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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL EVALUATION OF END THREADED INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING FOR MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN CANINES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-07-17) Chanana, Mitin; Adarsh KumarThe present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of end-threaded intramedullary pinning for management of various long bone fractures in canines. The study was carried out in two phases, managing 25 client owned dogs presented with different fractures. Initially, the technique of application of end threaded intramedullary pinning in long bone fractures was standardized in 6 clinical patients presented with long bone fractures. In this phase, end threaded pins of different profiles i.e. positive and negative, were used as the internal fixation technique. These patients, allocated randomly in two groups, when evaluated postoperatively revealed slight pin migration in group-I (negative profile), which resulted in disruption of callus site causing delayed union in one case and large callus formation in other two cases whereas no pin migration was observed in group-II (positive profile). Other observations in group-I was reduced muscle girth and delayed healing time as compared to group-II. In clinical application phase, on the basis of results obtained from standardization phase, 19 client-owned dogs clinically presented with different fracture, implanted with end threaded intramedullary positive profile screw ended self tapping pin. Immediate post-operative radiograph revealed anatomical reduction, good cortical contact and stable implant fixation whereas muscle girth showed an initial decrease followed by a gradual increase over time. The 21st and 42nd day post-op radiographical follow-up revealed no pin migration in any of the cases and there was no bone shortening or fragment collapse. Based upon the above observations, it was concluded that the end threaded intramedullary positive profile screw ended self-tapping pin used for fixation of long bone fractures in canines can resist pin migration, pin breakage and all loads acting on the bone i.e. compression, tension, bending, rotation and shearing to an extent with no post-operative complications. The implant was found economical and can be easily used in field conditions in managing long bone fractures in canines, as compared to other orthopaedic implants.ThesisItem Open Access APPLICATION OF THELOSCOPY AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BOVINE TEAT AND UDDER AFFECTIONS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-21) M.C., Vasanth Kumar; Adarsh KumarThe aim of the present study was to assess sonography and theloscopy techniques for the management of bovine teat and udder affections. A total of 98 bovines patients were included in the study. A linear probe of 7.3-10 MHz was used to scan the udder (transcutaneous scan) and teat (water bath scan). Ectopic udder was imaged as a mass having functional GC, TC, glandular tissue. Congenital teat fistulas were imaged as ancillary hypoechoic rent in TW. Conjoined teats were imaged as teats with accessory TC and GC which were having independent drainage from glandular tissue. Athelia was imaged as quarters with functional GC and absence of TC, SC. Herniation of intestines into udder was imaged as a motile sacculated loop with mixed echogenic content. Tumor in glandular tissue imaged as a large hypoechoic mass with the well marginated hyperechoic capsule showing high vascular perfusion. The abscesses in udder were imaged as a circular mass with the hyperechoic capsule and mixed echogenic contents. The statistical analysis of sonographically measured teat parameters like SCL, SCD, TEW, TCD, TWT was conducted. The effects of parity on TEW and lactation period on SCL & TEW were significant (P< 0.05). Other factors like age, pregnancy, udder lobe (RFQ, RHQ, LFQ, LHQ), CMT scores did not have any effect on the measurements. The various TC lesions diagnosed in axial theloscopy included foreign body, fibrosis cord, calcified mass, large blood clots, large pedunculated mass, diffused nodules, fibrotic pedunculated mass, deformed AF, nodular fibrin accumulation, edematous mass, mucosal diaphragm, granulation tissue mass. The ultrasonography proved as a vital diagnostic aid for diagnosing various insidious udder and teat disorders which can be a potential threat to the productivity of animals. Along with the diagnosis of the lesion by sonography, additional features like size, shape, location, vascularity, contents were also ascertained. Sonographic measurements of teat structures like SCL, SCD, TEW, TWT, TCD provided an imperative diagnostic lead in the prophylaxis and prediction of the incoming teat and udder disorders. Theloscopy was found to be a vital imaging aid for diagnosing various milk outflow disorders. The virtual telescopic examination of teat lesion gave a lead for therapeutic theloresectoscopy. Both the techniques can serve as gold standard indicators for determining the diagnosis, therapeutics and prognosis of the teat and udder affections.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF AN EQUINE ABDOMEN(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-07-19) Farooq, Uiase-Bin; Adarsh KumarThe present work on equine abdominal ultrasonography was conducted in two phases. In standardization phase, detailed abdominal ultrasonographic scan was performed on native 10 adult (5horses and 5 mules) healthy equines of either sex to develop baseline topographical data of various organs. In this phase, the organs of right and left hemi-abdomen were topographically located, their echo-architecture was described. A baseline data of landmarks for locating different abdominal organs was elucidated. The sonographic calliper measurements of different organs were generated along with dynamic parameters of alimentary tract to help delineate the pathology. In clinical application phase, 14 clinical cases of equines suspected for abdominal disorders were subjected to ultrasonography for assisting the diagnosis. Colonic impactions were imaged as hyperechoic intraluminal structure casting a strong acoustic shadow. Bull’s eye or sandwich like appearance of intestinal loops was characteristic of intussusceptions and can be imaged transabdominally. Descending colon obstructions were imaged as a large hyperechoic intraluminal masses casting a strong acoustic shadow with loss of normal sacculations and peristaltic movement of descending colon. In case of peritonitis the peritoneum could be imaged as thin echogenic layer with lot of peritoneal fluid present inside the abdominal cavity with marked thickening of jejunal wall. It was concluded that thorough clinical investigation combined with ultrasonography was found to be an important diagnostic imaging aid for diagnosing different abdominal disorders in equines and equips the surgeon/clinician to identify the exact etiology, which helps reach at an accurate diagnosis and formulate a precise and efficient therapeutic plan.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of combination therapies for gastric ulcerations and erosions in dogs(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-04-07) Suresh, Shastri Piyush; Tyagi, S. P.The study was conducted in 2 phases on 24 adult healthy medium sized mongrel dogs divided into 6 equal groups. In phase 1, Inj. Dexamethasone @ 1mg/kg, IV, b.i.d. was administered in all the animals until a predetermined severity of GUE was achieved and thereafter phase 2 commenced in which animals were subjected to no treatment, lansoprazole @1.5mg/kg, Seabuckthorn seed oil @1ml/dog, 40% Aloe vera pulp @ 5ml/dog, Lansoprazole @1.5mg/kg + 1ml Seabuckthorn seed oil and 4ml of 40% Aloe vera pulp + 1ml seabuckthorn seed oil p.o. b.i.d. till complete healing of GUE lesions. The progression of GUE was evaluated by gastro-endoscopic, clinical, fecal occult blood test, hematological and biochemical examinations at regular intervals. Gastro-endoscopic examinations revealed that by 10th day, 58.38% dogs reached the desired GUE index. Clinical examinations revealed a slight fluctuation in rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate but well within the normal limits. It accompanied 12.53% loss in body weight. Subjective assessment revealed a general lack of activity, reduced appetite (n=16/24) and occasional vomiting (n=5/24). The severity of gastric lesions evidenced endoscopically co-related well with melena observed in the dogs from 7th to 16th day with maximum severity on the 10th day (16/19) and there onwards. There was direct correlation between presence of gastric bleeding and positive fecal occult blood test. Haematological studies revealed a marked decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, monocytes and lymphocytes. TLC and granulocytes exhibited significant increase on all observation intervals. Gastro-endoscopically, complete healing of GUE lesions during phase 2 was earliest in group 5 (combination of lansoprazole with seabuckthorn oil) at 7.5 days followed by group 2 (lansoprazole) at 9.0 days, group 1 (negative control) at 9.75 days, groups 3 and 6 (SBT oil and combination of SBT oil + Aloe vera) at 10.5 days, and the longest in group 6 (Aloe vera) at 14.25 days respectively. The severity of melena gradually decreased towards the end of study in all the groups with the animals of groups 5 and 3 showing earliest signs of improvement. Fecal occult blood test was positive in all the animals till there was endoscopic evidence of gastric bleeding. This test was found sensitive in diagnosing subclinical gastric bleeding. Clinical and haematological parameters improved markedly towards the end of phase 2. AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and total protein remained within normal physiological limits throughout the study. It is concluded that the combination of Lansoprazole with SBT seed oil has synergistic therapeutic efficacy in dexamethasone-induced GUE in dogs, as it results in faster healing when compared with either of them used alone.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION DURING ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-08-27) Rohit Kumar; Adarsh KumarThe study was undertaken to clinically standardize the positive pressure ventilation with anaesthesia in clinical settings. The study was designed as prospective clinical trials carried out on 20 client owned dogs divided into two groups which were designated as group ATRA (Atracurium) and group VECU (Vecuronium) with 10 dogs in each group. A total of 7 ophthalmic and 3 orthopedic procedures were performed under IPPV in ATRA group and 6 ophthalmic and 4 orthopedic procedures in VECU group. Animals of both ATRA and VECU groups received Inj. Butorphanol @0.2 mg/kg b.wt. I/M followed 30 minutes later with Inj. Atropine sulphate @0.04 mg/kg b.wt. S/C. Ten minutes later, premedication with Inj. Diazepam @0.5 mg/kg b.wt. I/V followed by Inj. Propofol "till effect" I/V for induction of surgical anaesthesia. Following induction, the animal was maintained on Isoflurane. After stabilizing the animals on isoflurane for five minutes, the muscle relaxation was induced using Inj. Atracurium @0.5 mg/kg b.wt. I/V in ATRA group and Inj. Vecuronium @0.1 mg/kg b.wt. I/V in VECU group and the animals were shifted to the volume controlled IPPV mode of the ventilator with the settings as respiration rate at 15 breaths per minute, tidal volume at 10 ml/kg b.wt. and inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 1:2. The eye ball deviated to ventromedial position after the induction with diazepam and propofol but resumed the central position within 30 seconds of atracurium and vecuronium administration, thus proving highly beneficial for the globe and corneal interventions. The muscle relaxation facilitated easy manipulations in the orthopedic procedures. The atracurium provided muscle relaxation for 40.1 ± 4.71 minutes and vecuronium provided muscle relaxation for 37.7 ± 1.01 minutes. The IPPV with NMBA had isoflurane sparing effect. Both the combinations with Atracurium and Vecuronium along with IPPV minimally altered the physiological parameters without any clinical consequences, thus can be considered complication free anaesthesia for procedures necessitating muscle relaxations.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY IN LARGE ANIMALS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016) Thakur, Priyanka; Adarsh KumarThesisItem Open Access Clinical evaluation of ketamine, propofol or ketamine-propofol admixture (Ketofol) for induction of anaesthesia in diazepambutorphanol premedicated and isoflurane maintained dogs.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-07-02) Kapil, Neha; Sharma, S. K.The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate ketamine, propofol or ketaminepropofol for induction of anaesthesia in diazepam-butorphanol premedicated and maintained dogs. Thirty clients owned dogs of either sex were randomly divided into three groups BDP (Butorphanol-Diazepam-Propofol), BDK (Butorphanol-Diazepam-Ketamine) and BDKP (Butorphanol-Diazepam-Ketofol). All dogs were premedicated with atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/kg b. wt subcutaneously followed fifteen minutes later with Butorphanol tartarate @ 0.2 mg/kg b. wt IV. 5 minutes later Diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg b. wt IV was administered followed by Propofol, Ketamine or Ketofol “till effect” IV for induction of surgical anaesthesia as per group. After induction, the animals were immediately transferred to isoflurane in oxygen. Observations recorded in dogs included analgo-clinical observations, cardiovascular observations, haemodynamic observations, anaesthetic response and dose, pulmonary responses and haemato-biochemical observations at various time intervals. The induction dose of propofol, ketamine or ketofol in BDP, BDK and BDKP group was 4.5±0.07 mg/kg, 5.0±0.23 mg/kg and 3.0±0.00 mg/kg respectively. Hypothermia was observed in BDP and BDKP group. Increased heart rate and fall in diastolic arterial pressure and increase in mean arterial pressure were observed in BDKP and BDK groups respectively after induction of anaesthesia with no rhythmic disturbance. The CVP remained below normal range in BDK group. SPO2 and ETCO2 remained in physiological limits in all the anaesthetic combinations. Significant respiratory depression occurred in BDKP group after induction. Transient apnea was observed in three animals in BDP group which was resolved after shifting of animal to 100% oxygen. Smoother induction and transfer were achieved by all the combinations. Recoveries were smoother, and excitement free in BDP group. Significant fall in Hb, PCV and TEC occurred in all the groups in early phase. Biochemical parameters remained within normal limits in all the groups. All the combinations used in present study and recommended for different types of surgeries in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR FIXATION OF FEMORAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Harish Kumar; Tyagi, S. P.The current study was conducted on the clinical cases of different animal species presented to the surgical OPD of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of the DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHP Agricultural University, Palampur, India from February, 2015 to April, 2016 for epidemiological study of fractures in animals and from February, 2015 to June, 2016 for comparison of different techniques for fixation of femoral fractures in dogs. In the beginning, a relatively newer technique of intramedullary interlocking nailing (IILN) was first standardized in cadaver femoral bones of dogs to gain a first-hand experience followed by standardization in 3 suitable clinical cases using fluoroscopy. Later three different techniques of intramedullary fixation of femoral fractures in dogs namely IILN, end-threaded self-tapping pinning (ETP) and Steinmann pinning (SP) were comparatively evaluated in 18 clinical cases. It was concluded that the incidence of fractures in animals is 12.92 percent with highest incidence in equine, followed by canine and bovine; automobile accidents and fall/jump from height are the main known causes of fractures; juvenile age-group in dogs and adult in cases of bovine and equine are more frequently affected groups; the most frequently fractured bone is femur in dogs, tibia in bovine and metacarpal in equine and the most common types of femoral fractures in dogs are ‘closed’ and are mainly short oblique, spiral or comminuted in nature. Use of one proximal and one distal trans-cortical screw locks the intramedullary nail in a static position in femur of dogs but at least two screws on either side are essential to provide adequate resistance against disruptive biomechanical forces. IILN using aiming device was more accurate and also eliminated the risk of radiation exposure in fluoroscopy-guided procedure. The status of fracture fixation was by far superior in IILN group in comparison to ETP and SP groups when used on suitable subjects.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATION OF FRACTURES IN ANIMALS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-12-18) Singh, Hardilwerpreet; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was undertaken for standardization and clinical application of External Skeletal Fixation (ESF) techniques in animals. In the first phase of study, different ESF configurations was standardized on osteotomized bovine cadavers and canine artificial bones. In the second phase, the standardized ESF configurations were applied on seventeen bones of sixteen animals that included ten bovines, four canine and two equine patients presented for fixation of different kinds of fractures or corrective osteotomies. Among these, nine patients belonged to juvenile age-group, four to adult and three to senile categories. The involved bones were radius ulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia and mandibles. The fractures were open type in six and closed type in seven instances. The fracture healing and the status of ESF constructs were evaluated on the basis of various clinical, orthopaedic and radiological observations at different time intervals. It was found out that both linear and circular ESFs could be used successfully for fixation of a variety of fractures and osteotomies in small as well as large animals. The strength of the ESF construct was directly proportional to the complexity of its design mainly dictated by the number of transfixation pins and the side bars or rings. Circular ESF configuration was strongest followed by type III and type II linear ESF constructs but its application was relatively cumbersome. 2.5 mm transfixation pins for small animals and 4.0 mm pins for large animals were found to be strong enough to support the ESF-bone constructs. Centrally-threaded Denham pins and end-threaded Schanz screws provided better hold in the bone than the smooth pins. Minimum two transfixation pins per major fracture fragment were considered essential for stabilizing the ESF constructs satisfactorily. 3.2 mm side bars for average sized dogs and 7.9 mm for small sized equine were adequate to support the linear ESF constructs. The rings with 120-180 diameter with 6 mm threaded rods were found to be suitable to construct circular ESF for large bovines. The carbon fibre rings were radiolucent allowing better radiographic evaluation of the fracture site postoperatively than the stainless steel rings.