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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access SKELETAL RADIOGRAPHY IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-16) Bhat, Rohit B; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was done for standardization of skeletal radiography in dogs, to record prevalence of skeletal affections in dogs and to develop a ready reckoner atlas of skeletal radiography in dogs. The study was conducted on the clinical cases of different animal species presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHP Agricultural University, Palampur, India from April, 2017 to May, 2018. The formulation of tentative radiographic technique charts was done by conducting radiographic trials on four skeletally normal dogs of different age groups. Further, the technique charts were validated in 30 skeletally normal dogs. The Standard Operative Protocol was established based on the observations made during the radiographic trial. The role of computer software intervention for improving the radiographic images was evaluated and 11 out of 30 radiographs taken during validation process of technique charts were improved from ‘fair’ to ‘good’ quality. The overall prevalence of skeletal disorders in canines were calculated to be 16.28 per cent. The overall incidence of fractures among those skeletal disorders was 13.94. Majority of skeletal disorders in dogs occurred in juvenile group (48.18%) followed by adult (40.93%) and senile (10.88%). The distribution of skeletal disorders was more in males (68.91%) against 31.08% in females but the incidence was more or less similar to females (22.16% against 22.38% in males). Etiology-wise the major known causes of skeletal disorders in dogs were determined to be trauma (53.36%). A ready-reckoner of normal skeletal radiographic anatomy of dogs was prepared by obtaining the radiographs of skeletal system in different views of a normal healthy skeletally mature 5-year old dog. Subsequently the radiographs of selected clinical cases of dogs representative of different skeletal affections as presented during the period of study were also used alongside to underscore the differences in between normal and abnormal radiographic features.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF ORAL AFFECTIONS IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-23) Thakur, Manisha; Kumar, AdarshThe present study was conducted on 120 patients presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India in a period spanning 20 months. The objectives of the study were to probe the regional occurrence of oral affections in dogs and to evolve the management protocol for oral affections in dogs. The various oral affections like periodontal disease, mandibular fracture, malocclusion, oral papilloma, oral tumours, foreign bodies, traumatic injuries, and persistent deciduous teeth etc. were recorded. Erythrocein dye was used to disclose the plaque and periodontal probing was done to assess the pocket depth and furcation exposure index. Intraoral radiographs to identify lesions below the gums and to assess the vitality of the tooth. The regional incidence of oral affections in dogs was found to be 8.32 per cent. Periodontal disease was found to be the major health problem in dogs over the age of 5 years. The age of the pet is directly correlated with the incidence and severity of the periodontal disease. Dogs fed with pure vegetarian and only homemade food were more prone to oral affections. Dental polishing followed by scaling considerably improved the oral health of the patients, relieved them from chronic discomfort and wasting and further decreased the susceptibility to repeated periodontal diseases. The tartar samples processed for microbiology revealed the common occurrence of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and E. coli. Amoxicillin and Clindamycin are found to be the most effective antibiotic for countering the periodontal diseases. A direct relationship of periodontal disease has been found in systemic diseases especially the chronic kidney diseases in dogs. The surgical correction of jaw fractures enabled the patients to eat soft chewable diet by 5 days and within 3 weeks complete healing with full functionality was observed. Regional nerve blocks for oral surgeries were useful tools in the management of commonly encountered post-operative pain. Various life-threatening tumours encountered were squamous cell carcinoma, cavernous haemangioma, fibroma, and acanthomatous epulis. The laser surgery was found to be a useful modality for resection of growths/masses with minimum loss of blood and decreased post-op complications. It is recommended that precise and scientific examination of an oral cavity at least once or twice in a year should be a part of routine physical examination to prevent major health hazards.ThesisItem Open Access “Thoracic radiography in dogs(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-23) Sharma, DIVYA; Tyagi, S.P.The present study was done for standardization of thoracic radiography, to record prevalence of thoracic disorders and to develop a ready-reckoner atlas of thoracic radiography in dogs. The formulation of tentative radiographic technique charts were done by conducting radiographic trials in four healthy dogs of different age-groups and their validation was done subsequently in 20 dogs. The SOP for thoracic radiography in dogs was established based on the observations made during the entire study period. The role of post-processing digital image-editing to improve radiographic details was evaluated. The prevalence of thoracic disorders in dogs was calculated on the basis of clinical cases presented during the period of study. The ready-reckoner atlas for thoracic radiography of dogs was prepared using radiographs of healthy and diseased dogs. The results revealed that a high kVp and low mAs setting for thoracic radiography in dogs provides satisfactory long scale of contrast on a consistent basis. Radiographic exposure done at peak inspiration stage, provides maximum contrast to thoracic images resulting in improved details. Three radiographic views i.e. right lateral, left lateral and DV or VD are essential to evaluate the thorax in its entirety but left lateral and dorsoventral projections provide better detail of pulmonary vasculature. All the radiographs taken during validation process of technique charts could be improved from ‘fair’ to ‘good’ quality using digital image-editing software. The regional incidence of thoracic disorders in dogs was 4.84 per cent with a higher distribution in senile age-group and males but more incidences in females. The VHS range was 9.5-11.06 and tracheal-thoracic inlet ratio 0.15-0.20 in healthy dogs of different breeds. CVC/T6 ratio range was 0.66-0.92, CVC/R4 ratio 1.5-2.03, CrLA/R4 ratio 0.5-0.85 and CdLA/R9 ratio was 0.78-0.95. Pulmonary metastasis (35.7%) was the most common thoracic disorders seen in dogs followed by cardiomegaly (26.7%), bronchitis (10.7%), pleural effusion (5.35%), pneumothorax (3.57%), bronchopneumonia, pulmonary bullous, mediastinal haematoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung congestion, lung oedema and diaphragmatic hernia (1.78% each). A ready-reckoner of thoracic radiography in dogs underscored the differences between normal and abnormal radiographic features to understand various disease process in a comprehensive manner.ThesisItem Open Access SONOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF HEAD AND NECK REGION IN BOVINES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-23) Saini, Davinder; Kumar, AdarshThe aim of the study was to assess ultrasonography for the management of head and neck affections in bovines and was carried out in two phases i.e. Standardization and Clinical application phase. During the standardisation phase nine different organs of the head and neck region of bovine were subjected to detailed ultrasonographic evaluation using 7.5-10 MHz linear transducer viz. ear (n=5), eye (n=36), external jugular vein and common carotid artery (n=30), ligament nuchae (n=10), lymph nodes (n=10), oesophagus (n=13), parotid gland (n=15), thyroid (n=15), trachea and larynx (n=5). The clinical application phase involved utilization of the standardized techniques and data for management of various affections of these organs. The biometric values generated will serve as reference baseline data. Ultrasonography provides a real-time information about the tissue characteristics of glandular, aesthesiological, tubular, and vascular structures of the head and neck, thus it has the potential to be a useful clinical tool for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The inner structures of the ear were easily scanned thus proving a potential clinical tool in diagnosing usually obscure ear affections. The oesophagus wall is seen as five-layered structure during resting phase and seven-layered during the act of swallowing. Ultrasonography was found to be a useful diagnostic modality for the diagnosis of oesophageal intraluminal obstruction for landmarking the site and size of the incision. Ultrasonography helped identification of the borders, shape, distribution of internal echoes and the vascularity of parotid salivary gland. Three landmarks were identified for injecting Lugol's iodine solution to destroy the gland by the fourth day. Ocular ultrasonography was found useful in the diagnosis of cataract, lens dislocation, retinopathies, corneal ulcers and periorbital growths. Ultrasonographic examination of actinomycosis gives an appearance of small rounded structures having thick hyperechoic boundaries with a hypo to anechoic center. Hard tissue changes include extensive bony surface disruption with rugged and irregular hyperechoic border.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE OCULAR AFFECTIONS IN DOGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO FUNDUS IMAGING(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-16) CAMARA, ADRIAN ACACIO; Tyagi, S.P.The present study was carried out to standardize fundus imaging in dogs, evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic management of various ocular affections in dogs and to study the regional occurrence of ocular affections in animals. The study was conducted on the clinical cases of animals presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India from April, 2017 to March, 2018. The techniques of fundus examination and photography using different equipment were standardized in dogs. Different variables such as illumination level, examination distance, aperture size, field of view, magnification and dioptric settings were studied and the best combinations were recorded. Various restraining positions of dogs to facilitate fundus imaging were evaluated and compared. The ophthalmoscopic and ultrasonographic appearance of the normal canine fundus was standardized. It was observed that the fundic field of view was largest with the Indirect ophthalmoscope and smallest with Direct, whereas the magnification was in a reverse order. Fundus photography using panoptic ophthalmoscope and ‘iExaminer’ mount for a smartphone provided quality images consistently. A thorough fundus examination could be performed in dogs restrained in the standing and sitting position. Yellow-green was the most common colour of the tapetal area of the fundus, while it was dark brown for the non-tapetal area. Polygonal shaped optic disc was seen in most dogs and the most common colour of the disc was pink. The overall prevalence of ocular affections in animals was 12.99 per cent. Sex-wise prevalence was higher in males. Species-wise prevalence was highest in dogs.