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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur

Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country. The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh. Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.

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End date: 2021 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Mite fauna of agriculturally important crops in Himachal Pradesh
    (palampur, 2021-04-01) C.S., Jayaram; Sharma, Pawan K.
    Investigations on “Mite fauna of agriculturally important crops in Himachal Pradesh” were undertaken in different agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh. The results yielded 78 species of mites comprising 22 phytophagous mites belonging to three families and 56 predatory mites belonging to seven families. Phytophagous mites belonging to the three families (Number of species / Total number of species) viz., Tetranychidae (11/22), Tenuipalpidae (7/22) and Tarsonemidae (4/22). The predatory mites reported during the present study under the seven families were viz., Phytoseiidae (26/56), Ascidae (3/56), Anystidae (3/56); Erythraeidae (4/56), Iolinidae (2/56); Stigmaeidae (14/56) and Tydeidae (4/56). In all 50 species comparing, 43 predatory mites and 7 phytophagous mites were added to the checklist of the mite fauna of the Himachal Pradesh. Diversity indices values were more in case of Tetranychidae under phytophagous mites, Phytoseiidae had maximum diversity values under Mesostigmata and Anystidae had more diversity values under prostigmatid predatory mites. Polyphagotarsonemus latus was found to be the dominant species in Zone-I, Tetranychus urticae was dominant in the Zone-II. In the Zone-III, E. prasadi dominated over all other species, and P. sextoni was found to be dominant in Zone-IV. Seasonal abundance of the phytophagous mites on brinjal and chilli revealed that during 2018 the peak population of T. urticae was observed in June at Palampur, Una and Bajaura. While at Sundernagar, the peak population was observed during September. During 2019 the peak population of T. urticae was during July in all the locations. Peak population of P. latus was observed during July in both 2018 and 2019 in Palampur, Una, Bajaura and Sundernagar. Minimum temperature was significatly correlated and also influence the population build up of T. urticae and P. latus at Palampur. In contarary, maximum temperature had more influence on population build up of both the species at Una and Bajaura. But in Sundernagar, population of T. urticae was influenced by minimum temperature and population of P. latus was influenced by rainfall. Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) was recorded as the invasive alien species on persimmon at Katrain. Erythraeus (Zaracarus) lahauli sp. nov., Eryngiopus sp., Euseius sp. nr. chikkamagalurensis and Scapulaseius sp. nr.sorghumae were deviated from the original species and listed as new species to India
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the Development and Quality Evaluation of Specialty Products prepared by utilizing Selected Tribal Crops
    (Palampur, 2021-03-22) Rani, Anju; Sood, Sangita
    The present investigation was undertaken with the two key objectives to assess the quality attributes of selected tribal crops and to develop specialty products and evaluate objectively and subjectively. Three hull-less barley varieties viz. Dolma, BHS-352 and HBL-276, proso millet and field pea were procured from tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh. Screened crops were investigated for their physico-chemical, functional, nutritional, antioxidant and anti-nutritional parameters. Results of the study showed that barley has attained good functional properties in comparison to their counterparts. Amongst the selected barley varieties, BHS-352 showed the maximum value for crude ash, crude fat and crude protein (2.64, 3.24 and 14.20) per cent respectively. Proso millet contains maximum crude ash, crude fat and crude fiber 3.41, 4.12 and 7.65 per cent respectively. Field pea was the richest source of protein (20.69 %) amongst all selected crops. Resistant starch and amylose were found the highest in HBL-276 (9.20 and 26.76) per cent respectively. Dolma variety and proso millet had substantial amount of amino acids whereas, BHS-352 and field pea showed good mineral profile. Field pea was noted to be rich in Iron (22.45), Calcium (92.14), Phosphorous (259.17) and Potassium (105.63) mg/100g. Hull-less barley attained the good amount of antioxidants (61.10-66.10 %). Dolma variety in particular showed the maximum value of antioxidants (66.10 %) and flavonoids (11.19 %). Maximum trypsin inhibition activity (4.12 TIU/mg), saponin (11.13 %) and phytic acid (312 mg/100g) content was found in field pea. The shape of starch granules of hull-less barley, proso millet and field pea appeared as oval, elliptical, disk to irregular shapes with smooth surface, Polygonal and spherical granules in cluster form. X-ray Diffraction pattern of all barley varieties and proso millet displayed Atype cereal starches whereas, field pea showed C- type starch. Different specialty products like Extruded product (Kurkure), Mixes (Dhokla mix, Idli mix and Laddu mix) Bread sticks, Pancake and Churros have been developed using the selected crops and storage study in three different packaging P1 (HDPE Packaging), P2 (Aluminum paper bag) and P3 (Aluminum pouch) was conducted for the most acceptable Kurkure and Mixes (Dhokla mix, Idli mix and Laddu mix) formulation and found to be acceptable up to 180 days. However, a slight decline in the chemical composition with the increase in storage period was observed. Amongst all packaging materials, the aluminium pouch (P3) was found best as the changes that occurred in the packed content were found minimum. Specialty products can serve an important role in the diet due to their various health improving benefits. Development of specialty products from these crops can enhance the utilization of these nutritious crops in developing the healthy
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development and evaluation of extruded products enriched with potential crops of Himachal Pradesh
    (Palampur, 2021-07-06) Anand, Abha; Dhaliwal, Y. S.
    The present study was done to assess nutritional and functional profiles of potential crops and develop formulations for evaluation of extruded products supplemented with potential crops and further assess the shelf life of developed/standardized extruded products in relation to packaging materials. Three selected under-utilized crops viz. Amaranthus, Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Ricebean (Vigna umbellata) were procured from Mountain Agril. Research and Extension Centre (MAREC), Sangla (Kinnaur), Department of Organic Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur and local farmers of district Sirmour (H.P). Results of the study showed that amaranth, buckwheat and ricebean contained 16.70, 10.44 and 22.35 per cent of protein content.The mineral content observed in calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper content in ricebean grains was reported to be 334.5, 111.12, 3.94, 0.68 and 3.15 mg/100g. Amino acids in amaranth contained threonine (2.78 µg/mg), valine (3.67 µg/mg) and leucine (3.43 µg/mg). It also contained serine (6.59 µg/mg), alanine (2.10 µg/mg), histidine (16.34 µg/mg), proline (2.78 µg/mg) and tyrosine (2.10 µg/mg).These potential crops were further used to develop different extruded products such as pasta, breakfast cereals and ready to eat snacks. A laboratory scale co-rotating twin screw extruder with intermeshing screws (Model BC21; Clextral, Firminy Cedex, France) was used for the extrusion study. The barrel diameter and L/D ratio were 25 mm and 16:1 respectively. In present study CCRD was used to design the experiments without any blocking comprising three independent variables (at three different levels). Different combinations of cereals which includes rice flour, oat flour, amaranth, buckwheat and ricebean were formulated with set minimum and maximum ranges of rice, oat and maize flour 50 g to 100 g, blend (amaranth 50 g, buckwheat 25 g and ricebean 25 g) ranged from 25 g to 50 g and flavours 0 g to 10 g as per the RSM model design. 16 runs were optimized and all the samples were packed in laminate bags. The bags were allowed to equilibrate overnight at 5ºC. Physico-chemical, functional, nutritional properties, rheological and microbiological properties of selected formulations of extruded products prepared from potential crops were assessed. The sensory scores for all the parameters were highly acceptable till the six months of storage so utilization of the potential crops in extruded products will not only help the consumer to harness the nutritional and medicinal benefits of the under-utilized crops but will also suggest ways for their utilization.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Modeling crop water requirement using weather model and spatial data of wheat under limited irrigations in North Western Himalayas
    (Palampur, 2021-10-29) Pareek, Bheem; Rana, Ranbir Singh
    Water is considered as one of the most crucial inputs for agricultural production. The decreasing water resources for agriculture production system in the face of climate change necessitates the use of real time weather data for reducing the water footprints of the crop. A field experiment entitled “Modeling crop water requirement using weather model and spatial data of wheat under limited irrigations in North Western Himalayas” was conducted during Rabi season 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the experimental research farm of department of Agronomy, CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. The experiment comprising of five irrigation treatments viz; Rainfed conditions (I1), two irrigations (I2), three irrigations (I3), Irrigation scheduling based on Penman Monteith modified (I4), Irrigation scheduling based on spatial reference ET of grid (I5) with three dates of sowing (25th October, 20th November & 10th December) was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications. The soil of experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen (374.3 kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (21.7 kg ha-1 ) and potassium (221.2 kg ha-1 ). The experimental site is located 32°6ʹN latitude and 76°3ʹE longitude. The experimental site received 562.2 mm and 454.2 mm rainfall during cropping season 2018-19 and 2019-20 respectively. The study findings revealed that the growth parameters viz., plant height, LAI and dry matter recorded significantly higher when crop sown on 25th October with three irrigations (I3) during both the years. The sowing window of 25th October observed to be the best among the dates of sowing for yield parameters during both the years. However, irrigation schedule based on Penman Monteith modified proved to be the best irrigation treatment being statistically at par with I2 and I3 irrigations schedules during 2018-19, whereas, I3 gave the highest yield in three irrigation schedules during 2019-20. Similarly, the yield parameters reflected in significantly higher yield in I4 irrigation (4432 kg ha-1 ) being at par with I3 irrigations (4140 kg ha-1 ) and I2 (3922 kg ha1) compared to I5 (3812 kg ha-1 ) and I1 (3111 kg ha-1 ) irrigations in 2018-19. The yield parameters reflected in significantly higher yield in I3 irrigation (4109 kg ha-1 ) compared to I2 irrigations (3916 kg ha-1 ), I4 (3905 kg ha1), I5 (3798 kg ha-1 ) and I1 (3441 kg ha-1 ) irrigations in 2019-20. The highest benefit cost ratio (B:C) was observed for 25th October sowing (2.33), (2.35) with I4 irrigation treatment (2.04), (2.12) during both years, respectively. The GDD was 1247, 1183, 1128 and 1194, 1106, 1028 for 1st, 2nd and 3rd dates of sowing during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The HTU, PTU, PTI and HUE did not show variations. The FAO-CROPWAT model was validated and the RMSE for estimated ET and AET worked out from the field water balance method varied between 11.03-14.19% and 10.64-13.46% during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The RMSE of actual and predicted dry matter accumulation was 0.017, 0.028, 0.017, 0.066 and 0.21 for 30, 60, 90, 120 DAS and at harvest during 2018- 19 and 2019-20. The validated model was used to simulate elevated temperature regimes of 1°,2°,3°C rise in both maximum and minimum temperature, with 10%, 20% reduction and 10%, 20% increase in rainfall. With the 1°, 2°, and 3°C rise in temperature. Increase in crop water requirement observed between 3.07-8.46 and 2.68-8.60% during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The net irrigation water requirement increased ranging between 3.94-22.41 % and 3.87-25.64% for all elevated temperature regimes with 20% decreases in rainfall, whereas it ranged between -5.81 to 4.62% and-7.49 to 6.19% with 20% increase in rainfall compared to normal weather conditions during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. During the year 2018-19 the irrigations were same under I3 and I4 treatment but the water productivity was higher in I4, while in 2019-20 the less irrigation was applied under I4 treatment, still the water productivity was higher compared to I3 due to the use of real time weather data.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Weed management in high density peach (Prunus persica Batsch) orchard under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
    (Palampur, 2021-09-25) Sharma, Abha; Rana, M.C.
    A field experiment consisting of nine weed management practices viz., legume intercropping (T1), turmeric intercropping (T2), fodder intercropping (T3), sod culture (T4), glyphosate (T5), paraquat (T6), mulch (T7), manual weeding (T8) and weedy check (T9) was conducted at Palampur from kharif 2018 to rabi 2019-20. Soil of the experimental field was acidic in reaction, high in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Artemisia vulgaris and Ageratum conyzoides were the major weeds constituting 26.5 and 19.7 per cent of the total weed flora during kharif 2018. However, Artemisia vulgaris and Alternanthera philoxeroides were the major weed constituting about 24.4 and 20.4 per cent of the total weed population during kharif 2019. In rabi season, Artemisia vulgaris and Trifolium repens were the major weeds constituting 31.2 and 26.4 per cent during rabi 2018-19 and 33.7 and 26.2 per cent during rabi 2019-20 of the total weed flora. In kharif season, legume intercropping had the lowest weed count during both the years and was statistically at par with glyphosate treatment. The legume intercropping gave significantly lower total weed dry matter and was statistically at par with glyphosate treatment during kharif 2018. However in kharif 2019, legume intercropping treatment gave significantly lower total weed dry matter and was statistically at par with glyphosate and fodder intercropping. In rabi season, legume intercropping had the lowest weed count and weed dry matter during both the years and was statistically at par with glyphosate treatment. Highest weed control efficiency was obtained in legume intercropping followed by glyphosate treatment in both seasons during both the years. No phytotoxicity of any herbicide was recorded on peach. Highest water holding capacity, organic carbon content, carbon sequestration in soil, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity of soil was recorded in weed mulch treatment which was statistically at par with legume intercropping during both the years. Legume intercropping gave maximum available N, P and K, count of bacteria, fungi & actinomycetes, microbial index and carbon sequestration by fruit trees during both the years. Legume intercropping resulted in highest fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant over rest of the treatments. Uninterrupted growth of weeds reduced the fruit yield by 41.14 per cent during 2019 and by 50.82 per cent during 2020. Peach equivalent yield was highest in legume intercropping followed by turmeric intercropping in peach. Highest gross return, net return, net return per rupee invested and sustainability was observed in legume intercropping during the course of study. Based on two years study, it may be advocated to adopt legume intercropping for weed management, higher production and quality fruits, soil health, economic viability and sustainability of peach orchard.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]
    (Palampur, 2021-08-10) Kharwal, Neerja; Singh, Nageswer
    In the present investigation entitled “Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]” the fifteen genotypes of adzuki bean grown under inorganic, organic and Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) production system were procured during 2018-19 and 2019-20, from the Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur were evaluated in triplicate for various biochemical constituents for quality significance and nutritional aspects by following standard procedures. Besides, the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and anti-nutritional factors analysed in husk and de-husk mature seed samples. Differences among the adzuki bean genotypes grown under three different production systems were also apparent. The mean value of genotypes grown under ZBNF during the both the years of experimentation showed significant variation for crude protein (19.19-22.13 %), in vitro protein digestibility (79.43-90.48 %), methionine (0.76-1.38 g/100g protein), tryptophan (1.49 -1.87 g/100g protein), PPO activity (0.050-0.367 ΔOD/min), sodium (89.85-123.11 mg/100g), potassium (839.67-1574.72 mg/100g), calcium (253.33- 409.51 mg/100g), magnesium (116.11-178.86 mg/100g), copper (1.21-2.09 mg/100g), iron (3.99- 8.84 mg/100g), manganese (1.24-2.12 mg/100g), zinc (1.21 -2.09 mg/100g), total phenols (1074.23- 2011.78 mg/100g), simple phenols (637.68-944.42 mg/100g), flavonoids (18.18-24.46 mg/100g), total carotenoids (1.234-4.739 µg/g), antioxidant activity (0.520-1.776 μg/ml), trypsin inhibitor activity (8903-11055 TIA U/g), tannins (261.75-942.18), saponins (59.58-108.1 mg/100g) and phytic acid (187.77-257.39 mg/100g). Under ZBNF production system recorded significantly higher values for in vitro protein digestibility, limiting amino acids (methionine and tryptophan), PPO activity, protein fractionations and certain minerals (sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper), phytochemical constituents (total phenols, simple phenols, and flavonoids), antioxidant activity and some anti-nutritional factors like tannins, saponins, whereas for crude protein content, mineral (potassium), total carotenoids, anti-nutritional factor (phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity) content significantly higher values were recorded in adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic system as compare to ZBNF system. Multipurpose / versatile adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic, organic and ZBNF production system genotypes were identified based on genotypic rating under each production system as ADHP-6, ADHP-3 and LOCAL TOTRU ranked first, second and third respectively under inorganic system, In case of organic production system genotypes HPU-51, ADHP-9 and ADHP-3 occupied the first, second and third position, respectively. While, under ZBNF production system first rank occupied by genotype EC-340286 followed by ADHP-6 and ADHP-8, based on the cumulative grading for nutritional and phytochemical constituents. De-husking process of adzuki bean mature seeds revealed substantial decrease in phytochemical constituents i.e. total phenols, simple phenols, flavonoids, total carotenoids and anti-nutritional factors like saponins and tannins while increase in trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid. The potentially superior genotypes/varieties thus identified can be used for further developmental research by the plant breeders and cultivation on a large scale by the farmers of H.P and others.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    :Effect of irrigation and tillage on water productivity and soil health in maize-wheat sequence under zero budget natural farming systems
    (Palampur, 2021-12-30) Jaswal, Richa; Sandal, Sanjeev K.
    The present study was conducted at experimental farm of Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur, during the year 2018-20 in maize -wheat cropping sequence with the objectives of evaluating the effect of irrigation and tillage under zero budget natural farming systems on soil and plant water content, total water use and water productivity, plant shoot and root growth and crop productivity and soil nutrient status, hydro-physical properties and microbial biomass. The treatments comprised of, T1: No irrigation to maize and 6 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and ZBNF, T2: No irrigation to maize and 4 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and ZBNF, T3: No irrigation to maize and 2 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and ZBNF, T4: No irrigation to maize and wheat grown with conventional tillage and ZBNF, T5: No irrigation to maize and wheat grown with minimum tillage + lantana mulch and ZBNF, T6: No irrigation to maize + soybean and 6 cm irrigation to wheat + gram gown with conventional tillage grown and ZBNF, T7: No irrigation to maize + soybean and wheat + gram grown with minimum tillage + lantana mulch and ZBNF, T8: No irrigation to maize and 6 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and organic farming and T9: No irrigation to maize and 6 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and no manure application (Absolute control) were imposed in a randomized block design replicated four times. The results indicated that the treatments of minimum tillage with mulch with (T7) or without (T5) intercropping of soybean/ gram resulted in higher soil and relative leaf water content, improved shoot and root growth and higher crop and water productivity with higher nutrient uptake in comparison to the conventional tillage and no mulch under rainfed conditions. Further, the treatments with 6 cm irrigation applied (T1, T6, T8) in wheat resulted in higher soil and relative leaf water content in comparison to the treatments of minimum tillage with mulch (T5 and T7). The treatments of minimum tillage with mulch (T5 and T7) resulted in increase in organic carbon, improvement in hydro-physical properties and increased microbial count in comparison to the conventional tillage and no mulch. The study concluded that the treatments of minimum tillage with mulch with or without intercropping of soybean/ gram resulted in higher crop and water productivity compared to conventional tillage with no mulch under ZBNF systems.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of cold stress on expression of invertase and calcium-dependent protein kinase genes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (Palampur, 2021-11-12) Shree, Bharti; Sharma, Kamal Dev
    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important food grain legume. Chickpea is sensitive to cold and suffers substantial yield losses due to cold stress. Invertases hydrolyse sucrose into glucose and fructose and play an important role in plant growth and development as well as plants’ responses to various stresses including cold. In addition to invertases, calciumdependent protein kinases (CDPKs) modify gene expression via transcription factors to achieve systematic plant growth/development and reaction to stresses. Information on invertases and calcium-dependent protein kinases as well as the role of these genes in stress tolerance/susceptibility in chickpea is unavailable. In this study, 19 invertase genes (11 cellwall invertase, one vacuolar invertase and seven alkaline/neutral invertase genes) and 31 CDPKs genes were identified in the chickpea genome. These genes were located on 7 chickpea chromosomes. A comprehensive analysis of invertase as well as CDPK genes and proteins were performed, including gene structure, mRNA structure, cis-acting elements in the promoter regions, phylogeny, evolutionary relationships, gene duplication events, protein structure, motifs, domains, physiochemical properties, sub-cellular localization and interactions of invertases as well as CDPKs with other proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that chickpea invertases were comprised of five major lineages whereas CDPKs had four lineages. The members within the same sub-groups shared conserved domains. Expression analysis revealed that all the invertase genes were functional in chickpea however, these genes expressed differentially in contrasting chickpea genotype under cold stress and Ascochyta blight infection. Expression analysis revealed that cell wall invertases were associated in cold tolerance whereas majority of the CaCDPK genes were involved in low temperature responses by tolerant as well as sensitive genotypes of chickpea. Invertase genes associated with Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea were also identified. The study laid the foundation for unravelling the complexity of chickpea responses to cold and Ascochyta rabiei infection and develop protocols for mitigation of cold stress in chickpea.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Identification of loci governing nodulation efficiency and drought tolerance traits using GWAS approach and validation by QTL mapping in horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)
    (Palampur, 2021-11-26) Choudhary, Sunny; Chahota, R.K.
    Macrotyloma uniflorum is a popular self-pollinated diploid (2n=2x=20) legume. Because of its drought resilience, resistance to heavy metal stress, antioxidant content, antimicrobial activities, and many medicinal qualities, horsegram is a crop of interest and a possible future food source. Drought tolerance and nodulation efficiency characteristics were assessed using a core set of 96 horsegram genotypes. The trial was held in a polyhouse in Palampur (Himachal Pradesh). Plants were sown in polytubes under two environments. At the relevant development stages, phenotypic data was collected. Following the separation of DNA from plants, samples were genotyped. SSR and SNP markers were used to genotype the samples. Six QTLs were associated with the number of nodules, seven with root length, and the most QTLs (12) were identified for root moisture content in the analysis of SSR markers. For root volume, eight QTLs were found, whereas for shoot fresh weight, three QTLs were discovered. Nine QTLs for days to temporary wilting, seven for RWC, and five for root fresh weight were identified. Five QTLs were shown to be linked to days to temporary wilting. Nine QTLs were discovered for the number of nodules. Six QTLs were discovered to be linked to root fresh weight. Root length had the highest number of QTLs (21), indicating the complexity of this important characteristic. Fourteen QTLs were discovered for root volume. There were 10 and 13 QTLs identified for relative water content and shoot fresh weight, respectively. These possible indicators will help us explore the drought resistance and nodulation efficiency mechanisms of horsegram in the near future. The use of these markers to perform positional cloning of genes in horsegram plants will provide new insights into drought tolerance and nodulation efficiency, allowing breeders to conduct experiments to further improve varieties for better adaptation to harsh and dry environmental conditions, which negatively affect plant growth and development and ultimately result in yield losses.