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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Restricted Effect of moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on the performance of murrah buffaloes under loose housing system(Lala lajpat rai university Hisar) Sandeep; Bidhan, Devender SinghThe present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on performance of lactating Murrah buffalo under loose housing system. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were assigned to three dietary treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) resulting in six lactating buffaloes per treatment based on parity following factorial completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted for a period from 21 days prepartum to 5 months of lactation to find the effect of supplementation of MOLM in following treatments, namely, T1(control)- Feeding of lactating buffaloes with wheat straw, green fodder and concentrate mixture(on DM basis) to meet out the nutrients requirements as per ICAR standards (2013), T2- Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013) + 75 g MOLM/animal/day,T3- Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013) + 150 g MOLM/animal/day. Daily DMI, body weight were found comparable and non-significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control). Significantly (P<0.05) higher milk yield (kg), 6% FCM (kg), and lactose (%) were reported in T3 treatment group as compared to T1. Significantly (P<0.05) higher Milk fat (%), SNF (%) and total solids (%) were reported in T2 and T3 treatment group as compared to T1 while milk protein (%) remain unchanged. Peak milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control) but days taken to attain peak milk yield did not differ significantly among different dietary treatments. Persistency period of peak milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) greater in T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control). FCR and FCE based on 6% FCM were significantly (P<0.05) improved in T2 and T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control). Days to attain post-partum oestrous and services per conception were reduced in T2 and T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control), but the difference was non significant among different dietary treatments. Service period was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control). It was reported that plasma glucose concentration (mg/dl), cholesterol (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl), phosphorus (mg/dl), iron (µg/dl), globulin concentration (g/dl), SGOT (IU/L), SGPT (IU/L) and urea nitrogen concentration (mg/dl) were found comparable in all treatment groups. Total protein concentration (g/dl) and albumin concentration (g/dl) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 group than T1 (control) group. The findings of the present study inferred that MOLM supplementation increases production performance, improves reproduction parameters, feed conversion efficiency, haemato-biochemical parameters and is economic in lactating Murrah buffaloesThesisItem Restricted Effect of moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on the performance of murrah buffaloes under loose housing system(Lala lajpat rai university Hisar, 2022) Sandeep; Bidhan, Devender SinghThe present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on performance of lactating Murrah buffalo under loose housing system. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were assigned to three dietary treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) resulting in six lactating buffaloes per treatment based on parity following factorial completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted for a period from 21 days prepartum to 5 months of lactation to find the effect of supplementation of MOLM in following treatments, namely, T1(control)- Feeding of lactating buffaloes with wheat straw, green fodder and concentrate mixture(on DM basis) to meet out the nutrients requirements as per ICAR standards (2013), T2- Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013) + 75 g MOLM/animal/day,T3- Feeding as per ICAR standards (2013) + 150 g MOLM/animal/day. Daily DMI, body weight were found comparable and non-significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control). Significantly (P<0.05) higher milk yield (kg), 6% FCM (kg), and lactose (%) were reported in T3 treatment group as compared to T1. Significantly (P<0.05) higher Milk fat (%), SNF (%) and total solids (%) were reported in T2 and T3 treatment group as compared to T1 while milk protein (%) remain unchanged. Peak milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control) but days taken to attain peak milk yield did not differ significantly among different dietary treatments. Persistency period of peak milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) greater in T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control). FCR and FCE based on 6% FCM were significantly (P<0.05) improved in T2 and T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control). Days to attain post-partum oestrous and services per conception were reduced in T2 and T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control), but the difference was non significant among different dietary treatments. Service period was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 treatment groups as compared to T1 (control). It was reported that plasma glucose concentration (mg/dl), cholesterol (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl), phosphorus (mg/dl), iron (µg/dl), globulin concentration (g/dl), SGOT (IU/L), SGPT (IU/L) and urea nitrogen concentration (mg/dl) were found comparable in all treatment groups. Total protein concentration (g/dl) and albumin concentration (g/dl) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 group than T1 (control) group. The findings of the present study inferred that MOLM supplementation increases production performance, improves reproduction parameters, feed conversion efficiency, haemato-biochemical parameters and is economic in lactating Murrah buffaloes.ThesisItem Restricted To study the dairy characters of lactating Murrah buffaloes on the basis of physical appearance and body parts measurements(LUVAS, 2015) Sandeep; Kar, DipankarAn experiment was undertaken to study the dairy characters of lactating Murrah buffaloes on the basis of physical appearance and body parts measurements. The objective of the study was to correlate the milk yield of Murrah buffaloes with certain body parts measurements and to find the relationship between phenotypic characters and milk yield. Seventy lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected from Buffalo Farm of LUVAS, Hisar. The buffaloes were selected at random basis in a range from first to fifth parity. Traits studied were 305 days milk yield (MY), body weight (BW),body length (BL), muzzle width (MW), lower jaw width (LJW), height at wither (HW), height at chest from ground (HCG), abdominal girth (AG), chest girth (CG), body depth fore (BDF) and body depth rear (BDR), hip bone distance (HBD), pin bone distance (PBD), skin thickness (STK), tail length (TL), tail switch length (TSL) and white switch length(WSL). The phenotypic characters studied were head type, face type, horn pattern, coat color, tail switch color, brisket distance, udder depth, teat tips, teat shape, rear attachment of udder, fore and rear udder shape and temperament. The result of the study showed that significant positive correlation found between milk yield and body weight (0.26), abdominal girth (0.64) and muzzle width (0.42). Significant negative correlation was observed between milk yield and skin thickness (-0.79). Most of the body parts measurements viz., body length, wither height, chest girth, hip and pin bone distance and rear body depth measurements were positively associated with milk yield but not up to level of significance. It can be inferred from present study that milk yield was found significantly associated with most of phenotypic characters studied in relation to head type, brisket distance, udder viz. udder depth, rear attachment, rear and fore udder shape and temperament. Present study revealed that physical appearance, viz. face type, teat tips, horn pattern and tail switch color did not influenced milk yield significantly in lactating Murrah buffaloes.ThesisItem Restricted Development of Recombinant antigen based ELISA for Serodiagnosis of Theileria equi in equines(LUVAS, 2012) Sandeep; Rakha, N.K.The erythrocytic-stage surface protein, Equi Merozoite Antigen 1 (EMA-1), is a major candidate for the development of a immunodiagnostic antigen forTheileria equiinfection . In order to establish an effective diagnostic method for laboratory use, 547bp gene segment of EMA-1 of Theileria equi from Indian isolate was expressed in Escherichia coli as a Glutathione-S-transferase-tagged protein (GSTEMA-1) and the fusion protein was purified by Glutathione sepharose beads. The expressed fusion protein reacted with specific antibodies in Western blot and had an apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa which was largely consistent with its theoretical value. The recombinant purified GST-EMA-1 protein was used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against T. equi in horses. The ELISA clearly differentiated T. equi-infected from normal horse sera. Field serum samples collected from horses in Haryana and Uttarakhand, were examined for the determination of T. equi antibodies in ELISA. Of 240 samples analyzed, 45.41% (106/240) were positive for T. equi infection. These results suggest that the GST-EMA-1 protein expressed in E. coli could be a reliable immunodiagnostic antigen for ELISA and that T. equi infection is endemic in the areas from which samples were collected.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on diagnosis and management of mammary tumors in canine and proud-flesh in equine(LUVAS, 2013) Sandeep; Prem SinghThe study was conducted on mammary tumors in bitches (n=10) and proud flesh in equine (n=12) which were admitted to TVCC, LLRUVAS, HISAR. These were divided into 2 groups. In Group 1, All the bitches were intact females in the range of 5-16.5 years of age (median age 10.7) and was of different breeds. The scanning of mammary gland was done in lateral respective recumbency using a real time, B-mode machine having a curvilinear ultrasound transducer of a 7.5 MHz frequency. The ultrasonographic images were used to evaluate the shape, size and echogenicity of the mammary lesions. On ultrasonogram, benign tumors were homogenous in their internal echogenic pattern i.e. hypoechoic. Ultrasonograms of malignant tumors have many pockets like structure of different sizes which have hyperechoic boundary. Out of these 10 cases, 6 were of benign whereas the other 4 cases were of malignant. These tumors were further confirmed by histopathologically. Excisional biopsy was taken after surgery of these cases. There were four cases of adenocarcinoma, two cases each of benign mixed tumors and myoepithelioma and one case of each adenoma and myxoma. Adenocarcinoma, tumor cells were anaplastic, characterized by lose of their polarity and hyperchromatic nuclei. The acini contained many layers of cells which were arranged in tubules of irregular size and shape usually lack secretion and often contained detached cells giving appearance of solid masses of cells. Mitotic figures were present. There was necrotic area in between tumor cells. In benign mixed tumor, these tumors consist of cartilage tissue, myoepithelial cell and myxomatous tissue. In Myoepithelioma, tumor cells were spindle shaped and irregularly arranged. Adenoma, there were irregular and enlarged acini with papillary projection. They were mostly lined by single layer of epithelial cells. In between the acini, there was fibrous stroma. Myxoma, these tumor cells were of Star shaped/ stellated cells, having cytoplasmic processes and there was presence of light bluish mass in between the cytoplasmic processes. For real-time RT-qPCR of slit 2 gene in canine mammary tumors, the quantity of total RNA extracted from different tissue samples was in the range of 20 Pg/ml-100 Pg/ml from 20-30 mg of different tissues as determined by Qubit fluorometer or Biophotometer. Amplification plots and dissociation curves of RT-qPCR were indicative of specific amplification of the canine slit 2 gene in all the samples. Further, amplification product of a 160 bp slit2 gene and 120 bp β-actin gene in all the RT-qPCR tubes was visible by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA sequence of a 96 nucleotide long segment of slit 2 gene further confirmed specific amplification of the gene in the present study. Transcript levels of slit 2 gene in canine mammary tumors as determined by real-time RTqPCR were 2 to 85 fold. Out of 12 tissue samples studied, transcript levels of slit 2 gene in 11 different samples ranged from 1.90-84. It was 98-fold higher than the mean level of normal tissues (n=5). One of the samples did not perform in RT-qPCR. Sample ID no. 3 showing 1.92-fold higher than normal levels was from a bitch treated with Vincristine sulphate injection @ 1.4 mg/m², I/V slowly. For management of these cases, surgical removal of the affected tissue was an essential treatment for these mammary tumors. Skin sutures were removed after 2 weeks. Surgical excision of mammary tumors allowed the histological examination of the patients, increased survival time and the patient’s quality of life. For chemotherapy, Vincristine sulphate injection was administered thrice via slow intravenous injection @ 1.4 mg/m², at weekly intervals. Homecare was done with the help of antibiotics, analgesics, B-Complex and Vit-C. After chemotherapy and homecare, these bitches recovered and become normal. Most of these dogs do not lose their hair and usually have only mild side effects of the medication, such as transient loss of appetite and vomiting. In group II, study was conducted on 12 cases of proud flesh of equine. There was history of injury in some of these cases resulting in formation of proud flesh. Some of these cases, bleeding from the lesion also occurred. Lesions were 15 days to 6 months old in these cases. Mainly limbs were affected because of being more prone to injury. Biopsy was taken before or after surgical excision according to the possibility. In 10 out of 12 cases, surgical removal of this proud-flesh was done and the biopsy samples were taken. Histopathological examination of these cases revealed that 8 cases were of granulation tissue and 4 cases were of fibroma. Granulation tissue was characterized by proliferation of fibrous tissue along with blood vessels and inflammatory cells. In one case excessive numbers of eosinophills were present. Fibroma was characterized by whorls or interlacing bundles of fibroblasts. Tumor cells are stellete shape having large ovoid or elongated nuclei. BPV-PCR was optimal at 50°C primer annealing temperature. None of the samples showed PCR product of the expected size of 314bp/307bp as a major specific band of BPV-1/2. However, at least in 5 samples, a band of approx. 370bp was visible in agarose gels. Out of 12, in 10 cases surgical removal of the exuberant granulation tissue was performed. In this process, the granulation tissue was excised to level with the skin edges. For chemotherapy, Anthiomaline injections @ 15 ml total dose I/M on alternate day for six times and Vincristine sulphate @ 5mg/m² administered every one week’s by slow intravenous injection for three times. Homecare was done with the help of antibiotics, analgesics, B-Complex and Vit-C. These cases become nearly normal after 4 week of this treatment. From the present study, the following conclusions can be drawn. Ultrasonographic characteristics appear to be correlated with histopathologic changes in canine mammary tumors. Histopathology has an important role in the evaluation of tissue composition of mammary tumors in canine. The study further provided evidence of association of slit 2 up-regulation in canine mammary malignancy. Slit 2 up-regulation in malignancies agreed with histopathology and ultrasonography. Histopathological changes in the proud-flesh in horses revealed either granulation tissue or fibroma. BPV1/2-DNA was not detectable by PCR in any of these proud-flesh cases including the fibroma. The proud-flesh in horses responded well to surgical removal of the tissue in combination with chemotherapy using Anthiomaline and Vincristine sulphate.
