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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Optimising nutrient management strategy and assessing the contribution of different nutrients to yield of hybrid rice in calcareous soil(Rajendra Agriculrural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Kumar, Nitish; Chaudhary, S. K.A field experiment on “Optimising nutrient management strategy and assessing the contribution of different nutrients to yield of hybrid rice in calcareous soil” was carried out during kharif - 2014 at Research Farm, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (India) to evaluate the effect of different nutrients on yield and economics of hybrid rice (“Arize 6444”) and inbred rice (“Rajshree”). The soil was calcareous (pH 8.28) in nature with low organic carbon (0.33%), available nitrogen (212 kg N ha-1), potassium (103.48 kg K2O ha-1) and zinc (0.72 mg Zn kg-1); medium phosphorus (38.93 kg P2O5 ha-1) and high sulphur (52.80 mg S kg-1) status. The factors under study comprised of 10 treatments viz.T1-ample dose of N+ P+ K+ S+ Zn, T2-P+K+S+Zn (-N), T3-N+K+S+Zn (-P), T4-N+P+S+Zn (-K), T5-N+P+K+Zn (-S), T6-N+P+K+S (-Zn), T7-Inbred variety under unfertilized check, T8- Inbred variety under ample fertilizer (N+ P+ K+ S+ Zn), T9-Control (hybrid rice without any fertilizer), T10- nutrient dose based on Nutrient Expert in inbred rice. The experiment was conducted in RBD with three replications. The nutrient dose for hybrid rice (at yield target of 7 t ha-1) was 175 kg N ha-1, 70 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 80 kg K2O ha-1 and for inbred rice (at yield target of 5 t ha-1), 125 kg N ha-1, 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 60 kg K2O ha-1. In treatment T10 nutrient dose was applied according to Nutrient Expert (N-P2O5-K2O:109-28-54 kg ha-1). The common dose of S (30 kg ha-1) and Zn (3 kg ha-1) was applied in all the treatments. Treatment T1 for hybrid rice was superior over all the other treatments in grain yield, harvest index, nutrient uptake, net return and benefit: cost ratio. Among different treatments with inbred rice, treatment T8 was at par with T10 and significantly superior over T7 for grain and straw yield. Most detrimental effect of omission of nutrient was observed in treatment T2 having 48.6 and 37.6 % less grain and straw yield respectively over T1. Maximum nutrient uptake by rice was recorded under treatment T1, while omission of nutrients decreased the nutrient uptake and maximum decrease was recorded for N and it was followed by K, P, S and Zn. Build-up in available nutrient was recorded maximum under treatment T1, while there was a decrease in availability of nutrients in accordance to the omitted nutrient. Maximum net return (₹ 48,837 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (1.22) was in treatment T1 and it was at par with treatments T5 and T6 having omission of sulphur and zinc respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Weed management in direct seeded rice under rainfed lowland ecosystem(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Kumari, Pooja; Singh, J. P.A field experiment entitled “Weed management in direct seeded rice under rainfed lowland ecosystem” was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (India), during kharif season of 2014to evaluate the efficiency of different herbicides and their impact on yield and economic of direct seeded rice. The soil of the experimental field was calcareous (clay- loam) with pH 8.43. It was moderately fertile being low in organic carbon (0.46 %), available nitrogen(242 kg N ha-1),phosphorus (18.38 kg P2O5 ha-1) andpotassium (111 kg K2O ha-1). The factors under study comprised of 12 weed management treatments on direct seeded rice. T1-Weedy check, T2-Weed free(3 hand weedings at 20,40 and 60 DAS), T3-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T4-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 15 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS),T5-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 15 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T6-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 15 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 15 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T7-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Pendimethalin 1 l/ha + Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T8-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha(2 DAS) fb Pendimethalin 1 l/ha + Bispyribac-Na 15 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T9-Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Pyrazosulfuron 25 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T10-Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Ethoxysulfuron 18.5 g/ha in tank mix(20 DAS), T11-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha (20 DAS) + Hand weeding (40 DAS), T12-Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS.The experiment was conducted in RBD design and was replicated thrice taking rice variety Swarna Sub-1 as a test crop with RDF- 80-40-20-25 kg N-P2O5-K2O-ZnS04 per ha, respectively.Other crop management practices were performed as per standard package of practices.Among different weed management treatments on direct seeded rice, T2-Weed free (3 hand weedings at 20,40 and 60 DAS) had registered the maximum growth, yield attributes and yield of direct seeded rice, which remain comparable to T11-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha (20 DAS) + Hand weeding (40 DAS), T3-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T5-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 15 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), T4-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 15 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS), and T12-Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS.The maximum weed control efficiency and lowest weed population, weed dry weight andweed index were recorded under treatment T2-Weed free(3 hand weedings at 20,40 and 60 DAS).The maximum nutrient content and nutrient uptake were registered under T2-Weed free (3 hand weedings at 20,40 and 60 DAS). The highest net return gained withT12-Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS, which was significantly superior over T2-Weed free (3 hand weedings at 20, 40 and 60 DAS) and T1-Weedy checkwhich wasstatistically at par with rest of the treatments and benefit : cost ratio was also obtained maximum under T12- Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS and significantly superior to rest of the treatments. On the basis one year data, among different weed management treatments applied on direct seeded rice, T3-Pendimethalin 1 l/ha (2 DAS) fb Bispyribac-Na 30 g/ha + Azimsulfuron 30 g/ha in tank mix (20 DAS) had efficiently control the complex weed flora.T2-Hand weeding (Thrice) was found best interms of yield and yield attributing characters and T12-Brown manuring with Sesbenia aculeate at 35 DAS was found superior in terms of economics.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nitrogen and potassium levels on performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Kumar, Shantanu; Dwivedi, D. K.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of tillage and irrigation levels on growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Kumar, Ravikant; Singh, R. S.A field experiment entitled “Effect of tillage and irrigation levels on growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)” was carried out during rabi season of 2014-15 at Agricultural Research Farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, (Muzaffarpur), a campus of Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar, (India). The treatments comprised three tillage practices [zero tillage (T1), reduced tillage (T2) and conventional tillage (T3)] in main plots and four irrigation levels [No irrigation (I1), One irrigation (I2) at 35 DAS, Two irrigations (I3) at 35 and 60 DAS and Three irrigations (I4) at 35, 60 and 90 DAS] in sub-plots. The treatments were replicated thrice in split plot design. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH -8.51), low in organic carbon & available N, P2O5, K2O and S in medium range. The Indian mustard variety ‘Rajendra Sufalam’ was sown at a distance of 30 × 15 cm using the seed rate of 5 kg/ha with recommended fertilizer doses. Among the tillage practices, conventional tillage proved significantly superior in all growth parameters (plant height, crop growth rate, leaf area index and number of primary & secondary branches), yield attributes and yield. The conventional tillage significantly improved the grain yield of mustard over zero tillage by 18.08 % and was found statistically at par with reduced tillage. Irrigation levels, also significantly influenced all growth parameters (plant height, crop growth rate, leaf area index and number of primary & secondary branches), yield and yield attributing parameters. Three irrigation levels had ability to significantly enhanced the grain yield by 46.48 % over no irrigation under sandy loam condition. Increment in grain yield of mustard under conventional tillage resulted in maximum gross return ( 63712/ha) and net return ( 41403/ha) as compared to other treatments. On the basis of economics of mustard under irrigation levels, it was found that highest gross return ( 69070/ha), net return ( 46994/ha) and B: C ratio (2.12) was incurred with application of three levels of irrigation.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated weed management in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Hans, Hansraj; Bharati, VikramA field experiment entitled “Integrated weed management in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)” was carried out during spring 2014 at the Research Farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, R.A.U., Pusa, Bihar, India to investigate the effect of manual, herbicidal and integrated treatments on the weed dynamics, growth, yield and economics of sunflower. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Treatments constituted viz., pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha (38.7 CS new molecule) as pre-emergence, pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + one intercultivation at 20 DAS followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS, pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + quizalofop ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS, pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + propaquizafop @ 62 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS, pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + fenoxoprop ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS, farmers practice (one hand weeding at 30 DAS), pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + one weeding by power weeder at 35 DAS, one weeding by power weeder at 35 DAS, weed free (two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS) and unweeded control. Weed management treatments significantly influenced growth parameters, quality parameters, yield attributes and yield of sunflower. Plant height (cm), head diameter (cm), 100 seed weight (g), seed yield (q/ha), straw yield (q/ha) obtained under weed free (twice hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS) had significantly higher value than pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + one intercultivation at 20 DAS followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS, pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + propaquizafop @ 62 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS, pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + quizalofop ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS. Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS though recorded higher seed yield and straw yield but statically at par with pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + one intercultivation at 20 DAS followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS and pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + propaquizafop @ 62 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS. Prominent weeds found in the experimental plot were Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Chenopodium album, Parthenium hysterophorus and Cannabis sativa. Among the herbicides tested, the highest weed control efficiency (%) recorded under weed free (twice hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS) and was followed by pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + one intercultivation at 20 DAS followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS. The lowest weed index (%) was noticed under pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + one intercultivation at 20 DAS followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS. The higher gross return 86,533.00 (`/ha) was obtained under weed free (twice hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS) and was at par with pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + one intercultivation at 20 DAS followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS, however the highest net return 55,233.31 (`/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.93) were fetched under under the treatment pendimethalin (38.7 CS new molecule) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + propaquizafop @ 62 g a.i./ha at 20 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Moisture Regimes and levels of Iron on Growth and Yield Of Rice under Aerobic condition.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2015) Das, Lipika; Kumar, RajanA field experiment was conducted at Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar during kharif season of 2014 to investigate the “Effect of moisture regimes and levels of iron on growth and yield of rice under aerobic condition”. The treatments consisted of three moisture regimes i.e. I1 (Irrigation at 10% moisture depletion of field capacity), I2 (Irrigation at 20% moisture depletion of field capacity) and I3 (Irrigation at 30% moisture depletion of field capacity) and four levels of iron F1 (Control), F2 (Basal application of 25 Kg FeSO4 +5 t/ha FYM), F3 (3 foliar application of 1% FeSO4 at tillering, pre flowering and flowering stages) and F4 (3 foliar application of 2% FeSO4 at tillering, pre flowering and flowering stages) was laid out in split plot design with three replication. The test cultivar was RAU-4 of short duration variety. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH 8.6), low in available N (155 kg/ha), P2O5 (20.23 kg/ha), K2O (120 kg/ha) and Fe (6.7 ppm). The result showed that growth and yield attributes like Plant height, number of tillers/m2, LAI, dry matter production (g/m2), crop growth rate (g/day/m2), SPAD value, number of panicles/m2, number of spikelets/panicle, fertile spikelets/panicle, grain and straw yields, N, P, K and Fe uptake by rice grain and straw, water productivity, net return were found to be maximum with I1 moisture regime which was significantly superior over I2 and I3 but was statistically at par with I2 in case of plant height and Number of tillers/m2 at all growth stages. 1000- grain weight, harvest index, N, P and K content in grain and straw and WUE were not influenced by moisture regimes. Net return and net return per rupee investment were affected significantly due to moisture regimes. The maximum net return and net return per rupee investment were fetched with I1 moisture regime which was significantly superior over other treatments. Growth and yield attributes like Plant height, number of tillers/m2, LAI, dry matter production (g/m2), crop growth rate (g/day/m2), SPAD value, number of panicles/m2, number of spikelets/panicle, Fertile spikelets/panicle, grain and straw yields, Fe content in grain and straw, N, P, K and Fe uptake by rice grain and straw, WUE were recorded with F4 level of iron which was significantly superior over F1 and F2 but were statistically at par with F3 level of iron. 1000- grain weight, harvest index, N, P and K content in grain and straw did not vary significantly due to levels of iron. Water productivity, net return, net return per rupee investment was significantly influenced by levels of iron. Maximum water productivity (4.38 /ha), net return (24598 /ha), net return per rupee investment (0.80 /ha) were recorded with F3 level of iron which were significantly superior over F1 and F2 but were statistically at par with F4 level of iron.