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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cinnamon powder supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in broiler chicken(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-05) Ramkrishna; Maan, Narender singhThe research was conducted to study the effect of cinnamon powder supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in broiler chicken. A total number of one hundred and sixty, day old broiler chickens were randomly divided into four treatment groups. Each treatment was further subdivided into four replicates with ten birds in each replicate. Treatments included T1: basal diet without antibiotic, T2: basal diet with antibiotic, T3: basal diet with 0.5% cinnamon powder and T4: basal diet with 1% cinnamon powder. The experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks of duration and feed intake, body weight was recorded phase-wise. At the end of experiment, a five days duration metabolic trial was conducted to determine the nutrient metabolizability and one bird from each replicate was slaughtered, dressed and then used for carcass parameters, microbial count and gut morphometry birds. The results showed that average feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T4 (group supplemented with 1% cinnamon powder) followed by T3 (group supplemented with 0.5% cinnamon), T2 (group having basal diet with antibiotic) and lowest in T1 group. Similar trend was observed in average body weight, average body weight gain, dry matter metabolizability, nitrogen retention and gross energy metabolizability. Significantly (p<0.05) better FCR was observed in cinnamon powder supplemented groups in comparison to un-supplemented groups. Marked increased in carcass traits were observed in case of cinnamon inclusion in diet at 1% level. Blood parameters (Hb and TEC ) were significantly improved while heterophils were significantly decreased in 1% cinnamon supplemented groups in comparison to T1 group whereas no difference were observed in TLC count. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL were observed in groups supplemented with cinnamon powder in comparison to control group. Significantly (p<0.05) higher lactobacilli count and lower E.coli count were noticed at 1% cinnamon inclusion in the diet. In gut morphometry, significantly (p<0.05) higher villi height was found in cinnamon supplemented group at 1% level. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment group supplemented with 1% cinnamon powder. Highest profit (Rs. 59.33) was observed group supplemented with 0.5% cinnamon powder (T3) and lowest (Rs. 55.24) was in group fed basal diet without antibiotic (T1). Thus, it was concluded that addition of cinnamon powder at 1% level in the diet of broilers had significant effect on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits, blood parameters, serum parameters, gut morphology and antioxidant enzymes activity of birds.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on performance of rabbits(LUVAS,Hisar, 2023) Rajan Papneja; Singh, SajjanEighteen New Zealand White rabbits of either sex at 24 weeks of age were randomly allocated to three treatments (six rabbits in each treatment). Rabbits in each treatment received different diets [Standard control diet (T1), Diet supplemented with Prebiotic @400 mg/kg concentrate (T2) and Diet supplemented with Probiotic @ 1 billion CFU/Kg concentrate (T3)] in addition to ad lib. berseem fodder. The concentrate mixture of group T1 were formulated using maize, soybean meal, ground nut cake, gram, mineral mixture and common salt. The concentrate diets formulated were isonitrogenous and iso-caloric. Results showed that diet supplemented with prebiotic and probiotic had improved growth performance parameters (body measurements) as compared to the control group. The total weight gain was statistically (p<0.05) higher in rabbits raised on diets supplemented with prebiotic (1563.67g) and probiotic (1557.17 g) as compared to standard control diet (1419.17 g). Significantly (p<0.05) higher serum total protein and globulin values and significantly (p<0.05) lower total serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein values were observed in prebiotic and probiotic supplemented groups than un-supplemented groups. In prebiotic (T2) and probiotic (T3) supplemented groups, the comparative calculated dressing percentage (57.28 and 57.07 %), body cut up parts i.e., foreleg (135.76 and 137.06 g), hind leg (230.69 and 233.11g), back (263.88 and 270.73g) and chest (219.78 and 226.75g) and meat bone ratio (5.35 and 5.38) showed the higher values as compare to dressing percentage (53.89%), body cut up parts i.e., foreleg ( 127.46g), hind leg (217.48g), back (243.29g) and chest (209.24g) and meat bone ratio (4.91) of control group. However, the per cent moisture content showed a non-significant (p ≤0.05) difference among all the groups, but significantly (P≤0.05) higher mean per cent protein of meat was recorded in T2 (19.17%) and T3 (19.52%) groups as compared to meat of T1 (17.61%) group. The total meat cholesterol levels (mg/g) in T2 and T3 group (160.38 and 159.81 mg/g) found lower as compared to control T1 group (163.67) of rabbit meat samples. Nutrient intake, digestibility of nutrients and nutritive value of ration was significantly (p<0.05) improved in rabbits raised with prebiotic and probiotic supplementation in their concentrates. The results inferred that rabbits fed prebiotic and pro biotic supplemented diets had improved feed intake, FCR and carcass characteristics. Feed cost per kg weight gain was found lowest in treatment group which was supplemented with probiotic.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Feeding Practices and Mineral Status of Buffaloes in Jhajjar District of Haryana(LUVAS, 2019) Pawan Kumar; Tewatia, B.S.A survey was conducted to assess the feeding practices and plane of nutrition of lactating buffaloes in Jhajjar district of Haryana in the month of January – February, 2019. Fifteen villages were randomly selected, three villages from each of five blocks of the district. The data was collected from 150 buffalo owners belonging to two different categories of farmers i.e. landless and farmers with land holding. In rabi season, berseem was the most common (82.6%) green fodder fed by of farmer of Jhajjar district followed by grasses (32%) and oat fodder (26%). Majority of buffalo owners were using wheat grain (88.7%) as chief source of energy and cotton seed (81.3%) and cottonseed cake (80%) as major source of protein. The respondents were occasionally providing common salt (25.3%) and rarely mineral mixture (16%) to their animals. Average CP intake of buffaloes of landless farmers was 3.93% less than the requirements, whereas, buffaloes of farmers with land holding were receiving 2.11 % more than the requirement. It may be inferred that majority of buffaloes under the study were underfed in terms of DM and proteins but fed adequately in terms of TDN. It was observed that Zn and Cu were highly deficient in all samples of green fodders as its level was below than critical level. All samples of green fodders had more than 50 ppm of Fe. Green fodders contained appreciable quantities of Ca and P. None of the samples were deficient in iron and only few samples were deficient in Mn in the district. All the samples of wheat and bajra grain had sufficient amount of Cu. Protein supplements like, cottonseed and cotton seed cake were fairly rich in Zn, Cu and Fe but concentration of Mn was lower. Regarding intake of mineral, it was observed that almost all the animals from all blocks were consuming much less Zn and Cu than its requirement while intake of Iron was above the requirement. Average intake of Mn was 32.66 mg/kg but a great variation existed between individual animal. Only 6.6% and 9.3% of the animals were receiving less Ca and P, respectively, than their requirement. Average value of serum Zn was within normal range i.e. 0.8 to 2 ppm while that of Cu in serum was found below critical level. Even after high intake of Fe due to high content in feed and fodders still its level in serum was within the normal range. Serum Mn was above critical value (0.20 ppm). Serum was marginally deficient in Ca and P which might be cause of lactation drainage. Hair samples were Zn and Cu deficient which is indicative of their general deficiency in animals and feeds. Hair samples were deficient in Fe. Similarly, milk samples were also deficient in Zn and Cu. All milk samples had Fe concentration above the critical level i.e. 0.3 ppm. The results of the study revealed that 100 % buffaloes in the district were receiving much less Zn and Cu than their requirement, while 82.6% of buffaloes were receiving less Mn than the requirement. Iron intake was much more than the requirement of buffaloesThesisItem Open Access Effect of replacing groundnut cake with guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) korma on the growth performance and rumen fermentation pattern in buffaloes" submitted for the degree of Master of Veterinary Sciences in the subject of Animal(LUVAS, 2018) Chhikara, Sandeep; Nand KishoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding roasted guar korma by replacing groundnut cake (C) at 50 per cent level (T1) and 100 per cent level (T2) on protein basis, on growth performance and rumen fermentation pattern in buffaloes. Roasted guar korma is a byproduct of guar gum manufacturing and is a high vegetable protein (58.8% CP) feed. In first phase, 18 female buffalo calves were grouped randomly in all three treatments and a growth trial of 150 days was conducted. The intakes of wheat straw, concentrate and total DM were similar in all the groups. But, the palatability of T2 concentrate was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other two groups. A digestibility trial was conducted at the end of the experiment and the difference in digestibility of proximate nutrients and cell wall constituents between various treatment groups and the nutritive value of the ration was found to be statistically non-significant (P<0.05). Total live weight gain in 150 days and average daily gain were found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 than C, but were comparable to T1. There was no significant difference in FCR and FCE among calves in three treatment groups, but FCR of calves in T2 group was less and FCE was more than the other two groups. The cost of ration consumed/day and the cost of dry matter required/kg body weight gain were also lower in T2 as compared to the other two groups. There was a net saving of Rs 3.77 and 16.10/ kg body weight gain in treatments T1 and T2, respectively. In second phase, the rumen fermentation parameters was studied for the three treatments in three rumen fistulated male buffaloes, kept on maintenance diet, using 3X3 latin square design. Nitrogen fractions in rumen liquor of adult male buffaloes as affected by different treatments and time of sampling were analyzed. The total nitrogen rose at 3 hrs post feeding and again started declining at subsequent intervals for C and T1 treatment groups but, it was at its highest level at 6 hours post feeding in T2 treatment group. It was significantly higher for C than T2 at 3 hrs post-feeding but the mean values of total nitrogen in SRL for different time intervals were statistically non-significant. Similar trend was seen for the NH3-N level in SRL at different time intervals. The mean values of TCA-ppt.-N and NPN of SRL at different time intervals were also non-significant for different treatments. The difference in mean level of total volatile fatty acids in SRL for different time intervals in C, T1 and T2 was significant, the values being highest for T2 and lowest for C. The differences among treatments were nonsignificant at 0 and 9 hours post-feeding, but, at 3 hour post-feeding T1 and T2 were significantly higher than C and at 6 hour post-feeding there was significant difference among all the treatments, the values being highest for T2 and lowest for C. The mean level of pH, individual volatile fatty acids viz. acetic, propionic, butyric acid and acetic:propionic in SRL for different time intervals did not vary significantly among the three treatment groups. But, the values of acetic acid and propionic acid were statistically higher in T1 and T2 than C at 6 hrs post feeding. Thus, from the present study, it can be concluded that roasted guar korma can successfully replace groundnut cake in concentrate mixture at 50 and 100 per cent level in buffalo diet without affecting dry matter intake, nutritive value of feed, rumen fermentation pattern and reducing the cost/kg live weight gain in buffaloes.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder on the performance of broilers(LUVAS, 2018) Jyotsana; Berwal, R. SA total of 300, one day-old commercial broiler chicks were procured and randomly distributed into 30 subgroups means six dietary treatments with five replicates per treatment and each replicate had ten birds. Feeding trial was conducted for 42 days. The control group (T1) was offered maize- soybean meal based diet which was formulated as per BIS (2007) to fulfill the metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein requirements of broilers. The first group was kept as a control (T1) and given the basal diet without antibiotic while in second group (T2) basal diet with antibiotic, third (T3), fourth (T4), fifth (T5) and sixth (T6) groups were supplemented with Ashwagandha root powder (ARP) @ 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%, respectively in the diet. Feed intake (g/bird), body weight gain (g/bird), FCR and carcass traits showed significant (P<0.05) increase as the level of ARP inclusion increased. Dietary supplementation at the rate of 0.75% and 1% ARP resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher DM metabolizability, nitrogen metabolizability and gross energy metabolizability as compared to control group. Quality of the breast and thigh muscles in terms of ether extract and crude protein got improved at 0.75% and 1% ARP supplementation. Hematological parameters including RBC and WBC were found significantly higher in T5 and T6 groups, while decreased % of heterophils and increased % of lymphocytes thereby reducing heterophil: lymphocyte ratio in T4, T5 and T6 groups compared to control. Significant reduction in serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels was observed in Ashwagandha treated groups. Inclusion of 1% ARP resulted in significant improvement in HDL and reduction in LDL as compared with control. A significant reduction in E.coli count and higher value of Lactobacilli was recorded in the T5 and T6 group supplemented with 0.75% and 1% Ashwagandha root powder and differed significantly from control. Villus height: depth of intestinal crypts of the experimental birds ranged from 4.20 μm (T1) to 5.16 μm (T5) under different dietary treatments and highest effect was recorded in 0.75% Ashwagandha supplemented group because of maximum villous height in this group. The relative mRNA expression of TLR 2 was found to be enhanced (P<0.05) in T5 and T6, while, TLR 4 showed significant down regulation as compared to control. A non-significant difference was observed on expression of relative mRNA levels of TLR 7 in the blood of birds. Thus, the dietary supplementation of Ashwagandha root powder leads to significant improvement in the growth performance, nutrient metabolizability, and hematological indices; possess potent hypocholestrolemic, immunostimulatory and gut microbiota stabilizing effects, thereby help in achieving a profitable and sustainable poultry production.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of supplementation of turmeric powder (Curcuma longa) on production performance, Biochemical parameters and gut morphology in laying hens(LUVAS, 2017) Kosti, Devvrat; Dahiya, D. S.Present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of different levels of turmeric powder in the laying hens’ diet on their production performance, biochemical parameters and gut morphology during a period of 16 weeks. One hundred forty four White leghorn layers were randomly selected and distributed into six experimental groups having four replications of six birds each. The control group (T1) was fed basal diet and second control group (T2) was fed basal diet with antibiotic. The treatment groups T3, T4, T5 and T6 were fed basal diet supplemented with turmeric powder at level of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 %, respectively. The results indicated that the feed intake in birds was not influenced by turmeric powder at different levels than that of control groups. Birds fed 0.50 and 0.75% level of turmeric powder had higher (P<0.05) hen day egg production as well as egg mass production compared to control group. FCR was also improved (P<0.05) in hens at 0.50 and 0.75 % level as compared to hens fed basal diet. Egg quality parameters viz. egg weight, egg shape index, albumen index, yolk index and haugh unit were not affected by the turmeric powder supplementation than that of T1 and T2. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL-cholesterol values were improved (P<0.05) as the level of turmeric powder inclusion increased from 0.25 to 1% gradually. Egg yolk cholesterol was decreased significantly (P<0.05) from13.56 mg/g egg yolk in T1 to 11.85 mg/g egg yolk in T6 with increased level of turmeric powder from 0.25 to 1%. But, the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and CLA content in egg yolk were not influenced by turmeric powder at any level. Dry matter and nitrogen metabolizability was improved (P<0.05) at the level of 0.50 to 1.0% turmeric powder. Gross energy metabolizability was increased numerically but, not statistically in any of the treatment. E. coli count was decreased (P<0.05) from 6.89 (log cfu/g) to 4.85 (log cfu/g) and Lactobacillus spp. count was increased (P<0.05) from 5.58 (log cfu/g) to 7.17 (log cfu/g) with the increased level of turmeric powder from 0.50 to 1.0% when compared with control regime. At the same level of turmeric powder villi length, villi depth and crypt depth were also (P<0.05) increased. Villi length increased (P<0.05) from 947.94 microns in T1 to 1148.20 microns in T6, with the increased level of turmeric powder. The mRNA expression level of TLR2 was enhanced (P<0.05) at all the four levels of turmeric powder and expression level of TLR4 was down regulated but non-significantly. While, TLR7 expression level did not differ significantly. The economic analysis showed that the dietary inclusion of turmeric powder at 0.50 % level in basal diet could lower the feed cost per dozen egg production and per kg of egg mass production. Thus, the present study reveals that turmeric powder could be successfully supplemented in place of antibiotics in laying hens’ diet providing beneficial effects by enhancing productive performance, nutrients’ utilization, egg quality traits, immune system, lipid profile, gut ecosystem and better net profit.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Supplementation of Turmeric Powder (Curcuma longa) on Growth Performance, Gut Morphology and Meat Quality of Broilers(LUVAS, 2017) Ahlawat, Parveen Kumar; Tewatia, B.S.To assess the effects of supplementation of different levels of turmeric powder (Curcuma longa) on growth performance of broiler chicken, an experiment was conducted on three hundred, one day old commercial broiler chicks allocated randomly to six dietary treatments having five replicates each and each replicate had ten birds. Maize-soybean meal based diet served as the basal diet. The basal diet without antibiotic was fed to T1 group. Treatment group T2 was offered basal diet with antibiotic. In treatment groups T3, T4, T5 and T6, basal diet was supplemented with turmeric @ 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0%, respectively. The highest average feed intake (g/bird) during the whole growth period was recorded in T5 (3991.3) and the lowest value was recorded in T1 (3891.0), however, the differences between the treatments were non-significant. Supplementation of turmeric powder @ 0.50% level in the diet resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight gain (2239g) as compared to control (2001.2g). Feed conversion ratio was better (P<0.05) in T4 (1.77) as compared to control group (1.94). Supplementation of turmeric @ 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% level in the diet resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) metabolizability of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy as compared to the control group. The carcass characteristics, the dressing%, eviscerated% and relative weight of organs were similar in different groups, however, abdominal fat content varied significantly (P<0.05) and the lowest value was recorded in T6 (1.71%) as compared to the control group (2.4%). Villus height, width and crypt depth of intestine increased significantly (P<0.05) in turmeric supplemented groups as compared to control group. Significant reduction (P<0.05) in Coliform bacteria (4.55 log cfu/g) and significant increase (P<0.05) in Lactobacilli count (6.47 log cfu/g) was recorded in T4 as compared to control (7.58 and 4.64 log cfu/g, respectively). Protein content of breast muscles was higher (P<0.05) in treatment T4 as compared to the control group. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL decreased (P<0.05) as a result of turmeric supplementation as compared to control. Serum HDL (90.77 mg/dL) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in turmeric supplemented groups as compared to the control group (86.75mg/dL). Meat cholesterol (42.6) was significantly reduced (P<0.05) on turmeric supplementation @ 1% as compared to the control group (51.40 mg/100g fat) whereas fatty acids showed non-significant changes. Relative expression of mRNA of birds was enhanced non- significantly on turmeric supplementation as compared to the control group. Higher profit was obtained in treatment groups as compared to the control group. It could be concluded that turmeric powder might be a potential alternative of antibiotic growth promoters and turmeric powder supplementation @ 0.5% proved to be the based with respect to body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and higher profit recordedThesisItem Open Access Effects of supplementation of Amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder on growth performance, Meat quality and gene expression in broilers(LUVAS, 2017) Dalal, Rajesh; Panwar, V.S.The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotic on growth performance of broiler chicken. A total of 300 commercial broiler chicks (Ven Cobb strain) were randomly distributed into six treatments having five replicates consisting of ten birds each. The chicks fed with standard basal diet in two different growth phase i.e. starter (0-28d) and finisher (29-42 d). The first group was kept as a control (T1) and given the basal diet without antibiotic while second (T2) basal diet with antibiotic, third (T3), fourth (T4) , fifth (T5) and sixth (T6) groups were supplemented with amla fruit powder @ 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1%, respectively. Significantly lower feed intake was found in 0.75% and 1% amla supplemented group as compared to control. The lower feed consumption in higher levels of amla supplemented group than control group might be due to better utilization of nutrients and results into higher body weight gain in 0.75% (T5) and 1% (T6) amla supplemented group. With lower feed intake and more body weight gain in higher levels of amla supplemented group results in significantly improved FCR as compared to control group. Nutrients metabolizability was significantly higher in 0.75% (T5) and 1% (T6) amla supplemented group as compared to control group. The morphometric analysis results of present study showed that the supplementation of antioxidants increased villus height but decreased crypt depth in broilers. Feeding diets containing phytobiotics may result in inhibition of the growth and colonization of entero-pathogenic microbes in the digestive tract, thus contributing to the balance of gut microflora. Relative mRNA expression of TLRs showed that the supplementation of amla fruit powder at higher levels i.e. 0.75% and 1% results in up regulation of TLR2 and down regulation of TLR4 showing potent immune modulating activity. Based upon the above study it can be concluded that amla fruit powder can be effectively supplemented as an alternative to antibiotics growth promoters in poultry ration and best results was obtained at 0.75% amla supplementation level (T5) regards to gut morphology, ecology and immune modulating activity resulted in improved weight gain and improved FCR.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of exogenous enzymes on the performance of broilers fed with distillers dried grain solubles (DDGS) based diet(LUVAS, 2017) Sonu; Sihag, Zile SinghA study of six weeks duration was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and utilization of using distillers dried grain solubles (DDGS) as a replacer of soybean meal with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation on the performance and carcass traits in broiler chickens. The study investigate the measurement of physical parameters of DDGS based diets and to access various observations viz. periodic feed intake, body growth, feed efficiency, energy and nitrogen retention, carcass characteristics and cost of rearing broilers under different dietary treatments. The evaluation of effect of replacement of soybean meal with DDGS on the physical parameters of the broiler ration was also done. The experimental work was conducted on 520 day old commercial broiler chickens randomly divided into thirteen dietary treatments having two replicates (twenty birds in each replicate) in each treatment. Maize soybean meal based diet was offered to control group (T1), while treatment groups T2, T3, T4 were supplemented with 15, 30 and 45% DDGS without exogenous enzymes; T5, T6, T7 were supplemented with 15, 30 and 45% DDGS having enzyme phytase; T8 , T9, T10 were supplemented with 15, 30 and 45% DDGS having enzyme protease; T11, T12, T13 were supplemented with 15, 30 and 45% DDGS having multienzyme. Particle size declined (P<0.05) as the DDGS level was increased in starter as well as finisher ration and reverse was true for the surface area and the number of particles per gram. Bulk density was higher (P<0.05) at 45% soybean meal replacement. The average body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio was recorded fortnightly during entire experimental period. A metabolism trial was conducted during 6th week of experiment. Two birds from each treatment were sacrificed after six week of age to study carcass traits. Comparative economics of different dietary treatment groups were also worked out. The body weight gain (g) during overall period of growth was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group T9 followed by group T6 having 30% soybean meal replaced with DDGS with enzyme protease and phytase respectively. Feed intake was not affected up to 30% soybean meal replacement with or without enzyme supplementation. At 45% soybean meal replacement with DDGS, feed intake was significantly higher with or without enzyme supplementation. FCR were also not affected up to 15% soybean meal replacement with or without enzyme addition and no negative effect was observed even at 45% soybean meal replacement. Treatment groups with 45% DDGS level with or without enzyme had significantly lower (P<0.05) dressing and eviscerated yield as compared to other groups. Moisture and fat of the breast and thigh muscle were not affected by DDGS inclusion. Crude protein of breast and thigh muscle also did not alter significantly (P<0.05) but higher values were reported at all DDGS levels with protease enzyme. Profit per bird was maximum in group T9 having 30% soybean meal replaced by DDGS with enzyme protease.
