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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar

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2007 - 20095
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Subject: Veterinary Parasitology × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2007 ×
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Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Studies on the efficacy of diclazuril alone and in combination with turmeric powder and vitamin K on caecal coccidiosis in broiler chicks
    (LUVAS, 2008) Vijay Kumar; Rajinder Kumar
    The studies on the efficacy of diclazuril alone and in combination with turmeric powder and vitamin K on caecal coccidiosis in broiler chicks was viii conducted in the department of veterinary parasitology, CCS HAU, Hisar. A total of 90, day old, broiler chicks were divided randomly into nine groups of 10 birds each. These birds were provided with diclazuril @ 1.0 ppm in feed, turmeric powder @ 7.0 g/ kg in feed and vitamin K @ 1g/ 150 lit of drinking water for 14 days, starting from day 15 of age till the age of day 28. These medicaments were provided alone as well as in combination. Afterwards, the birds were infected artificially with Eimeria tenella infection. The effect was monitored in terms of mean weight gain, oocyst index, hematology, serum protein profiling, mortality, global index and histopathological studies. The birds medicated with diclazuril performed better in terms of mean weight gain, oocyst output, oocyst index and lesion scores whereas the results were not encouraging when turmeric or vitamin K were provided alone. The hematological finding were recorded to be improved for turmeric and vitamin K groups, though no such obvious effects were observed for serum protein profiling and histopathological examination. On the basis of global index percentage, diclazuril was found to be an effective anticoccidial. However even more exaggerated anticoccidial efficacy of diclazuril was observed when conjuncted with turmeric and vitamin K. There was tremendous reduction in the mortality of all the medicated birds during the experiment.
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    Efficacy of probiotics and medicinal plants on Eimeria tenella infection of chickens and their effect on development of immunity
    (LUVAS, 2007) Hadimani, Santosh; Gupta, S.K.
    Anticoccidial efficacy of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus-1 g/kg, Saccharomyces cerevisiae-1 g/kg) alone and in combination with salinomycin (60 ppm), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Papaya (Carica papaya) against Eimeria tenella, using criteria mentioned in WAAVP Guidelines along with the effect of these agents on host immunity during the infection were studied. A total of 108 cage reared birds randomly allocated to nine groups were used, out of which all groups except the negative control received an infection of 50,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella per bird on 21 days of age. Lesion scoring, analysis of serum protein profile, total lipids, carotenoids, haematocrit was done on day 7 post inoculation (p.i.). On day 8 and 9 p.i., OPG counts were estimated. Serum Ig Y levels were determined using 11th day p.i. sera. DTH test was done on 14th day p.i. All probiotic fed groups produced a significant fall in oocyst output with reduction being 79, 84, 82, and 79 % of positive control respectively for Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus + salinomycin, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae + salinomycin groups. The least fall in PCV was experienced by Lactobacillus acidophilus group and the rest of the groups except yeast alone group recorded significantly lower falls compared to the positive control. Only Lactobacillus acidophilus group fared poorly in MWG and FCR whereas all other were far better than positive control and yeast groups proved even better than negative control. Only Lactobacillus acidophilus + salinomycin group recorded significantly elevated serum Ig Y levels while other groups showed insignificantly elevated levels. All probiotic fed groups showed significantly enhanced CMI responses, Saccharomyces cerevisiae + salinomycin group being the highest. Among the medicinal plant groups Papaya group resisted the infection well with its oocyst output being the lowest (88 % reduction), significantly less fall in PCV, good weight gain and FCR. Neem group performed well with respect to parasitological parameters but failed miserably in performance parameters which may be ascribed to systemic toxicity. The combination of these two powders did not go down well with this infection as the group performed no better than the positive control. Papaya groups recorded significantly elevated serum Ig Y levels whereas Neem group had the highest CMI response. Probiotics, Papaya and Neem certainly seemed to have anticoccidial effects with apparent immuno-modulatory mechanisms involved.
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    Quantitative xenodiagnosis of theileria annulata under different cattle management systems
    (LUVAS, 2008) P.Prasanna Kumar; Sangwan, Arun Kumar
    Blood smears and ticks were collected from three large organized dairy farms, six commercial dairy farms, nine small holder dairy production units and twelve Gaushalas located at Hisar and surrounding areas in Haryana, India. These ticks were examined for the presence of Theileria annulata by using methyl-green pyronin staining method and blood smears were examined for the presence of T. annulata piroplasms and any other haemoprotozoan parasite using Giemsa staining method. Epidemiological variables related to host, vector and environment were also observed under different cattle management systems. A total of 3816 ticks were collected and identified from the four different cattle management systems. Out of that 1280 ticks were Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, 2455 were Boophilus microplus and 81 were Ornithodoros savigniyi. A total of 1200 H. a. anatolicum ticks (211 males and 989 females) were screened for the presence of Theileria. In large organized dairy farms 11.9 %, in commercial dairy farms 7.14 %, in small holder dairy production units 5.32 % and in Gaushalas 5.38 % ticks were positive for Theileria. Frequency distribution of Theileria positive acini per positive tick showed that the higher frequency was much more in small holder dairy production units when compared to other systems as more than 25 positive acini per positive tick were seen only in small holder dairy production units. Theileria prevalence in Hyalomma ticks was highest in large organized dairy farms and lowest in small holder dairy units and Gaushalas while Theileria intensity was lowest in large organized farms and highest in small holder dairy units. The lesser intensity and higher prevalence of T. annulata in Hyalomma ticks is epidemiologically a good situation as it leads to premunity in the population whereas higher intensity and lower prevalence leads to more clinical cases of theileriosis. Thus, small holder dairy units are at a greater risk of theileriosis than organized farms. The overall prevalence of Theileria organisms in cattle was estimated to be 48.89 % by blood smear examination that included large organized dairy farms 50.76 %, commercial dairy farms 48.03 %, small holder dairy production units 59 % and Gaushalas 39.16 %. Per cent parasitaemia was highest in small holder dairy unit 0.08% followed by commercial farms 0.03% and lowest in large organized dairy farms 0.02% and Gaushalas 0.02%. The lower parasitaemia of T. annulata in cattle is epidemiologically a good situation as it shows premune status of the animals. All the four different cattle management systems were mainly infested with Boophilus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum of which B. microplus was more abundant. Prevalence and abundance of Theileria in ticks and prevalence of Theileria in cattle was significantly higher in mixed (cross bred and indigenous) cattle populations maintained on the same premises than the indigenous cattle population alone or cross bred cattle population alone. Intensity and abundance of Theileria in ticks and prevalence of Theileria in cattle was significantly higher in cattle of mixed feeding (stall feeding and grazing) than that of stall feeding alone. Intensity and abundance of T. annulata in ticks was significantly lower in the dairies where acaricide use was regular.
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    Comparison of monoclonal antibody based latex agglutination test with PCR for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in domestic animals
    (LUVAS, 2009) Shyma K.P.; Gupta, S. K.
    Trypanosoma evansi, a blood protozoan parasite causes a serious disease known as ‘surra’ in domestic and wild animals. It is an arthropod borne disease and Tabanus spp. has been implicated as the main vector. It is the most widely geographically distributed pathogenic trypanosome in Africa, South and Central America and Asia. In India, T. evansi infection is widely prevalent in different parts and is of significant economic importance in livestock production. Though trypanosomosis has been studied since many years, its definite diagnosis still suffers from low sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the present investigation has been carried out with the aim of detecting T. evansi in cattle, buffaloes and equines in the state of Haryana by parasitological (WBF), antigen-detecting (MAb-LAT) and DNA-detecting (TE-PCR) tests and to compare these tests for their relative sensitivity and specificity. A field isolate of T. evansi collected from an infected cattle was propagated in rats and PCR was standardized using DNA isolated from infected rat blood. The assay employed synthetic oligonulceotide primers (21 mer sense and 22 mer antisense) targeted to a repetitive nuclear DNA sequence of T. evansi. TE-PCR positive signal (227bp) was obtained with template DNA content of 12 trypanosomes extracted from whole blood sample. Field serum samples were screened using monoclonal antibody based latex agglutination test (MAb-LAT) and blood samples by WBF and TE-PCR. Out of 205 blood and sera samples from cattle (n=88), buffaloes (n=46) and equines (n=71) examined, 1.95% were found positive for T. evansi infection by WBF while 59.51 and 60.49 per cent found positive by MAb-LAT and TE-PCR, respectively. D-SN and D-SP values of MAb-LAT using TE-PCR as reference test were 88.43% and 81.48% respectively. D-SN and D-SP values of TE-PCR were 87.70% and 82.50% respectively using MAb-LAT as reference test. Prevalence of T. evansi was 3.41%, 60.23% and 65.91% in cattle; 2.17%, 78.26%, and 76.09% in buffaloes and nil, 46.48% and 43.66% in equines, by WBF, MAb-LAT and TE-PCR, respectively. A good correlation was found between MAb-LAT and TE-PCR. It was inferred that MAb-LAT, being simple to perform, rapid, convenient, cost-effective could be quite suitable for field-level diagnosis and screening of trypanosomosis. However, PCR on the other hand has its role in monitoring the efficacy of trypanocidal treatment.
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    Characterization of surface antigens of Trypanosoma evansi by monoclonal antibodies and development of suitable assays
    (LUVAS, 2007) Rayulu, V. Chengalva; Chaudhri, S.S.
    The present investigation has been carried out on an economically important vector-borne disease, known as ‘surra’, caused by a hemoprotozoan Trypanosoma evansi in domestic animals, with objectives to characterize the surface antigens of T. evansi Indian isolate by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, and to develop and validate sensitive, specific, simple, cost-effective and field-adaptable diagnostic tests. A field isolate of T. evansi collected from infected cattle was propagated in rats and preserved by freezing in liquid nitrogen. Whole cell lysate (WCL), flagellar (FL) and cell membrane (CM) antigens were prepared from DEAE- cellulose column chromatography purified trypanosomes. In SDS–PAGE, 16 polypeptide bands from 11.93 to 91.31 kDa in WCL, 14 bandsfrom 11.23 to 116.42 kDa in FL and 4 bands from 11.93 to 59.68 kDa in CM preparation were resolved. Eight hybridoma clones were produced in two attempts by fusion of B lymphocytes from T. evansi surface antigen immunized BALB/c mice with Sp2/0 Ag14 myeloma cells. One clone, identified as 1D7, showed good titre against surface antigen of T. evansi and therefore amplified both in culture flasks and BALB/c mice. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) from the mice ascites fluid was partially purified by precipitation with 50% saturation of ammonium sulphate and found to be of IgA isotype by isotype-specific indirect ELISA, protein G-agarose chromatography, SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. HIS recognized 13 antigen bands ranging from 13.89 to 77.51 kDa, while mAbs were strongly reactive with a 54.7 kDa polypeptide in immunoblotting. MAb-based latex agglutination test (LAT) and Ag-ELISA were developed to detect circulating antigens of T. evansi in the sera of domestic animals. The shelf–life of the latex reagent was found to be about eight months. Analytical sensitivity of LAT and Ag-ELISA was 1.0 µg/ml and 100 ng/ml antigen respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity were recorded as 95.38% and 59.74% for LAT and 83.08% and 67.14% for Ag-ELISA respectively using microhematocrit technique (MHCT) as reference test, and 90.33% and 88.30% for LAT using Ag-ELISA as reference test. Monoclonal antibody- based CIC-ELISA was also performed for detection of T. evansi antigens in circulating immune complexes (CIC) in the MHCT-positive, Ag-ELISA-negative bovine sera samples. LAT and Ag-ELISA were found to be more sensitive than wet blood film (WBF) and MHCT. A total of 1538 blood and sera samples from cattle (n=826), buffaloes (n=285), equines (n=395) and camels (n=32) in different places of Haryana during summer, rainy and post-rainy seasons of the years 2005 and 2006 were screened for T. evansi infections by WBF, MHCT, LAT and Ag-ELISA. The overall prevalence of T. evansi infection was 2.47, 4.23, 42.59 and 34.98 per cent by WBF, MHCT, LAT and Ag-ELISA, respectively. Prevalence of T. evansi was 3.03, 6.05, 50.73 and 40.92% in cattle; 0.70, 1.05, 37.19 and 30.18% in buffaloes; 2.78, 3.04, 31.90 and 27.85% in equines, and 0, 0, 12.5 and 12.5% in camels by WBF, MHCT, LAT and Ag-ELISA, respectively. Variations in the prevalence of T. evansi infection in different animal species, seasons and regions of Haryana state were observed and discussed.