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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access A comparative study of Sabla programme in Vaishali district of Bihar(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kumari, Rekha; Singh, MeeraThe present study entitled "A Comparative Study of Sabla Programme in Vaishali District of Bihar”, has been taken up with the following specific objectives-to find out awareness about the Sabla programme, to explore the performance of Sabla programme in research area, to examine the impact of Sabla programme on the adolescent girls, to explore the different problems which are being faced by the beneficiaries., based on perceived problems to suggests the strategies for smooth functioning of sabla programme in future. There are 16 blocks in Vaishali districts, out of which two blocks namely Rajapakar and Chehrakalan were selected purposively for the study. Out of these two blocks two villages from each block (Bhojpatti, Phulwariya, Mansupur Halaiya, Chehra,) were selected for study. Out of these four villages, 100 respondents were selected & out of 100 respondents 50 beneficiaries and 50 non-beneficiaries were selected as sample for the study. Data were collected with the help of a structured interview schedule. Appropriate statistical tests applied were percentages, frequencies, correlation coefficient, paired t-test. Background profile of the respondents showed that majority of beneficiaries girls (46%) and non-beneficiaries girls (50%) were within 15-17 years age group. Majority of beneficiaries (52%) were from Schedule Caste. The present study was conducted to know about the level of awareness about the Sabla Programme, performance of Sabla programme and to examine the impact of the programme on the adolescent girls. The study concluded that the majority of beneficiaries i.e., 44 per cent had medium level of awareness about the Sabla programme. 52 % of beneficiaries girls had medium level of knowledge about this programme & 61% were less awareness level of knowledge status. Out of 50 beneficiaries group only 56% had average health status were as out of 50 non-beneficiaries, 58% possed poor health.ThesisItem Open Access Study of group dynamics among the women SHG members involved in dairy sector(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2017) Vandana; Singh, MeeraIn India, Micro Finance Institute model started through in the 1990s. SHGs, which are instrumental in empowering rural poor, are adopting dairy farming is one of the important activities and significantly contributing in empowering the group members socially and economically. SHG is conceptualized as a voluntary gathering of homogenous people, who share the same type of needs or the same type of problems, which are not being addressed by others. The concept of Self Help Groups serves to underline the principle “for the people, by the people, and of the people”. The Self Help Groups is the brainchild of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, which was founded by Prof. Mohammed Yunas of Chittagong University in the year 1975. The Self Help Groups scheme was introduced in Tamilnadu in 1989. This study seeks to explore the effectiveness of group dynamics among the SHG members and evaluate the information-seeking behavior amongst them. The group provides a base for self-employment and empowerment through group dynamics. In India, these mutual help based groups are known as Self Help Groups. Keeping in view of the all above facts.ThesisItem Open Access An impact study of male migration on role of women in rural society.(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kumari, Archana; Singh, MeeraMigration is a form of movement from one location to another. Migration of the male from rural areas to the urban areas is a common phenomenon and is on the rise. Migration is the barometer of changing socio-economic condition at the state, national and international level. Migration is essential for development. Migration occurs mainly due to differences in the levels of the living and employment opportunities between the rural areas and the urban growth centres. Migration from the state is almost exclusively that of the male population and is embedded in the lives and life choices of the people under the given circumstances. Male migration from the rural areas may make heavy demand on women who are left behind and are required to shoulder all household responsibilities and production activities. It has been found that the decision making pattern of women of all category of households have also changed due to male out- migration. Women have been more active in absence of their husbands who have migrated to other places. Women of out- migrant nuclear household enjoy more freedom and actively participate in all decisions related to home in general and farming & livestock in particular.Male migration has been quite a catalyst in enhancing women's mobility. Women of migrants family have greater physical mobility and find increased opportunities for dealing with various activities.However the changed circumstances of women in the migrant families have made them more confident and independent in managing their lives.Keeping in the view of above facts, the present study is undertaken with the following objectives: Objectives 1. To know the socio-economic profile of the women heading migrants and non-migrants family. 2. To study the impact of migration on role and status of women in family and society. 3. To understand the constraints faced by migrants family. 4. To assess the factors influencing the role and status of women in migrants and non-migrants family. Methodology The study on impact of male migration on role of women in rural society has been conducted in the Samastipur District of Bihar state.There are altogether 20 blocks in Samastipur district. Out of which two blocks Pusa and Kalyanpur were selected purposively. From the two selected blocks two villages from each block were selected. A total number of 4 villages were selected purposively from the selected blocks. Fifteen migrants family from Dighra and 15 non-migrants family from BirauliKhurd were selected from Pusa block.From Kalyanpur block 15 sample respondents from migrants family were selected from Ladaura and 15 non-migrants family selected from Fulhara.Thus total 30 respondents from each of migrants and non-migrants family were randomly selected, further making a total of sixty(60) sample from the villages. Major findings The study reveals that majority of migrants family respondents were of middle age group(36.66%)and belonged to schedule caste(40%)followed by non-migrants respondents (43.33%) were old age group and belonged to backward caste (53.33%) migrants and non-migrants both respondents were illiterate(70%) and (53.33%) respectively and both having nuclear families(63.33%) and (60%) respectively. migrants and non-migrants both respondents were having marginal land (53.33%) and (63.33%) respectively, migrants family respondents had up to 2 children whereas non-migrants family respondents had 3-5 children.Majority of migrants family respondents (60%) were having income in the range of 50,001-1,00,000/- and non-migrants family respondents (63.33%) were having income in the range of up to 50,000/-.Migrants family respondents were engaged in labour work i.e. 63.33 per cent .Whereas (60%) non-migrants family respondents were engaged in agriculture work.Majority of migrants (50%) were having income in the range of Rs. 50,001-1, 00,000/ and they had migrated in search of job/better opportunities. Majority (26.66%) of migrants were engaged in construction work, (56.66%) were contract labourer, (66.66 %) were working 6-8 hours daily and 53.33 per cent worker had get monthly payment.(60%) respondents had communicated with migrants weekly and cent percent respondents using mobile/telephone as mode of communication. The migrants family respondents had participated more in household as well as farm and allied activities. They have become more involved in taking decisions. Women who live in nuclear families make more household decisions than women in joint families.Migrants family women have greater physical mobility. They had gone alone outside the home to carry out the various activities. The socio-economic variables such as family size, family type and number of children had negative impact on the decision-making role of migrants family women whereas family type had negative and social participation had positive impact on the decision-making role of non-migrants women. Caste, number of children and family size had negative impact on the migrants family women’s mobility whereas family income, family occupation and social participation had positive impact on women’s mobility. The extent of participation of non-migrants family was affected by family occupation.Among social and personal constraints, increased work burden (86.66%), lack of education (76.66%) and lack of land –holding were major constraints faced by migrants family women. Unavailability of remittances when necessary was major economic constraints and feeling of anxiety due to absence of male member was also a major psychological constraints faced by the respondents of migrants family. Conclusion Based on findings of this research migration of men has brought about several changes in the work women do-within and outside their household.Womenof migrants family had taken all household responsibilities besides farm and other activities on their shoulder. They had more managerial ability than the women of non-migrants family. They had more involved in decision-making as well as they had more physical mobility.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of male migration on role of womwn in agriculture.(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Bharti, Raman; Kumari, PunamMigration is both a cause and a consequence of various social, cultural and economic constraints experienced by people in society. A series of structural changes in rural context, such as, polarization of land holding, degradation of natural resources, occurrence of natural calamities such as drought; and poor local employment opportunities accompanied by exponential population growth have contributed to spatial mobility or migration. It has been found that in incidence of male-migration, women’s work- burden and decision- making role is influenced due to the reason that they are bound to act as ‘de facto heads’ of the family. The investigator therefore decided to study the effect of male-migration on role of women in agriculture with following objectives: 1. To study the socio-personal characteristics of woman respondents; 2. To study the effect of male- migration on physical participation and decision-making role of women in agriculture; 3. To study the relationship between socio-personal characteristics and participation of selected women in agriculture. To study the effect of male-migration the respondents were divided into control and experimental groups with control households having no migration and experimental with migration of their male counterparts. The result of the study had striking finding that there was no increased burden physically in agriculture in case of respondents of migrant’s households, the reason being the respondents in case of migration of their husbands were leasing in land and hiring labour for agricultural work. This may be due to their increased financial capacity as the money was flowing from outside due to employment of their husbands at distant destinations. However, role of respondents in decision-making increased considerably due to the reason that they acted as de facto female heads in case of migration of their husbands.ThesisItem Open Access Impact analysis of Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) in Samastipur district of Bihar.(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kumari, Ruby; Kumari, ShipraIndia has a shockingly high maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 174, for every 100000 births (2015). This is more than twice the target to be achieved under the sustainable development goal. Although infant mortality rate is declining at a moderating rate from 50.74 per thousand live birth in 2007 to 34 per thousand live birth in 2016.The government target to bring infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019 and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) to 100 by 2020 through various scheme and awareness programme such as JananiSurakshaYojana. Looking to this essential demand,one such new maternity benefit scheme is JananiSurakshaYojana. The Government of India had launched JananiSurakshaYojana (JSY) on April 12, 2005 as a part of the National Rural Health Mission(NRHM), to ensure safe motherhood and to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.The main objectives of JSY scheme were to reduce Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) through encouraging institutional deliveries; particularly in below poverty line families. Under this scheme cash incentives are given to women who opt for institutional deliveries and also to the local health functionary who motivates the family for institutional delivery and helps them in obtaining ante-natal and post-natal services. The main components of the scheme are mobilizing the community with the help of intervention worker and providing cash assistance as an incentive for institutional delivery as a mean to reduce maternal and neonatal death. The scheme has ASHA as a key functionary for providing services and functioning as a link between healthcare delivery systems and the pregnant women.ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activists) who motivates the family for institutional delivery and helps them in obtaining ante-natal and post-natal services.Main role of ASHA is to facilitate pregnant women to avail services of maternal care and arrange referral transport andplay an important role in implementing the JSY at the grassroots level.Keeping in view of the above facts, the present study is undertaken with the following specific objectives: Objectives 1. To know the Socio-Economic and Personal Characteristics of the women beneficiaries of JananiSurakshaYojana scheme. 2. To study the knowledge level and attitude of women beneficiaries ofJananiSurakshaYojna scheme. 3. To explore the service utilization pattern provided underJananiSurakshaYojana among women beneficiaries. 4. To identify the constraints faced by beneficiaries ofJananiSurakshaYojanascheme. Methodology There are 20 blocks in Samastipur district out of which two blocks viz. Pusa and Kalyanpur were selected purposively. Out of these two blocks four villages from each block were selected randomly for study. From Pusa Block, Harpur and Mahmadda were selected and from Kalyanpur block, saidpur andMalinagar were selected purposively. 30 beneficiariesfromPusa block and 30 beneficiaries from Kalyanpur block were selected as sample for dataCollection. Major findings The study reveals that majority of the JSY women beneficiaries were belong to middle age group, economically backward classes (EBC), high school level of education, nuclear and small size of family, working in house wife, medium level of family annual income, member of more than one organization, mostly source of information given by ASHA, AWW and ANM. The findings showed that majority of respondents among 48.34 per cent of the respondents have high level of overall knowledge about JananiSurakshaYojana. In component wise level of knowledge of JSY beneficiaries have medium level of knowledge regarding JSY scheme.The relationship between socio-economic and personal profile with knowledge level about JSY scheme indicated that the variables education, family size, family annual income and attitude were found as significant correlation. Majority of the respondents having high level of knowledge 43.34 per cent about cash assistance.Correlation coefficient of socio- economic variables of respondents with knowledge level about cash assistance indicated that the variables caste, family annual income, social participation was found as significant correlation.Respondents had high level of knowledge about ASHA and Correlation coefficient between socio-economic and personal profile with knowledge about ASHA shows that the variables caste, education and source of information was found as significant correlation.Majority 63.3 per cent of the respondents have high level of knowledge about the registration timing.Correlation coefficient between socio-economic and personal profile with knowledge about timing of registration in JSY scheme indicated thatthe variables education, source of information and attitude were found as significant correlation. The finding reveals that a maximum 66.6 per cent of JSY women beneficiaries having favorable attitude about JSY scheme.Correlation coefficient between socio-economic and personal profile with the variables attitude about JSY scheme shows that the variables education, social participation and knowledge about JSY scheme were found as significant correlation. The finding shows that majority of the JSY women beneficiaries utilize medium level of antenatal and postnatal services provided in JSY scheme. The relationship of socio-economic variable with the antenatal and post natal service utilized by women beneficiaries shows that the variables age, caste, family size, family annual income, education, attitude and knowledge about cash assistance was found as significant. The multiple regression analysis indicated that in case of antenatal and postnatal service utilization pattern by women beneficiaries were the variables Caste, family income and source of information found as significant effect at 5 per cent level of probability. In case of antenatal stage F-value (1.718) was significant but in postnatal stage F- value (0.638) was found to be non-significant. Major constraints faced by women beneficiaries of JSY scheme to utilized JSY services Personal constraints, hospital, economic, socio-psychological and health constraints. Conclusion JSY had worked with objectives of reducing maternal and infant mortality by promoting institutional delivery among pregnant women. It was started in 2005 then, it played vital role in the reduction of MMR. So Government try to launch more and more scheme related with JSY to make the mother’s and child life safe and fruitful. The study concluded that the majority of beneficiaries i.e., 48.34 percent have high level of knowledge. This means that majority of beneficiaries were have knowledge about the JSY scheme. Majority of beneficiaries i.e., 66.6 percent have favorable attitude towards JSY scheme. 68.3 per cent of beneficiaries were utilizing antenatal services and 58.3 percent were utilizing postnatal services provided under JSY scheme. The major constraints for JSY beneficiaries were personal constraint (78.1per cent) and hospital constraint (73.6percent). For effective implementation of JSY scheme the frequency of visit by the medical supervisor and ANM should be increased.The ASHA and ANM need to be given training about motivates the family members and beneficiaries for promoting institutional delivery and helps them to well care during antenatal and postnatal stage. InAaganwadi centres need to given basic medical kit facilities and easily available for respondents. The major constraint is required to overcome for effective services utilized by the women beneficiaries with the aims to decrease the neo-natal and maternal deaths happening in the country by promoting institutional delivery.ThesisItem Open Access A comparative study of Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Abhiyan at Vaishali district of Bihar(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kritika; Kumari, ArunimaWomen constitute almost half of the population of the world. Education for women is the best way to improve the health, nutrition and economic status of a household that constitute a micro unit of a nation economy. In this context, it can be argued that lack of women education can be an impediment to the country’s economic development. In India, women achieve far less education that of men. As per the Census report 2011, the literacy rate of women is 65.46 per cent and that of men is 82.14 per cent. There has been a sincere effort to improve the education attainment of women by both government and voluntary Organization. The changes in the policies and infrastructural supports on primary, secondary and higher education reflect the initiatives of the Government of India towards women education. Shri Narender Modi, Honorable Prime Minister of India has given stress on the need of educating and protecting the girl child. When the country is heading towards being the superpower if not in the near future, in the long run. Yeah this is the miserable condition of the daughters in some parts of the country where the girls are not treated equal to boys, not allowed to go to the schools beyond primary classes, deprived of all the facilities which their brothers enjoy with extreme liberty and in some cases the girls are not allowed to take birth and they get killed in the womb of their mothers. Keeping in view the above facts the present study was conducted with the following specific objectives:- 1. To know the socio-economic status and personal characteristics of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. 2. To evaluate the performance and benefits of the scheme in context of the beneficiaries 3. To assess the impact of BBBP scheme. 4. To identify the constraints as faced by the beneficiaries. 5. Based on constraints, suggest the strategies for improvement in execution of the BBBP scheme. METHODOLOGY The present study was carried out in the Bihar state. Vaishali district was selected purposefully with having lowest sex ratio. From district Vaishali, Rajapakar and Chehrakalan (two blocks) were selected. From these two blocks, (two villages from each block), four villages were selected such as Bhojpatti, Phulwariya, Mansupur Halaiya and Chehra were selected randomly. A total number of 100 respondents were selected randomly. A schedule was developed to study the socio-economic background of the respondents. The schedule was standardized and validated through pre-testing. The data thus collected were analysed through Karl Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression and interpreted with the help of tables and diagrams. MAJOR FINDINGS The findings revealed that the majority of respondents were young aged and belongs to Schedule Caste. Family income of majority of the respondents was middle .It was found that education of respondent was high in higher secondary and parental education high in primary education. The source of livelihood of majority of them were in agriculture or allied activities. The type of family of majority of them in joint family.The size of family of majority of them in medium category,the number of children in your family of majority of them in more than three.Girl child in your family of majority of them in up to three.Further their social participation was high in self help grop, facility at school for majority of the respondents was recorded in high category.Performance of scheme for majority of the respondents was recorded in high in awareness creation,medium in sensitization programme and low in monitoring and supervision.Impact of scheme for majority of the respondents was recorded in medium category.Status of girl child for majority of the respondents was recorded in medium category. Among all the constraints, having girl child were perceived as highly problematic by most of them. Overall they all showed positive impact of scheme. Out of 15 independent variables undertaken in study thirteen variables namely were Age, Education, Parental education, Source of livelihood, Type of family, Size of family, Total no. of children in your family, Family income, Cosmopolite, Social participation, Facility at school, Performance of scheme, Impact of scheme and were positively and significantly correlated with status of girl child and caste,constraints faced by beneficiaries were negatively and non-significantly.ThesisItem Open Access Role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Agricultural Development An Analytical Study At Samastipur District of (Bihar)(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumari, Richa; Kumari, Arunimahe present study entitled “Role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Agricultural Development-An Analytical Study at Samastipur District of Bihar”, has been taken up with the following specific objectives - to study prevalent knowledge about ICT of farmers, to study accessibility (status) of ICT among farmers in Samastipur district, to study information gained from the ICT to develop the agriculture, to study constraints faced by the farmers in using ICT, to ascertain the relationship between selected socio economic variable with their knowledge gained through ICT in the field of agriculture. There are 20 blocks in Samastipur district out of which two blocks viz. Pusa and Kalyanpur were selected purposively. Out of these two blocks two villages from each block were selected randomly for study.40 farmers from Pusa block and 40 farmers from Kalyanpur block were selected as sample for data collection. Out of these 40 farmers, 20 progressive and 20 non- progressive farmers selected that included small, medium and large farmers on the basis of land holding. In this study it is concluded that role of ICTs in agriculture development was influenced by respondents, age, caste, education, size of family, family type, social participation, family annual income, sources of information and size of land holding, high and medium level of knowledge about agricultural activities among farmers through ICT tools, in the case of progressive farmers, the variables caste, education, social participation significantly correlated with accessibility of ICTs, in the case of non-progressive farmers, the variables were found as significant such as education and sources of information/media exposure, in the case of progressive farmers, the variables education and sources of information/media exposure turned out to be significant contributors towards information gained from ICT to develop the agriculture, in the case of non-progressive farmers, only two independent variables education, and social participation, was found as significantly correlated with information gained from ICT to develop the agriculture, in the case of progressive farmers, that ‘t’ value of co-relation coefficient of independent variables under study could not emerge as significant predictors, in the case of non-progressive farmers, out of the nine independent variables fitted in co-relation coefficient analysis, no any variables contributed significantly correlated with knowledge level of farmers about pre harvest agricultural activities, in the case of progressive farmers, variables could not emerge as significant correlated with knowledge level of farmers about post-harvest agricultural activities, in the case of non-progressive farmers, one independent variables size of land holding were found as significantly correlated with knowledge level of farmers about post-harvest agricultural activities, major constraints faced by respondents in using ICT tools was mobility constraints and low level of education, lack of pertinent knowledge about new innovation, lack of knowledge about using modern communicational techniques i.e. computer, high cost of agricultural tools. None, of the respondents having accessed internet, computer, software and you tube as ICT tools for agricultural information.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Empowerment of women through their involvement in Mithila Painting(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumari, Savita; Kumari, ShipraThe handicrafts of Bihar are appreciated all over the world because of their great aesthetic value and their adherence to tradition. Mithila painting is more than an art. Through this creative ability, a group of women express their desires, dreams, expectations, hopes and aspirations to the people. Mithila painting, is also known as Madhubani painting. Madhubani painting is an emblematic expression of day-to-day experiences and beliefs. As such, symbolism, simplicity and beauty hold them together in a single school of traditional art. Traditional artisan skills exist in clusters and are unique to Bihar. Mithila painting is one such art form. Madhubani painting has been encouraged by All India Handicrafts Board and this traditional skill, as it has been rigorously promoted by the Government, has a unique work and trade organization, though co-operatives are yet to establish ground amongst the artisans. While earnings from these activities are low ranging from Rs 30–35 with a likely median of Rs 50–60 per day, many of these could be helped to become more viable occupations. This research focuses on impact of Mithila paintings on the status of women artisans and also on the economy of Bihar. Objectives 1) To know the Socio-Economic & Personal profile of the Mithila painting artists. 2) To assess the empowerment of women involved in Mithila painting. 3) Ascertain relationship between socio economic and personal profile with empowerment of women. 4) To identify the perceived constraints involved in Mithila painting. Research Methodology The study was conducted in Madhubani district of Bihar. Where two blocks were selected purposively (i.e.; Rahika & Rajnagar) from where 60 respondents were selected from five village where Mithila painting was being run effectively. Findings Section 1: Socio-economic & personal profile of the respondents Nearly 50 per cent of the respondents belonged to young age group, 65 per cent were from UR category. Nearly 40 per cent were engaged in farming, business and painting while house wife constituted only 35 per cent. Thirty per cent were found to have studied beyond high school. In general, participation in social institution appeared to be very low five per cent of them were office bearers of an organization, 25 per cent were members of an organization, 30 per cent were not members of any organization and 40 per cent were members of more than one organization. Nearly 80 per cent of them had joint family and 20 per cent had to nuclear family. Among the surveyed women, 50 per cent had income ranging from Rs. 50,001 to Rs. 75000 i.e. were in the medium income group. Medium entrepreneurial orientation were found among 55 per cent of the respondents. Majority (68.33 %) of the respondents had high risk followed by medium (25 %) and low (6.67 %) risk orientation. Local leaders at the tola/panchayat level, neighbour and relatives were the ‘most often’ and ‘sometimes’ used source of information by majority of respondents. Majority of them were using these source of information ‘often’ and ‘most often’ such as scientist and handicrafts fair while other sources of information such as officials, family members, friends, magazine, news paper, radio and television were used ‘most often’ and ‘sometimes’. About 3-15 per cent of respondents were found to have never consulted any of these cosmopolite interpersonal sources of information. Section: 2 Empowerment of women involved in Mithila painting. Majority of the respondents (66.94 %) had psychological empowerment, 60.3 per cent social empowerment, 59.78 per cent cultural empowerment, 60.3 per cent economic empowerment and 56 per cent of the respondents were politically empowered after starting Mithila painting in Rahika and Rajnagar block. Section: 3 Relationship between socio-economic and personal profile with empowerment of women. The result of psychological, social and economic empowerment revealed that out of ten variables which were subjected to analysis, only three variables education, entrepreneurial orientation and family annual income were found to be highly significant contributors towards empowerment of women artists. However, education and entrepreneurial orientation were found to be non-significant contributors towards cultural and political empowerment of women artists. Section : 4 Constraints faced by women artists involved in Mithila painting. 61.33 per cent of the respondents experienced personal constraints, 63.99 per cent faced socio-psychological constraints while 66.99 per cent had economic constraints after starting Mithila painting .ThesisItem Open Access A study of Empowerment of Women through Mithila Milk Union(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Patel, Ruchika; Kumari, PunamEmpowerment is most frequently used term in development dialogue today. It is also the most nebulous and widely interpreted concepts, which has simultaneously become a tool for analysis and also an umbrella concept to justify development interventions. Empowering women is one of the most crucial concerns of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Empowerment in the context of women’s development is a way of defining, challenging and overcoming barriers in a woman’s life through which she increases her ability to shape her life and environment. Livestock sector in India has experienced remarkable growth during the last two decades in terms of production, value of output from livestock and trade. Livestock contributes nearly 25% to the gross value of agricultural output at the national level and is a potential enterprise. At the household level, its contribution is much more in the case of small who comprise a sizeable proportion of rural households and control bulk of the livestock resources. Through the proportion of workers engaged in livestock production declined, livestock production is more women oriented as women contribute more than 70% of the labour requirement. Keeping in view of the above facts the present investigation entitled ‘Empowerment of Women through Mithila Milk Union’ was undertaken with the following objectives; I. Socio-personal characteristics of women respondents II. Women affiliation to the milk union and their empowerment III. Relationship between socio-personal characteristics of women respondents The study was conducted in purposively selected in Pusa Block of Samastipur district of Bihar state. A sample of five dairy cooperative societies was selected by following proportionate random sampling technique. A sample of hundred members was also selected with proportionate random sampling method. Thus the study was carried out on five women dairy cooperative society and hundred members of women dairy cooperative societies. The data collected with the help of interview schedule were analysed and interpreted using appropriate statistical technique which included percentages, frequency and mean value. The major findings of the present study are summarized that- A majority of respondents (58 %) belongs to young age group, (21 %) were in middle age group. Whereas, (21 %) old age group, on the basis of educational level women had been classified into seven groups, majority of respondents, 23% respondents fell into the educational category of ‘can read and write’, the overall data indicated that family education of respondents fell into the categories majority of respondents having passed ‘high school’ 24.5 %, most of the respondents fell into other backward class that is 48.5 % followed by respondents following into general caste category, the data related to social participation revealed that only 2 % women respondent from experimental group were the member of organizations, on the basis of family type viz; nuclear and joint. more than 50 % of respondents that is 53.5 % belonged to nuclear family as vice-versa. The overall data related to family size shows that 53.5 % for medium size followed by small and large, the data related to means of communication and transport shows that cycle was being use as means of transportation by the family in about 79.5% followed by motor cycle in 17% cases, livestock population related data reveals that number of livestock population (cow) was found low (46.5%) were as in medium was 16.5%. In buffalo, majority of population fell into low group 30.5 % and in medium group population was found only 3%, data of duration of membership 79 % of respondents were the members of dairy cooperative for more than 4 years. In Agricultural decisions, farm related decisions data shows that a majority of respondents 71 % respondents to farm related themselves under control group where as it was 92 % is experimental group, a majority of respondents in labour allocation related decisions, there was not significant difference between in labour allocation decisions being taken by both of groups, livestock related decisions, the data reveals that t-value being 4.129 experimental group women were participating highly in livestock related decisions the significance being at 1 % level. In household decisions data related to home management decisions inferred that the difference between the control group and experimental group women is indicating at 5 % level of significance the t-value being 2.12, in child related decisions data shows that there was no significant difference in making child related decisions by making both of groups, in economic decisions, data reveals that capital transaction decisions by both groups which was found non-significant, experimental group women was participated highly decisions to purchasing farm materials the t-value being 6.8, purchasing necessary household there is no significant difference between the groups in decision-making related to purchasing household necessary items. Disposal of farm produce, data shows that the experimental group women were different at 5 % level of significance pertaining to decision related to disposal of farm produce, in paired sample test for control and experimental group data cleared depicts that the experimental group women were participated significantly in livestock related and purchasing farm materials decisions the difference being a significant at 1 % level followed by significance of difference in decision making in cases of disposal of farm produce and household decision and home management decisions. Decision-making pertain with both of groups was found non-significant in case of purchasing necessary household items taking capital transaction decisions., child related decisions and labour allocation decisions .