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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cinnamon powder supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in broiler chicken(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-05) Ramkrishna; Maan, Narender singhThe research was conducted to study the effect of cinnamon powder supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in broiler chicken. A total number of one hundred and sixty, day old broiler chickens were randomly divided into four treatment groups. Each treatment was further subdivided into four replicates with ten birds in each replicate. Treatments included T1: basal diet without antibiotic, T2: basal diet with antibiotic, T3: basal diet with 0.5% cinnamon powder and T4: basal diet with 1% cinnamon powder. The experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks of duration and feed intake, body weight was recorded phase-wise. At the end of experiment, a five days duration metabolic trial was conducted to determine the nutrient metabolizability and one bird from each replicate was slaughtered, dressed and then used for carcass parameters, microbial count and gut morphometry birds. The results showed that average feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T4 (group supplemented with 1% cinnamon powder) followed by T3 (group supplemented with 0.5% cinnamon), T2 (group having basal diet with antibiotic) and lowest in T1 group. Similar trend was observed in average body weight, average body weight gain, dry matter metabolizability, nitrogen retention and gross energy metabolizability. Significantly (p<0.05) better FCR was observed in cinnamon powder supplemented groups in comparison to un-supplemented groups. Marked increased in carcass traits were observed in case of cinnamon inclusion in diet at 1% level. Blood parameters (Hb and TEC ) were significantly improved while heterophils were significantly decreased in 1% cinnamon supplemented groups in comparison to T1 group whereas no difference were observed in TLC count. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL were observed in groups supplemented with cinnamon powder in comparison to control group. Significantly (p<0.05) higher lactobacilli count and lower E.coli count were noticed at 1% cinnamon inclusion in the diet. In gut morphometry, significantly (p<0.05) higher villi height was found in cinnamon supplemented group at 1% level. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment group supplemented with 1% cinnamon powder. Highest profit (Rs. 59.33) was observed group supplemented with 0.5% cinnamon powder (T3) and lowest (Rs. 55.24) was in group fed basal diet without antibiotic (T1). Thus, it was concluded that addition of cinnamon powder at 1% level in the diet of broilers had significant effect on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits, blood parameters, serum parameters, gut morphology and antioxidant enzymes activity of birds.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on performance of rabbits(LUVAS,Hisar, 2023) Rajan Papneja; Singh, SajjanEighteen New Zealand White rabbits of either sex at 24 weeks of age were randomly allocated to three treatments (six rabbits in each treatment). Rabbits in each treatment received different diets [Standard control diet (T1), Diet supplemented with Prebiotic @400 mg/kg concentrate (T2) and Diet supplemented with Probiotic @ 1 billion CFU/Kg concentrate (T3)] in addition to ad lib. berseem fodder. The concentrate mixture of group T1 were formulated using maize, soybean meal, ground nut cake, gram, mineral mixture and common salt. The concentrate diets formulated were isonitrogenous and iso-caloric. Results showed that diet supplemented with prebiotic and probiotic had improved growth performance parameters (body measurements) as compared to the control group. The total weight gain was statistically (p<0.05) higher in rabbits raised on diets supplemented with prebiotic (1563.67g) and probiotic (1557.17 g) as compared to standard control diet (1419.17 g). Significantly (p<0.05) higher serum total protein and globulin values and significantly (p<0.05) lower total serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein values were observed in prebiotic and probiotic supplemented groups than un-supplemented groups. In prebiotic (T2) and probiotic (T3) supplemented groups, the comparative calculated dressing percentage (57.28 and 57.07 %), body cut up parts i.e., foreleg (135.76 and 137.06 g), hind leg (230.69 and 233.11g), back (263.88 and 270.73g) and chest (219.78 and 226.75g) and meat bone ratio (5.35 and 5.38) showed the higher values as compare to dressing percentage (53.89%), body cut up parts i.e., foreleg ( 127.46g), hind leg (217.48g), back (243.29g) and chest (209.24g) and meat bone ratio (4.91) of control group. However, the per cent moisture content showed a non-significant (p ≤0.05) difference among all the groups, but significantly (P≤0.05) higher mean per cent protein of meat was recorded in T2 (19.17%) and T3 (19.52%) groups as compared to meat of T1 (17.61%) group. The total meat cholesterol levels (mg/g) in T2 and T3 group (160.38 and 159.81 mg/g) found lower as compared to control T1 group (163.67) of rabbit meat samples. Nutrient intake, digestibility of nutrients and nutritive value of ration was significantly (p<0.05) improved in rabbits raised with prebiotic and probiotic supplementation in their concentrates. The results inferred that rabbits fed prebiotic and pro biotic supplemented diets had improved feed intake, FCR and carcass characteristics. Feed cost per kg weight gain was found lowest in treatment group which was supplemented with probiotic.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of moringa oleifera leaf meal on performance, immune response, intestinal microflora and morphometry in poultry(2022-06) Sheoran, Nancy; Tewatia, B. S.To assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on production performance, immune response, intestinal microflora and morphometry, a study was carried out on broilers and laying hens. First experiment was conducted on 300 one day old Vencobb broiler chicks randomly divided into five treatment groups with 6 replicates of 10 birds each. Second experiment was carried out on 160 laying hens randomly divided into five treatments with 4 replicates of 8 birds each. In both the experiments, T1 group was kept as negative control and given maize-soybean meal based basal ration without any antibiotic, while second group (T2) was kept as control and fed basal ration with antibiotic. In experimental groups T3, T4 and T5 basal ration was supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) @ 1%, 2% and 3%, respectively. In the experiment on broilers, the highest (P<0.05) body weight gain (2057.8g), better FCR (1.76) and higher nutrients metabolizability was observed in T5 group as compared to the control. Carcass traits viz. dressing percentage (78.06), eviscerated % (65.74), drawn % (74.56) and weight of lymphoid organs were recorded highest in T5 group. Human health friendly fatty acids like PUFA, PUFA/SFA and CLA‘s of breast and thigh meat increased (P<0.05) without affecting MUFA in T5 group. In laying hens, egg production parameters viz. percent hen day egg production, egg weight and egg mass improved in T5 group followed by T4. Egg quality parameters like albumin index, haugh unit, egg shell weight and egg shell thickness were observed to be improved (P<0.05) in groups T4 and T5. The fatty acids profile of eggs in respect of PUFA, PUFA/SFA and CLA‘s was improved (P<0.05) while saturated fatty acids and egg cholesterol deceased (P<0.05) in T5 group. Levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL under different treatments were reduced (P<0.05) on MOLM supplementation in both experiments and these were recorded lowest (P<0.05) in T5 group. Significant increase was observed in villi height and villi height/crypt depth in T5 group in both broilers and layers. Maximum (P<0.05) reduction in the Coliform count and increased Lactobacilli count in T5 group was also recorded. Improved (P<0.05) Hb level, total protein, albulin, globulin content, H/L ratio was recorded in T5 group in both experiments. Relative mRNA expression of TLR 2 in broilers as well as layers was enhanced (P<0.05) in groups supplemented with 2% (T4) and 3% (T5) MOLM. Cellular and humoral immunity was stimulated (P<0.05) in T5 group followed by T4 group. Net profit was higher in MOLM supplemented groups; however, it was maximumin in 3% MOLM supplemented group (T5). The results of this study showed that the inclusion of M. oleifera up to 3% in both broilers and laying hens rations improved (P<0.05) the production performance traits, meat and egg quality parameters and immune status of birds. Hence, M. oleifera leaf meal may be considered as a potential substitute of antibiotics in poultry rations.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of minerals profile and nutritionalstatus of lactating cattle and buffaloes in raya-pearl millet growing zone of Haryana(Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Science, Hisar, 2023-11) Saharan, Vivek; Tewatia, B.S.An extensive survey was carried out to assess feeding practices, status of macro and micro minerals in feed, fodder, blood, milk and hair and to calculate correlation between intake and minerals status in blood, milk and hair of cattle and buffalo in raya-pearl millet growing zone of Haryana. The survey was conducted during June to November, 2021 (Kharif season) involving 504 dairy farmers. Bajra was the most preferred green fodder used by 74% of farmers followed by sorghum (37.3%) and grasses (35.5%), Wheat straw was the preferred dry roughage used by 90 % of the farmers followed by paddy straw (11.9%). Wheat grain (Dalia) was the common energy source fed by the farmers (54.6%) followed by bajra grain (34.9%). Pelleted concentrate feed was used by 27.7% farmers. Cotton seed cake and mustard cake were the main source of dietary protein used by 62.1% and 20.03% farmers, respectively. Mineral mixture was supplemented by 21.4% of the farmers whereas 83.1% farmers included common salt in the ration. Among dry roughage, maximum CP % was recorded in bajra kadbi (4.14), whereas least CP was recorded in wheat straw (3.06). Among green fodders, bajra fodder was most preferred while the highest CP was recorded in grasses followed by sorghum and bajra fodder. Bajra and wheat grain contained 11.15 and 12.18% crude protein, respectively. The highest CP was recorded in mustard cake followed by cotton seed cake and cotton seed and the values were 35.04, 22.31 and 20.16%, respectively. Green fodders contained appreciable quantities of Ca but deficient in Zn. All dry roughages were deficient in all minerals except Fe. In cereals, bajra was a richer source of Ca than wheat. Wheat contained more P than bajra. Wheat and bajra grain had sufficient amount of Cu but deficient in Mn. Protein sources, mustard cake, cotton seed and cotton seed cake were fairly rich in Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Fe but deficient in Mn. All these feedstuffs were rich in Fe. Dietary intake of Zn was inadequate in both cattle (86%) and buffaloes (95%). Manganese intake was also deficient in both cattle (71%) and buffaloes (76%) while intake of Fe was more than the requirement. Only 35% and 22% of the animals were receiving less Ca and P, respectively, than the requirement. Serum was marginally deficient in Ca and P. Serum Zn was within normal range (0.8 - 2 ppm) while serum Cu was below critical level in cattle in most of the zone except Gurugram, whereas in buffaloes it was below critical level in Gurugram, Mewat and Mahendragarh districts. Fe intake was high due to its high level in feeds; however, its level in serum was within the normal range. Serum Mn was above critical value (0.20 ppm). Milk samples were deficient in Zn and Cu. Hair samples were deficient in Zn and Cu which is indicative of their general deficiency in animal feeds. Correlation between intake of minerals and their level in biological samples indicated that hair reflects dietary intake of Zn and CuThesisItem Restricted Assessment of minerals profile and nutritionalstatus of lactating cattle and buffaloes in raya-pearl millet growing zone of Haryana(Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Science, Hisar, 2022-11) Saharan, Vivek; Tewatia, B.S.An extensive survey was carried out to assess feeding practices, status of macro and micro minerals in feed, fodder, blood, milk and hair and to calculate correlation between intake and minerals status in blood, milk and hair of cattle and buffalo in raya-pearl millet growing zone of Haryana. The survey was conducted during June to November, 2021 (Kharif season) involving 504 dairy farmers. Bajra was the most preferred green fodder used by 74% of farmers followed by sorghum (37.3%) and grasses (35.5%), Wheat straw was the preferred dry roughage used by 90 % of the farmers followed by paddy straw (11.9%). Wheat grain (Dalia) was the common energy source fed by the farmers (54.6%) followed by bajra grain (34.9%). Pelleted concentrate feed was used by 27.7% farmers. Cotton seed cake and mustard cake were the main source of dietary protein used by 62.1% and 20.03% farmers, respectively. Mineral mixture was supplemented by 21.4% of the farmers whereas 83.1% farmers included common salt in the ration. Among dry roughage, maximum CP % was recorded in bajra kadbi (4.14), whereas least CP was recorded in wheat straw (3.06). Among green fodders, bajra fodder was most preferred while the highest CP was recorded in grasses followed by sorghum and bajra fodder. Bajra and wheat grain contained 11.15 and 12.18% crude protein, respectively. The highest CP was recorded in mustard cake followed by cotton seed cake and cotton seed and the values were 35.04, 22.31 and 20.16%, respectively. Green fodders contained appreciable quantities of Ca but deficient in Zn. All dry roughages were deficient in all minerals except Fe. In cereals, bajra was a richer source of Ca than wheat. Wheat contained more P than bajra. Wheat and bajra grain had sufficient amount of Cu but deficient in Mn. Protein sources, mustard cake, cotton seed and cotton seed cake were fairly rich in Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Fe but deficient in Mn. All these feedstuffs were rich in Fe. Dietary intake of Zn was inadequate in both cattle (86%) and buffaloes (95%). Manganese intake was also deficient in both cattle (71%) and buffaloes (76%) while intake of Fe was more than the requirement. Only 35% and 22% of the animals were receiving less Ca and P, respectively, than the requirement. Serum was marginally deficient in Ca and P. Serum Zn was within normal range (0.8 - 2 ppm) while serum Cu was below critical level in cattle in most of the zone except Gurugram, whereas in buffaloes it was below critical level in Gurugram, Mewat and Mahendragarh districts. Fe intake was high due to its high level in feeds; however, its level in serum was within the normal range. Serum Mn was above critical value (0.20 ppm). Milk samples were deficient in Zn and Cu. Hair samples were deficient in Zn and Cu which is indicative of their general deficiency in animal feeds. Correlation between intake of minerals and their level in biological samples indicated that hair reflects dietary intake of Zn and Cu.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of dietary fat supplementation on growth performance and milk production in goats(Lala lajpat rai university Hisar, 2022-08) Singh, Anuj; Sihag, Zile SinghA study was conducted to study the effect of dietary fat supplementation on growth performance and milk production in goats. Two experiments (Experiment I was conducted with 30 kids for a period of 90 days and Experiment II was continued for a period of 90 day on 30 lactating goats) were carried out to assess the effects of dietary fat supplementation on growth performance and milk production in goats. In experiment I, the experimental animals were randomly distributed into five treatments having 6 animal in each treatment i.e. T1 (Basal ration), T2 (Basal ration + 20gm linseed oil/animal/day), T3 (Basal ration + 20gm linseed oil bypass fat/animal/day), T4 (Basal ration + 20gm rice bran oil/animal/day) and T5 (Basal ration + 20gm rice bran oil bypass fat/animal/day). The basal ration was formulated as per ICAR (2013). In experiment II, the experimental lactating goats were randomly distributed into five treatments having 6 animal in each treatment i.e. T1 (Basal ration), T2 (Basal ration + 30gm linseed oil/animal/day), T3 (Basal ration + 30gm linseed oil bypass fat/animal/day), T4 (Basal ration + 30gm rice bran oil/animal/day) and T5 (Basal ration + 30gm rice bran oil bypass fat/animal/day). The results revealed that the DMI was non significant (P<0.05) among different supplemented group in both kids as well as in lactating goats. Nutrients intake (g/day) in terms of DCP and TDN did not vary significantly between the treatments groups in both experiments. Average body weight gain (kg) and average daily gain (ADG, g/d) were significantly (p<0.05) higher for supplemented groups than control group in experiment I. ADG and FCR was significantly different (P<0.05) and was found higher in T3 group and improved FCR in bypass fat supplemented group in growing kids. DM and EE digestibility was significantly different (P<0.05) between control and fat supplemented group in both experiments. Balance of nitrogen did not vary between treatment groups in both experiments. There was no change in between haematological parameters under different dietary treatment groups in both experiments. But serum lipid profile shows increased HDL content and lower SFA content as compared to control group in both experiments. Milk yield was significantly different (P<0.05) in experimental lactating goats and was found highest in bypass supplemented group (T3 and T5). Milk lipid profile shows increased PUFA and Omega 3 content in linseed oil and linseed bypass supplemented group as compared to control group. From the ongoing illustrations, it may be concluded that supplementation of bypass fat prepared from linseed oil and rice bran significantly improved the average body weight gain , FCR , milk yield and milk fatty acid profile as compared to the control groupThesisItem Restricted Studies on the comparative feeding practices and minerals status of lactating cattle and buffaloes in paddy – wheat growing zone of Haryana(Lala lajpat rai university Hisar, 2022-09) Ramsawroop; Maan, . N.S.An extensive survey was carried out to assess feeding practices, status of macro and micro minerals in feed, fodder, blood, milk and hair and to calculate correlation between intake and mineral status in blood, milk and hair of cattle and buffalo in paddy-wheat growing zone of Haryana. The survey was conducted during June to November 2021 (Kharif season) on 636 families. Sorghum was the most common used green fodder used by 67% of farmers followed by maize fodder (26%) to fed as green fodder to their lactating cattle and buffaloes. In dry fodders, wheat straw was the preferred over paddy straw and used in every block by most of the farmers (91%) followed by paddy straw (24%). Wheat grain (dalia) was the common energy source fed by most of the farmers (88%). Concentrate pellet was the supplement source of energy and protein used by 46% farmers. Mustard cake and cotton seed cake were the main source of protein used by 49% and 41% of farmers. Mineral mixture was provided by 30% of farmers whereas 40% of farmers included common salt in animal ration. Green fodders contained appreciable quantities of Ca but P was below critical level. P and Zinc were deficient in the samples of green fodders. Mn was observed to be deficient by 9% in bajra fodder and by 5.50% in grasses. All dry roughages were deficient in Ca, P, Cu, Zn and Mn. In cereals, bajra was a richer source of Ca than wheat. Wheat (0.37%) contained more amount of P than bajra. Most of the samples of wheat and bajra grain had sufficient amount of Cu. Concentration of Mn was poor in these sources. Protein sources, mustard cake, cotton seed and cotton seed cake were fairly rich in Zn, Cu and Fe but concentration of Mn was lower. Fe was rich in all the feedstuffs. Regarding intake of mineral, it was found that dietary intake of Zn was inadequate in both cattle (72%) and buffaloes (89%). Mn was also deficient in buffaloes (38%). Intake of Cu was found deficient in Yamunanagar in both the species. Buffaloes of Sonipat & Panchkula districts were also getting Cu less than their daily requirement while intake of Iron was more than the requirement. Only 26% and 23% of the animals were receiving less Ca and P, respectively, than their requirement. Average value of serum Zn in most of the samples was within normal range i.e. 0.8 to 2 ppm while that of serum Cu was below critical level. Intake of Fe was high due to high content in feed and fodders still its level in serum was within the normal range. Serum Mn was above critical value (0.20 ppm). Serum was marginally deficient in Ca and P which might be cause of lactation drainage. Hair samples were deficient in Zn and Cu which is indicative of their general deficiency in animal feeds while none of the hair samples were deficient in Fe. Similarly, milk samples were also deficient in Zn and Cu. All milk samples had Fe concentration above the critical level i.e. 0.3 ppm.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of dietary supplementation of moringa oleifera leaf meal on performance, immune response, intestinal microflora and morphometry in poultry(Lala lajpat rai university Hisar, 2022-06) Sheoran, Nancy; Tewatia, B.STo assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on production performance, immune response, intestinal microflora and morphometry, a study was carried out on broilers and laying hens. First experiment was conducted on 300 one day old Vencobb broiler chicks randomly divided into five treatment groups with 6 replicates of 10 birds each. Second experiment was carried out on 160 laying hens randomly divided into five treatments with 4 replicates of 8 birds each. In both the experiments, T1 group was kept as negative control and given maize-soybean meal based basal ration without any antibiotic, while second group (T2) was kept as control and fed basal ration with antibiotic. In experimental groups T3, T4 and T5 basal ration was supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) @ 1%, 2% and 3%, respectively. In the experiment on broilers, the highest (P<0.05) body weight gain (2057.8g), better FCR (1.76) and higher nutrients metabolizability was observed in T5 group as compared to the control. Carcass traits viz. dressing percentage (78.06), eviscerated % (65.74), drawn % (74.56) and weight of lymphoid organs were recorded highest in T5 group. Human health friendly fatty acids like PUFA, PUFA/SFA and CLA‘s of breast and thigh meat increased (P<0.05) without affecting MUFA in T5 group. In laying hens, egg production parameters viz. percent hen day egg production, egg weight and egg mass improved in T5 group followed by T4. Egg quality parameters like albumin index, haugh unit, egg shell weight and egg shell thickness were observed to be improved (P<0.05) in groups T4 and T5. The fatty acids profile of eggs in respect of PUFA, PUFA/SFA and CLA‘s was improved (P<0.05) while saturated fatty acids and egg cholesterol deceased (P<0.05) in T5 group. Levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL under different treatments were reduced (P<0.05) on MOLM supplementation in both experiments and these were recorded lowest (P<0.05) in T5 group. Significant increase was observed in villi height and villi height/crypt depth in T5 group in both broilers and layers. Maximum (P<0.05) reduction in the Coliform count and increased Lactobacilli count in T5 group was also recorded. Improved (P<0.05) Hb level, total protein, albulin, globulin content, H/L ratio was recorded in T5 group in both experiments. Relative mRNA expression of TLR 2 in broilers as well as layers was enhanced (P<0.05) in groups supplemented with 2% (T4) and 3% (T5) MOLM. Cellular and humoral immunity was stimulated (P<0.05) in T5 group followed by T4 group. Net profit was higher in MOLM supplemented groups; however, it was maximumin in 3% MOLM supplemented group (T5). The results of this study showed that the inclusion of M. oleifera up to 3% in both broilers and laying hens rations improved (P<0.05) the production performance traits, meat and egg quality parameters and immune status of birds. Hence, M. oleifera leaf meal may be considered as a potential substitute of antibiotics in poultry rations
