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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar

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2014 - 20152
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Subject: Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology ×
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    Studies on pesticide residues in poultry feed, water and meat
    (LUVAS, 2015) Mishra, Anil Chandra; Narang, Gulshan
    Broiler poultry birds intended for human food get exposed to pesticides through feed, water and environment. These residues get accumulated in the muscle, adipose and organ tissues of exposed birds. Therefore the objective of the present investigation was to study the residues of organochlorine (OC), pyrethroids and organophosphorous (OP) pesticide residues in poultry feed, water and meat at six selected broiler farms of Hisar along with 50, random meat samples. A small survey on pesticide residues in pond water samples from six districts of Haryana was also conducted. Multiresidue methods were standardized for simultaneous extraction and detection of residues of OC and pyrethroid pesticides viz. α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, α-endosulfan, β- endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin by GC-ECD technique and residues of OP pesticides i.e. dichlorovas, monocrotophos, pirimiphos methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos and edifenphos by GC-NPD technique. Sample matrices of poultry feed and meat were processed as per the method described by Dutch ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands (AMPRF, 1996), whereas water samples were processed as per the method of Kouzayha et al. (2012). The results of six selected farms revealed that only one sample each of feed and water out of 18 was positive for OC, where in the concentration levels of total HCH was3.914μg/kg, total endosulfan 4.346 μg/kg, while those of endosulfan in poultry water was 0.103μg/kg and meat was not detected with any of the OC’s. At these residue levels, meat of poultry birds from same farm did not showed detectable level of OC pesticides. Pyrethroids were also not detected in any of the sample matrices. The mean levels of monocrotophos, pirimiphos methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, chlorpyriphos and quinalphos in poultry feed were 7.553, 2.257, 3.622, 9.742, 2.760 and 15.792 μg/kg respectively. Similarly in water sample, monocrotophos, pirimiphos methyl, fenitrothion and chlorpyriphos were detected in only one sample in the concentrations 0.0454, 0.083, 0.054 and 0.057 ηg/ml respectively. While the mean levels of monocrotophos, pirimiphos methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, chlorpyriphos and quinalphos were 14.352, 6.73, 15.729, 3.63, 12.38 and 6.084 μg/kg respectively in meat. The results of random meat samples (50) revealed the presence of HCH in 9 samples and endosulfan in 5 samples, while pyrethroids were not detected in any of the samples. In case of OPs, the monocrotophos was found in maximum 8 samples (16%), followed by chlorpyriphos in 5 samples (10%), dichlorovas and malathion in 3 samples (6%) each and qunalphos in 1 sample (2%).Comparison of pesticide concentration in each positive sample of meat with national and international MRLs showed that, endosulfan and lindane among OC and chlorpyriphos among OP pesticides were responsible for maximum violations. The results of present study demonstrated that the poultry feed and water is significance source of pesticide residues in poultry meat. In case of pond water samples OC and Pyrethroids were not detected in any of the sample however OPs were detected in 16 samples with 32% of occurrence rate. Among the OPs monocrotophos and chlorpyriphos were found in maximum of 8 samples (16%) each, followed by pirimiphos methyl in 3 (6%), malathion in 2 (4%) and fenitrothion, quinalphos and edifenphos in 1 sample (2%) each.
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    Effect of picrorhiza kurroa (kutki) feeding on fowl typhoid and aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens
    (LUVAS, 2014) Arora, Devan; Suresh Kumar
    The epidemiology of fowl typhoid in broiler chicks in some parts of Haryana during 2011-2013 was studied. In addition, the effect of P. kurroa feeding on humoral (HI) and cellular immune (CMI) responses and protection in S. Gallinarum (SG) challenged chicken fed aflatoxin B1 and immunized with Salmonella Gallinarum formalin killed vaccine (SGFKV) was also studied. A total of 309 fowl typhoid outbreaks were recorded during this period with morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate of 9.45%, 6.77% and 71.55%, respectively. Salmonella organisms were isolated from these cases and serotyping revealed maximum isolations of S. Gallinarum 9,12:–:– (200 isolates) followed by S. Enteritidis 9,12:g,m:– (41 isolates) and S. Typhimurium 4,12:1:1,2 (32 isolates). Most of S. Gallinarum isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (76%) followed by amikacin (72%). Day-old broiler chicks (n = 220) were randomly divided into six groups A, B, C, D, E and F. The groups A, B, C and D chicks were immunized with 2x1010 cfu 0.4 ml-1 SGFKV subcutaneously at 0 day of age. The chicks of group B were fed with P. kurroa @ 5 gm per kg of feed, group C with aflatoxin B1 @ 2 ppm per kg feed and group D with P. kurroa and aflatoxin B1 with the same dose as in groups B and C from day-one. Group E chicks were fed P. kurroa @ 5 gm per kg feed and group F were kept as control (no aflatoxin, no P. kurroa, no vaccine). At four weeks post immunization, chicks of all the six groups were challenged with 2x1010 cfu/0.5 ml/bird dose of SG organisms. The CMI responses were measured using lymphocyte stimulation test and HI response using indirect ELISA. The maximum lymphocyte transformation responses (LTR’s) with mean stimulation indices of 9.60, 9.94, 9.04, 9.36 and 2.43 were observed at 4 weeks post immunization (PI) against sonicated bacterial cell protein antigen (sbcp) antigen and 20.41, 21.85, 18.51, 19.49 and 11.51 against Con A in groups A, B, C, D and E, respectively. Maximum ELISA titers of 3.42, 3.70, 2.82, 3.04 and 1.78 were observed in groups A, B, C, D and E, respectively at 3 weeks PI. The protection afforded by the vaccinal preparation and P. kurroa feeding was relatively higher in groups B and A chicks as compared to groups C, D and E based on mortality pattern, bacteriological examination, gross and histopathological examination. Feeding of P. kurroa reduced the severity of disease in aflatoxin fed birds. It was concluded that feeding of aflatoxin B1 to broiler chicken lowered the CMI and HI responses. P. kurroa feeding to chicks immunized with SGFKV showed an increase in HI and CMI responses. The protection accorded by SGFKV in broiler chickens was augmented by P. kurroa feeding, however, the immunoprotective efficacy of the SGFKV was reduced in group C and D chickens due to immunosuppression caused by feeding of aflatoxin B1.