Pariyojna was launched by the department of pharmaceuticals, ministry of chemicals and fertilizers, govt. of india in November 2008. As we know, menstruation is a part of women‘s life and menstrual hygiene product is the basic need for women to face this duration of menstruation. Under this scheme, Jan Ausadhi Suvidha oxo -biodegradable Sanitary napkins were launched on August 27, 2019 as a vital step taken in safeguarding the health and security of Indian women. In order to assess the ―Impact study of Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Ausadhi Pariyojna on women in Muzaffarpur district of Bihar‖ Muzaffarpur district of bihar was selected as locale of research based on convenient or purposive non-probability sampling techniques. Two blocks Muraul and Sakra have been selected for the study, as these blocks found with established structures of Jan Ausadhi Kendras. In Muraul block, Pilkhi village and in Sakra block, Muhammadpur village were selected for the study as these villages are nearby to Jan Ausadhi Kendras and sampling technique used for the selection of research area was simple random selection of sampling method. From each village 40 respondents were selected and all these selected respondents known to this scheme or having experience in using Jan Ausadhi Suvidha Sanitary napkins. So, total no. of respondents were 80 and sampling method snowball sampling technique. Data were collected by personal interview schedule with the help of a structured interview schedule with observation method. Further analysis of data various statistical tools were used such as Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson‘s Product Movement Correlation, Multivariate linear regression analysis, and Binomial Logit model. The present study revealed that majority of respondents was adult i.e., age found between 19 years – 33 years. Most of the respondents 50% were from Other Backward Classes (OBC) while 39% possessed by general caste respondents followed by scheduled Caste (11%) respondents. In terms of marital status, sixty percent of the women respondents were married. Data also revealed that 75% respondent‘s families are in Nuclear in nature while only 25% were found to be in joint. Family size, annual income and exposure to mass media were falling under medium level in the study locale. Approximately 78% of total families comprised either one or two female members. Educational status (out of total respondent‘s education level, nearly 75% of respondents did not even qualify tenth standard (secondary education); Profession (61.25% women are involved in farm and agriculture related activities as well as housekeeping followed by 21.25% women used to perform housekeeping activities while 17.5% respondents were middle school going students) ; Nutrition (70% respondents used to take proper nutrients in their food on daily basis); Health Status (majority 41.25% of the respondents were found in normal condition due to their Body Mass Index (BMI index) were in normal range); Menstrual profile of the respondents : (Mean age of Menarche of 80 respondents was 12.5 years ; maximum 47.5% respondents had 4 days of menstrual bleeding ; majority 71% of respondents agreed that they had their regular pattern of menstrual cycle) ; Most of the respondents have medium awareness level regarding health and hygiene , the study also revealed that independent variables as like age were negatively correlated and significant at 1% level with Correlation coefficient (r) -.430. Similarly, religion and Aware PMBJP were positively correlated and significant at 5% level with Correlation coefficient (r) 0.231 and 0.241 respectively with dependent variable i.e, Awareness regarding health and hygiene; Majority of the respondents 65% falls into the category of partially adopted category; Study found that almost 69% respondents were having medium awareness level about this PMBJP scheme and 61% of the respondents were aware about the scheme via ASHA health activists as their primary source of information; Study revealed that 64% women respondents had medium level of awareness and 50% respondents choosen ASHA and health activists as their primary source of information for awareness; Regression analysis shows variable like profession were positively significant at 1% level with respective t-value 4.049 and variables like education and annual income were positively significant at 5 % level with t -value 2.374 and 2.147 respectively between independent and Awareness regarding JASSN; Majority (68.75%) of the respondents partially adopted the JASSN and Binomial logit model shows variables like profession and annual income were found positive significant at 5% level with wald statistics value 5.842 and 5.729 respectively and aware PMBJP was found positively significant at 10% level with wald statistics value 3.323 that means 1 unit increase in profession and aware PMBJP, the adoption of JASSN will increase by 42.871 times and 62.4% respectively; Social Participation (almost 80 % respondents had medium to high social participation during their menstruation period) and Regression analysis between independent and social participation shows variables like profession were positively significant at 1% level with respective t-value 2.504 and aware PMBJP were positively significant at 10% level with t-value 1.705. The findings of the study can be applied to further assess implacability of scheme in other parts of the country. Also, findings can act as policy making tool by the local administration for better fostering women centric program in the region studied. The limitations of the study which left scope for future studies can also be utilized as feedback so that policy makers can derived a feedback mechanism and solution for smooth dissemination of government schemes to citizen.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON GENDER ISSUES IN RELATION TO GOOD GOVERNANCE IN MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) Singh, Km. Priya; KUMARI, PUNAMGender issues have been a matter of concern since ages. There is significant role of good governance in moving towards a gender neutral society. The present study entitled with the general objectives as “A Study on Gender Issues in Relation to Good Governance in Muzaffarpur District of Bihar” conducted in Muzaffarpur District of Bihar with four major objectives viz. 1) to analyse the issues related to gender in the selected locale; 2) to measure the level of the good governance in the study area; 3) to study the relationship between gender issues and good governance level in the study area; 4) to explore the factors of Governance affecting women. Muzaffarpur District of Bihar was purposively selected as the locale of the study. This study aimed to make in-depth understanding of the gender issues in relation to good governance. Muraul block was purposively selected for the study. In Muraul block, Bishunpur Bakhri village was selected for the present study. There are five hundred sixty-three households in Bishunpur Bakhri village out of which one hundred twenty (120) female households were chosen randomly as sample for the study. Governance was independent variable and gender issues were dependent variable. To obtain pertinent data, personal interview schedule and questionnaire methods were used. Appropriate statistical tools and measurements were used for analysis of data such as Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Ranking, and Correlation. The study revealed that the existence of various issues related to gender in the study area such as: violence (56.67%), gender inequality (47.50%), gender based resource allocation (29.67%) and health and nutrition (59.79%). In the study area, the overall extents of “good governance” vis-à-vis six dimensions were found to be: public health dimension was obtained highest percentage (89.28%) and lowest percentage of economic dimension (37.04%), social dimension (62.04%), administrative dimension (52.08%), legal and judicial dimension (44.27%) and political dimension (40.93%). The result also revealed that gender issues negatively correlated with the good governance at 1% level with Pearson correlation value (r) -.498, Kendall correlation value (τ) -.626 and Spearman correlation value (ρ) -.646 respectively. Furthermore, the findings revealed on the basis of factors of governance affecting women the major factor faced by women in governance was non-implementation of women’s rights with percentage value (94%) was ranked first. Non-implementation of laws related to women (93%), corrupt politicians (81%), policy makers are mainly men folk (74%), low representation of women in legislatures (65%), public representatives are without vision (59%), justice not in vogue (56%), non imposition of law & order by the Government Functionaries including police (47%), negligence of women’s affairs in legislatures (36%), were ranked as Ist to IXth respectively. Hence, gender issues adversely affected the level of good governance in Muzaffarpur district of Bihar.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF ROLE OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE IN SAKRA BLOCK OF MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR(Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) MANISHA; KUMARI, ARUNIMAWomen represent about half of the country's population, and their contributions are critical in emerging countries like India. A country cannot flourish until the situation of women is improved. Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, and agriculture employs more than 60% of the population. In rural parts of the country, the majority of households, 70 percent of which are dependent on agriculture and its linked sectors, do not have any other source of income. Women are extremely important in rural India. In the agricultural sector their impact may be observed across every field of agriculture and its related activities, such as crop farming, fruit and vegetable production, among others. The study was carried out in Muzaffarpur district of Bihar. Muzaffarpur district was selected randomly for the study. Out of 38 blocks in Muzaffarpur district, sakra block was selected for the study and Saraiya and Jagdishpur Baghnagri villages was selected for the study. A total sample of 120 respondents taken for the study that is i.e., 60 respondent each from Saraiya and Jagdishpur Baghngri. By keeping all these things in mind, these objectives have been formulated for above said study. 1. To study the socio-economic status of women in Sakra block of Muzaffarpur District. 2. To find out the role of women in agriculture and allied sectors in study area. 3 To identify the factors influencing the role of women in agriculture of research area. 4. To identify the constraints faced by women in the field of agriculture sectors. Major findings of study - It was found out of 120 farm women 48.83 percent were illiterate. 17 respondent which means 14.16 percent belonged to general caste. It was observed that almost 71.67 % of respondents were working in leased in land. 55.84 % of respondents had medium (2.2-5.7 score) level of extension participation ,23.33 % had low (<2.2) and 20.83 % had high (>5.7) level of extension participation. That 86.67 % of the respondents participated in dairy followed by 66.7 % of the respondents involved in kitchen gardening whereas 20% of them were engaged in poultry while 14.17 % of farm women were involved in Agri- processing. It is also evident that none of the farm women were participated in Mushroom cultivation and Bee keeping. It was found that –caste, education, annual income, housing type, land holding type, extension participation contacts is positively significant at 1% level where as age was negatively significant at 5% level in agriculture participation. The data exhibit that the lack of money, lack of land holding and lack of education were discovered to be top 3 constraints experienced by the farm women.
