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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo ASSESSING THE ESSENTIALITY OF A FEW GENES IN BUD BREAK AND RESUMPTION OF GROWTH IN MULBERRY(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-03-29) SHRIDHAR, S.; NATARAJA KARABA N.Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a perennial tree system economically cultivated for its foliage production. To improve foliage production and the sustainability of the sericulture industry, achieving early and rapid bud break is essential. However, the molecular mechanism regulating bud break in mulberry is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify genes involved in regulating the mechanism of bud break in mulberry. Over fifty genes belonging to key pathways in bud break were selected from a previously generated transcriptome, and their relevance was assessed through in-silico expression analysis using e- northern expression browser available at the Botany Array Resource (BAR) platform. Further, in-vivo expression analysis was carried out using qRT-PCR for 19 genes representing multiple pathways at different time intervals post-induction of bud break. Expression analysis showed that mulberry bud break is tightly controlled by phytohormones, symplastic connectivity, cell cycle and redox signalling. Key genes such as GA signalling genes, symplastic connectivity restoration genes, branching signal integrator genes, and sugar transporter genes were significantly upregulated post-induction of bud break, indicating their positive role in bud burst. In contrast, genes linked to ABA signalling and perception, strigolactone signalling, MADS-box family, and antioxidant-system-linked genes were significantly downregulated post-bud break induction. Further, two uncharacterized genes, DUF1068-like and RRM-like, were functionally validated using post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay using tobacco rattle virus-based gene silencing vector in Nicotiana benthamiana for their role in growth and development. Silencing of both RRM and DUF1068 resulted in increased axillary bud break and branching, indicating their crucial role in bud growth and development. Overall, the study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying bud break in mulberry and highlighted the importance of various regulatory pathways involved in this process.ThesisItem Embargo INFLUENCE OF ACQUIRED TOLERANCE IN IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF COWPEA GENOTYPES UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-03-29) ADARSH KUMAR, M.; PRAKASH KOLERCowpea is mainly grown in the arid and semiarid regions at the global level. Studies have shown that temperature above 35oC affects the physiological processes and decreases the grain yield of cowpea. Hence, identification of thermotolerant genotypes is necessary. In this regard, one hundred ninety-one genotypes were screened for yield attributes under field conditions at two locations (Bangalore and Raichur). The crop was exposed to a higher mean maximum temperature by 7.2oC at Raichur compared to Bangalore during the entire crop growth period. The plants experienced high levels of heat stress at Raichur compared to that of Bangalore which led to increase in mean leaf temperature, decreased mean SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), total dry matter (TDM) and other yield attributing traits studied. Tolerant cowpea genotypes showed minimum reduction in total dry matter compared to susceptible genotypes between two locations. Further 20 contrasting genotypes differing in total dry matter were identified and screened for cellular level tolerance using temperature induction response approach (TIR). The contrasting genotypes selected at the field level exhibited similar levels of thermotolerance, wherein the tolerant genotypes showed minimum reduction in root length and maximum seedling survival compared to the susceptible genotypes. The tolerant genotypes IC-402172, EC-458453, EC- 458470, NBC-21, NBC-14, EC-394708, CB-10, IC-458430, IC-249588 and EC-458490 which exhibited the tolerance for high temperature at both field and TIR can be used for further crop improvement programme. Present study revealed that few cowpea genotypes can sustain the temperature up to 35oC without compromising the total dry matter.ThesisItem Embargo ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN CROPS: CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES CONTRIBUTING TO CELLULAR TOLERANCE IDENTIFIED FROM INDIAN MULBERRY (Morus alba L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-15) HARI SINGH MEENA; NATARAJA KARABA NPlants often encounter various stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, heavy metal toxicity, etc., which result in reduced plant growth and yield. Indian mulberry (Morus alba L.), widely cultivated in Asia for fruit and silk production, is a stress-tolerant tree crop. This study has attempted to identify and functionally validate genes associated with drought stress response from this hardy crop. A drought transcriptome generated in a previous study (Sequence Read Archive ID: SRX9004356, SRX9004357, SRX9004358 and SRX9004359) was analyzed to identify the stress-responsive genes. Over 1000 genes were differentially expressed and based on the relative fold change and their role in stress tolerance responses, 109 genes were evaluated by in silico expression. Ten select genes were subjected to in vivo expression analysis to examine their relevance under drought and salinity stresses. These genes were found to be induced under these stresses and contribute to cellular-level tolerance in mulberry. To investigate the importance of two uncharacterized genes, designated as MaDUF1068 and MaRRM1-like, the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) approach was employed using the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. The PTGS indicated that these genes have a role in plant developmental processes. MaRRM1-like and MaUSP1-like genes from mulberry were validated through overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum. Overexpression of mulberry genes improved photosynthetic efficiency and stress tolerance compared to wild-type and vector control. MaUSP1-like expressing plants showed a 27-30% increase in biomass and increased tolerance to drought and salinity. The study showed that mulberry has diverse drought-responsive genes and that MaUSP1-like and MaRRM1-like genes are vital in reducing abiotic stress damage and promoting stress tolerance.ThesisItem Embargo NANO UREA AND NANO ZINC: IMPACT ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH IN FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn)(2023-02-02) BASWARAJ; Dr. A.G. SHANKARThe productivity of rain fed crop mainly depends on early seedling establishment and agricultural practices like fertilizer use. A good seedling establishment depends on the seedling vigour index which is agronomical trait and sign of potential seed germination, seedling growth and tolerance to adverse climatic factors. It significantly improves the speed, uniformity and the percentage of germination and it also depends on fertilizer application. But major limitation of conventional fertilizers is low nutrient use efficiency and high cost. One important approach to address this issue is to use nano fertilizers. Nano particles are having high surface area, high reactivity, better catalytic activity and rapidly dispersible properties which support better uptake of nutrients in turn increases the yield. We did the germination experiment among the finger millet genotypes and selected the low and high seedling vigour varieties which are GPU 28 and KMR 204 respectively. These varieties used for nano fertilizer application by different treatments like seed priming(1ml/L), foliar application(2ml/L) and combination of both by nano urea and nano zinc in pot culture and compared with recommended dose of fertilizers. We didn’t get any significant results for nano urea when compared to recommended dose of fertilizers but nano zinc showed better performance like recommended dose of fertilize in root length, shoot length biomass and as well as yield parameters. Lower lipid peroxidation and accumulation of free radicles was observed in nano zinc but not in nano urea indicating significance of nano zinc in improving finger millet productivity.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE POTATO MINI-TUBERS PRODUCTION IN AEROPONIC SYSTEMS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-07-28) SRIKANT; B. Mohan RajuAvailability of a good quality and disease free planting material at affordable price is a major constraint in potato cultivation and therefore, warrants different approaches. Among several approaches, aeroponic technology seems to be the most promising. However, aeroponic technology requires maintenance of growth conditions both inside poly house and in aeroponic chambers for effective tuberization as the tuberization is greatly influenced by temperature, photoperiod, hormonal level and nitrogen status. Towards producing quality and disease free mini-tubers under aeroponic system, misting cycles and nutrients formulations were standardized and followed in the entire study. Further, using less photosensitive cultivar identified based on allelic variations in CDF1 gene, temperature effect on tuberization was examined by exposing the root zone to regulated and unregulated emperatures with shoot zone exposed to poly house temperature. Accordingly, in normal growing season like rabi, 29 and 12 mini-tubers per plant were produced with and without root zone temperature regulation respectively. Similarly, even during non-optimal growing season like kharif, relatively a good number of mini-tubers were produced upon root zone cooling suggesting the importance of regulating root zone temperatures. Although root and shoot zone temperature regulation is important, cooling root zone seems to be more crucial. In addition, warm white and far-red LED lights have shown improved growth rates and tuber yield. Further, cytokinin application also showed increased mini-tuber production by enhancing the expression of tuberization genes. Such enhanced expression of positive and downregulation of negative regulators of tuberization were also noticed under root zone cooling and with light regulation. Finally, combined interventions of the said factors have significantly improved the mini-tuber production even under non-optimal kharif condition suggesting the importance of regulating all the growing conditions for effective tuberization and tuber yield in potato.ThesisItem Embargo RELEVANCE OF STARCH HYDROLYSIS AS AFFECTED BY 1-DNJ, AN ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR IN SEEDS AND MESOPHYLL TISSUES OF MULBERRY(2022-12-18) ABHISHEK HIREWODEYAR; SAVITHA MADAPPAMulberry is often used as medicine in Chinese and Indian cultures, as it is known to contain many bioactive compounds. One such unique metabolite is 1-Deoxynojirimycin (1- DNJ), an iminosugar analogue to D-Glucose, making it a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor. This property has led 1-DNJ to be used in therapeutics and has been studied in mammalian systems. Present research outlines the investigation of 1-DNJ and its role in plant species. 1-DNJ being a known competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase, its role in starch hydrolysis during seed germination and leaf starch hydrolysis at night time is hypothesized. This study reveals that the seed germination and seedling vigour of mulberry, rice and wheat seeds are affected in the presence of 1-DNJ with highest inhibitions of germination noticed in mulberry seeds and least inhibition in paddy seeds. However, starch hydrolysis at night in leaf is not affected, as 1-DNJ levels in leaf extract of mulberry are diurnally regulated. Studies on starch content and maltase enzyme (target of 1-DNJ) activity highlights that the starch content in DNJ or SA treated leaf gets reduced and maltase enzyme activity to be increased during night time similar to untreated control. Further, metabolites such as glucose, fructose and sucrose are increased in night in DNJ or SA treated leaves as in untreated leaves, in line with starch hydrolysis. Thus, the diurnal regulation of 1-DNJ content and its role in starch metabolism in mulberry is being reported for the first time. The similar study in contrasting genotypes would strengthen the present findings.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF LEAF THICKNESS AND STOMATAL CHARACTERS ON WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND HAPLOTYPE MAPPING FOR VARIABILITY IN STOMATAL CHARACTERS IN RICE(2022-01-10) SOORYA, E.; Dr. SHESHSHAYEE, M S.Rice is the major food crops which serve as staple food for majority of the world’s population. Uneven rainfall and frequent droughts have brought the necessity to adopt aerobic cultivation. Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important physiological trait which determines the growth rates and has relevance under both resource sufficient as well as deficit conditions. WUE is a complex trait controlled by both photosynthesis and transpiration. Leaf thickness and stomatal frequency are two important traits that determine WUE through their influence on net assimilation rate (NAR) and mean transpiration rate (MTR), critical subcomponents of WUE. A study was conducted to evaluate 150 rice lines to screen for leaf thickness, stomatal frequency and leaf area. A sub-set of 32 lines were selected from 150 lines which were evaluated in phenomics facility under two water regimes i.e., well-watered (100% FC) and water-limited (60% FC) conditions. Leaf thickness was measured as leaf mass area (LMA) and stomatal frequency was determined using the leaf imprint method. Leaf area and WUE were strongly related in the selected sub-set. NAR was key determinant of WUE under both well-watered and water-limited conditions. Leaf thickness played a major role in determining WUE under water-limited condition, whereas WUE was better explained by stomatal frequency under well-watered condition. The probable reduction in mesophyll conductance in thicker leaves might be compensated by having many stomata. Haplotype analyses indicated presence of 3 haplotypes for each gene but were not responsible for phenotypic variation.ThesisItem Embargo STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIOS, SUGARS, AMINO ACIDS AND HORMONES WITH FLOWERING IN REGULAR AND IRREGULAR BEARING MANGO VARIETIES(2022-12-28) LOGESHWARAN, J.; SHIVASHANKARA, K. S.Mango fruiting is impacted by flowering and fruit set under unfavourable environmental conditions. Flowering is reported to be controlled by Carbon:Nitrogen ratio, more specifically by their individual concentration and the ratio is regulated by other factors such as hormones, minerals, amino acids, photosynthetic rate and also genotype. In this study, an attempt was made to understand the genotypic differences in flowering and its regulation. Genotypes differing in flowering were selected for the study. In addition to the genotypic differences, carbon accumulation variation was created using girdling and defoliation treatments. A total of 6 varieties, Alphonso, Langra, Dashehari from irregular and Amrapalli, Arka Anmol, Totapuri from regular bearing type were selected for the study. Number of vegetive and reproductive shoots were counted at frequent intervals. C and N content was analysed using CHNS analyser and other metabolites like sugars, amino acids, and hormones were estimated using LCMS. Higher Carbon content, more number of leaves, sucrose, fructose, ABA, SA, IAA, JA acted as positive regulators of flowering by generating more of generative shoots whereas the absence of leaves, GA3 were found to be negative controllers of flowering promoting vegetative shoot growth. Girdling has also influenced the accumulation of compounds and different leaf treatments altered the reserve storage by accumulating more Carbon. Study clearly indicated that the total carbon content rather than the C: N ratio plays an important role in induction of flowers which is influenced further by the flowering signals synthesised in the leaves.ThesisItem Embargo EFFECT OF ALTERED SOURCE SIZE ON YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN FINGER MILLET(2022-12-10) CHAITHRA, B. S.; NANJA READDY, Y. AA field experiment entitled “Effect of altered source size on yield attributing traits in finger millet’’ was conducted in the field unit of the Department of Crop Physiology during summer, 2022. Study was conducted using varieties namely, GPU-45, GPU-28 and MR-6. Statistical design followed was FRBD with 9 treatments in 3 replications. The effects of source size (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% leaf removal) on yield-contributing traits, grain yield, and seedling vigor were studied to determine the optimum source size and proportion of leaves on the plant for maximum grain yield. The reduced source size at flowering brought the crop to early maturity and decreased yield-contributing traits. However, the removal of 25% of leaves from bottom portion at flowering stage did not significantly decrease the yieldcontributing traits, hence, maintenance of the upper 75% of the leaves during post-flowering stage could be sufficient for maximum yield in finger millet, Correlation data showed that the source size (LAI) had a strong positive relationship with stem weight (0.806), total dry matter (0.847), test weight (0.645), finger number (0.554), mean car weight (0.417), and grain yield (0.642). Path analysis revealed a significant positive direct effect of the mean car weight (0.790) and productive tillers (0.510) on grain yield. The observed and estimated grain yields were not increased by increasing the LAI more than 4.0. Reduced source size reduced the seed size, and reduced seed size significantly decreased the seedling length, root/shoot ratio, and seedling dry weight. It is concluded that 75% of upper leaves with an LAI of 4.0 at flowering could be ideal for higher grain yield in finger millet, and the lower leaves are important during vegetative phase.
