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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON BOVINE CUTANEOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-20) Sultan, Tahir; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present work was conducted with the objective to study the prevalence of Bovine Cutaneous Papillomatosis, clinical appraisal of affected animals, efficacy of different therapeutic measures and to formulate strategic therapy against bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. The prevalence of bovine papillomatosis was recorded as 6.52 per cent in a total of 429 animals screened. The disease was more prevalent in the age group of 1 to 3 years (58.89%). Crossbred cattle were mostly affected particularly Jersey cross cattle (72.22%). The incidence was highest in females (98.88%). The affected cattle were either heifers (41.57%) or in their first lactation (34.83%). Teats were affected in maximum cases (85.55%). Warts on other body parts were present in 28.88 per cent cases, which include warts on face, muzzle, periorbital area, neck, shoulder, ventral abdomen, perineal region, fore and hind limbs. Warts were mostly of moderate (37.77%) or mild severity (35.55%), upto 1 cm in size (86.66%) and cauliflower (35.55%), ricegrain (22.22%) or flat (12.22%) shaped. Most warts were sessile in nature (47.77%), rough surfaced (63.33%) and brown (36.66%), grey (22.22%) or black (21.11%) coloured. Histopathologically, the wart tissues were classified as Papilloma and Fibropapilloma. Combined use of Anthiomaline, Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole was more efficacious (72.22%) than combination of Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole (54.54%). Autogenous wart vaccination was effective in 75 per cent cases while Ivermectin was effective only in 20 per cent cases. On the basis of these observations, it is advised to use either combination of Anthiomaline, Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole or Autogenous wart vaccine for the treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DISTEMPER(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Sharma, Monika; Wadhwa, Des RajThe study was conducted on 80 dogs presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) with the history of ocular or nasal discharge, respiratory distress, digestive disturbances, cutaneous lesions and nervous symptoms between November 2015 and April 2017. The dogs were screened for canine distemper infection by using Scanvet Canine Distemper Virus Antigen Detection kit marketed by Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad (India). Out of total cases screened, 35 were found to be positive for canine distemper infection. The overall incidence of canine distemper was 2.34 per cent (35/1493) in the cases presented to College Veterinary Clinics. The infection was distributed more (40%) in younger dogs (< 6 month of age), males (82.85%) and in Mongrel dogs (51.43%). Most of the cases were presented in nervous form (54.28%) alone and in rest of the cases, combination of nervous form along with respiratory, digestive, cutaneous or ocular form in various combinations were presented. The prominent clinical signs were diarrhoea (2.85%) and vomition (2.85%) in digestive form; coughing (8.57%) and nasal discharge (22.85%) in respiratory form; pustules over ventral abdominal area (14.28%) and hyperkeratosis of nose and footpads (5.71%) in cutaneous form; ocular discharge (28.57%) in ocular form; generalized seizures(28.57%), myoclonus of head (25.71%), limbs (8.57%), abdominal muscles (11.42%), jaw champing (34.14%), incoordination and ataxia (14.28%) and hind limb paralysis (25.71%) in nervous form. Other clinical signs included anorexia, inappetance, dehydration and general depression. Haematology revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis along with lymphopaenia. Biochemically, hypoproteinemia and raised AST values were observed. Main histopathological findings were interstitial pneumonia, demylenating changes in the brain besides swollen astrocytes with mild to moderate lymphocytic infilteration and hyperkeratosis of the foot pad. The symptomatic and supportive therapy was not much effective in treating the cases presented with nervous form of the disease as the recovery rate was only 16.67 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ENZOOTIC BOVINE HEMATURIA(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Garpha, Deepa; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present investigation was conducted on 59 cattle presented with history of hematuria at clinical camps held at Sainj valley of district Kullu, Barot and Janjheli valley of district Mandi. Enzootic bovine hematuria (EBH) is prevalent in Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Chamba and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Maximum incidence of EBH was reported in age group of 2 to 8 years (34 cases, 57.62%). Males (50.84%) were equally affected as females (49.15%). Breed wise, maximum cases of hematuria were recorded in Zebu cattle (64.40%) followed by Jersey-cross (30.50%) and Holstein Friesian (5.08%). The prominent clinical signs were voiding of blood stained urine, pale visible mucous membranes, mild tachycardia (76.47 ± 1.39 per min), general debility, depressed rumen motility (1.79 ± 0.05 per 2 min) with normal appetite. Haematological examination revealed significantly low haemoglobin (7.59 ± 0.20 g/dl), packed cell volume (25.28 ± 0.71%), total erythrocyte count (4.61 ± 0.13×10⁶/μl), mean corpuscular volume (55.19 ± 0.84 fl) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (16.58 ± 0.21 pg) values indicating microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Leucopenia (5.64 ± 0.29× 103/μl), lymphopenia (53.16 ± 1.61%) and monocytosis (6.94 ± 0.31%) were also observed. Biochemically, EBH affected animals had hypoproteinaemia (5.83 ± 0.09 g/dl), hypoglycaemia (49.05 ± 1.07 mg/dl), hypocalcaemia (7.88 ± 0.05 mg/dl), hypophosphataemia (3.42 ± 0.03 mg/dl) and iron deficiency (84.03 ± 1.20mg/dl) with elevated blood urea nitrogen (37.27 ± 2.32 mg/dl) and creatinine levels (2.00 ± 0.16 mg/dl). BPV-2 DNA was detected from 19 out of 45 blood samples of EBH affected cattle. Urine was alkaline in nature (pH 8.48 ± 0.14), normal specific gravity (1.020 ± 0.001) and average erythrocytic count of 0.35 ± 0.03× 10⁶/cu mm of urine. Urine was positive for protein (100%) and glucose (48%). Microbiological investigation of urine samples revealed that Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Proteus spp. were the major associated bacterial infections. Ultrasonography proved to be a useful tool for evaluation of vesicular diverticular neoplasm and is a very sensitive indicator for detecting space occupying lesions at a very early stage. Symptomatic therapy comprising of antibiotic, haemostat, haematinic mixture and mineral mixture lead to mild and transient response suggesting long term therapy to increase longevity of affected animal.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON HEPATIC DYSFUNCTIONS IN CANINE(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-09-13) SHARMA, Saurabh; Wadhwa, Des RajThe study was conducted on 894 dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.). On the basis of history and clinical examination, dogs suspected for hepatic dysfunction were subjected to haemato-biochemical examinations, radiography and ultrasonography to confirm hepatic diseases. Among these, 26 dogs (2.91%) dogs with different hepatic dysfunctions were diagnosed, out of which 80.77% were of primary liver disorders and 19.23% were of reactive hepatopathies. Among primary hepatopathies, the acute hepatitis formed the largest group (57.69%) followed by cirrhosis (19.23%) and hepatitis with jaundice (15.38%) and a single case (3.85%) of hepatic tumour. The mean age of dogs having primary hepatic dysfunctions was higher (53.09 ± 9.23 months) than the dogs having reactive hepatopathies (23.80 ± 7.94 months). The dogs suffering from liver dysfunctions showed symptoms like inappetance/anorexia, ascites, vomition, dullness, constipation, fever, diarrhoea, pale mucosa, jaundice, weight loss, melaena and weakness. Haematological examination revealed significantly decreased haemoglobin and packed cell volume in primary hepatic dysfunctions and neutrophilic leucocytosis in hepatitis and reactive hepatopathy. The mean activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatse were markedly higher in all the hepatic dysfunctions. Biochemical examination revealed hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia in primary hepatic dysfunctions. Ultrasonographic studies were found very helpful in evaluation of liver status and classification of hepatopathies. Following the combined therapy comprising hepatoprotectant (Silymarin), fluid therapy, liver extract, antibiotic, antiemetic and diuretics, 60 per cent cases of hepatitis and 40 percent cases of cirrhosis could be treated successfully.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BOVINE CUTANEOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-12) Rana, Sanjeev; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present investigation was undertaken to carry out epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic studies on bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. Epidemiological survey at various dairy farms comprising 843 cattle revealed papillomatosis in 6.16 per cent. The warts were more frequent in the age above 3 years (68.04%). The incidence was higher in cross bred animals and Jersey cross was maximum affected (74.22%). All the affected animals were females. Mostly heifers (29.89%), 1st lactation (26.80%), and 2nd lactation (21.64%) animals were affected. Teats papillomatosis was recorded in 93.81 per cent cases. Warts on other body parts were present in 17.53 per cent cases, which included warts on muzzle, neck, shoulder, ventral abdomen, legs and inner aspect of thigh. The warts were severe (more than 20) in most animals (55.67%), less than 1 cm (72 %) and mostly of flat type (62.88%). Haematobiochemical profile of affected animals revealed no change than control group. Histopathologically, there was thickening of epidermis, degenerative changes in stratum granulosum and hyperkeratinization of stratum corneum. Combined use of anthiomaline along with levamisole was more efficacious (60 %) than anthiomaline alone (54.54%). Autogenous wart vaccine was effective in 71.42 per cent cases. Levamisole and ivermectin were effective in early and mild cases only and were effective in 27.27 and 36.36 per cent cases respectively. Based on the present study, it is advocated to use combination of anthiomaline and levamisole or autogenous vaccine for treatment of papillomatosis in cattle.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DISTEMPER(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) SHARMA, MONIKA; Wadhwa, Des RajThe study was conducted on 80 dogs presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) with the history of ocular or nasal discharge, respiratory distress, digestive disturbances, cutaneous lesions and nervous symptoms between November 2015 and April 2017. The dogs were screened for canine distemper infection by using Scanvet Canine Distemper Virus Antigen Detection kit marketed by Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad (India). Out of total cases screened, 35 were found to be positive for canine distemper infection. The overall incidence of canine distemper was 2.34 per cent (35/1493) in the cases presented to College Veterinary Clinics. The infection was distributed more (40%) in younger dogs (< 6 month of age), males (82.85%) and in Mongrel dogs (51.43%). Most of the cases were presented in nervous form (54.28%) alone and in rest of the cases, combination of nervous form along with respiratory, digestive, cutaneous or ocular form in various combinations were presented. The prominent clinical signs were diarrhoea (2.85%) and vomition (2.85%) in digestive form; coughing (8.57%) and nasal discharge (22.85%) in respiratory form; pustules over ventral abdominal area (14.28%) and hyperkeratosis of nose and footpads (5.71%) in cutaneous form; ocular discharge (28.57%) in ocular form; generalized seizures(28.57%), myoclonus of head (25.71%), limbs (8.57%), abdominal muscles (11.42%), jaw champing (34.14%), incoordination and ataxia (14.28%) and hind limb paralysis (25.71%) in nervous form. Other clinical signs included anorexia, inappetance, dehydration and general depression. Haematology revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis along with lymphopaenia. Biochemically, hypoproteinemia and raised AST values were observed. Main histopathological findings were interstitial pneumonia, demylenating changes in the brain besides swollen astrocytes with mild to moderate lymphocytic infilteration and hyperkeratosis of the foot pad. The symptomatic and supportive therapy was not much effective in treating the cases presented with nervous form of the disease as the recovery rate was only 16.67 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN KANGRA VALLEY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-06-22) Kaushik, Manoj; Pal, B.Mastitis is the most serious disease of lactating animals especially in high yielders. In India, losses due to mastitis amounting to the tune of rupees 2809.32 crores per annum were reported. The present investigation was carried out for a period of 1 year and 3 months. A total of 60 animals (54 cows and 6 buffaloes) comprising of 98 quarters, suffering from various types of mastitis, were included in this study. Clinical appraisal of mastitic cows and buffaloes; various direct and indirect tests viz., Strip cup test, MCMT, BTB indicator card method, WST and SCC were applied for the diagnosis. The incidence was also recorded. Microbial cultures of milk samples from affected quarters and in vitro drug sensitivity were also done. The status of micronutrients (zinc and copper), Vitamin E and acute phase proteins viz., ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen and albumin were estimated at pre and post- treatment. Treatment was done either with appropriate antibiotic alone or in combination with either tri-sodium citrate or zinc sulphate or vitamin E and selenium as per treatment schedule assigned. The overall incidence of the disease was observed to be 12.83% in College Veterinary Clinics & 6.94% in University Livestock Farm during the study period. On the basis of animals affected, the maximum incidence of mastitis was observed in the sub-acute form (46.67%) followed by acute (18.33%); whereas on quarters basis, the highest incidence was observed in sub-acute (44.90%) followed by acute (18.36%). Highest incidence was observed in crossbred (75.00%) and it was in the 4 th parity (38.33%). High yielders (30.00%) in the early stage of lactation (60.00%) and in rainy season (40.00%) were more prone to mastitis. Besides, left side quarters (60.20%) especially the fore quarters (51.02%) were mainly affected.SCC was significantly higher (p<0.01) in all types of mastitic milk. Staphylococcus spp. (58.06%) was the major isolate followed by Streptococcus spp. (19.36%), E.coli (12.90%), Bacillus spp. (5.38%) and Pseudomonas spp. (4.30%) associated with mastitis. Serum level of ceruloplasmin and plasma level of fibrinogen were found significantly higher (p<0.01) whereas albumin decreased (p<0.01) in mastitic animals and the mean values of these parameters became almost normalized at post-treatment. Zinc concentration was decreased but copper concentration was increased and Vitamin E was also decreased in mastitic animals. These values almost normalized at post-treatment. Clinically, intramammary administration of cefoperazone alongwith parenteral administration of Vit. E & Se was most effective in mastitis.ThesisItem Open Access STRATEGIC MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION STUDIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2009-08) S. Bais, Isha; Sharma, K. B.Unlike other nutrients, mineral elements can not be synthesized by living organisms. Therefore, a minimum level of mineral intake is necessary to fulfill the basic needs of the animals. Thus, investigations were conducted on strategic mineral supplementation in growing heifers to ensure better performance of heifers in their productive life. The heifers of different stages of development were selected and the effect of mineral supplementation on haematological, biochemical, growth and cyclicity was observed. The plasma as well as feed, fodder and water samples were analyzed for mineral status and the mineral mixture was formulated according to the prevalence of mineral deficiency and the animals were supplemented with mineral mixture for three months. Haematological and biochemical parameters varied within the normal range during the supplementation period. Overall significant (p<0.05) reduction in deficiency of calcium, sodium, potassium and copper was upto 47.20, 46.85, 49.36 and 78.93 % in calves, growing heifers and mature heifers respectively. Significant (p<0.05) effect on growth and cyclicity was observed with overall 12 % increase in body weight and 42.88 % of the growing and mature heifers showed signs of estrous. Mineral analysis of feed and fodder samples showed optimum levels except for copper which was quite low. It has been revealed from the study that correlation exists between mineral status of feed, fodder, water offered and blood plasma of the animals. On the basis of present study, it is concluded that a sufficient amount of mineral nutrients has to be supplemented to achieve optimum growth and performance of different stages of development in heifers of this area of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ENTERITIS IN NEONATAL CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-06-25) Himanshu; Pal, B.Neonatal calf diarrhoea, being the leading cause of calf mortality in the dairy farm, is a major factor for economic loss to the livestock industry. During the present study the overall incidence of neonatal calf diarrhoea was found to be 47.97% in the livestock farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.). The incidence was highest (28.57%) in the age group of 4-6 days. Male calves suffered more (45.56%) than female calves (43.58%). The incidence was highest (67.87%) in rainy season and lowest (33.33%) in summer season. Sixty four (64) neonatal diarrhoeic calves, divided into 8 groups (8 calves in each group) were undertaken to study the clinical signs, haemato-biochemicals, electrolytes changes and therapeutic effects. Out of 64 diarrhoeic faecal samples cultured on specific media 56 (87.50%) were positive for Escherichia coli, 2 (3.12%) for Proteus sp. and 6 (9.37%) for mixed infection. All the 64 faecal samples were also screened for Cryptosporidium sp. microscopically and found 16 (25%) samples were positive. The diarrhoeic calves of 8 groups were treated with different therapeutic regimens viz., group I and II with ORS, group III and IV with intravenous RL along with oral administration of amoxicillin in group III and ofloxacin in group IV, group V and VI with intravenous RL along with parenteral administration of gentamicin in group V and enrofloxacin in group VI, group VII and VIII with intravenous RL along with oral administration of nitazoxanide in group VII and nitazoxanide with ofloxacin in group VIII. The effect of diarrhoea at pre-treatment and response of therapy on day 3 and day 5 (post-treatment) were judged. The efficacy of different treatment regimens were evaluated on the basis of restoration of clinical signs, haemato-biochemicals and electrolytes changes. Increased PCV and TLC were observed at pre-treatment. Decreased level of immunoglobins, plasma glucose and increased level of total plasma protein, plasma urea nitrogen, and plasma creatinine were observed at pre-treatment. Besides, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and hypochloraemia were also observed at pre-treatment. In mildly dehydrated calves, there was no difference in respect of improvement of diarrhoea at post- treatment between the group I and group II. In moderately dehydrated calves, group IV showed better improvement as compared to group III. In severely dehydrated calves, group VI showed better improvement than group V. Calves affected with Cryptosporidium sp. along with the bacterial infection treated with ofloxacin along with nitazoxanide (GroupVIII) showed better improvement as compared to group VII which was treated with nitazoxanide alone.