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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF SULPHUR ON YIELD, QUALITY OF CAULIFLOWER AND SULPHUR FRACTIONS IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2016-07) NEHA; Sharma, Sanjay KA field experiment was conducted during rabi 2014-15 on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Palam Uphar) at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The experiment consisted of three levels (12.5, 25, 37.5 kg S ha-1) and four sources (Sartaj natural gypsum, locally available gypsum, elemental sulphur and single super phosphate) of sulphur along with one control in a randomized block design. The application of sulphur @ 37.5 kg S ha-1 influenced growth parameters, yield attributes, quality, harvest index and per cent marketable curds significantly over 12.5 kg S ha-1. Likewise, highest net curd yield (113 q ha-1) was recorded with the application of 37.5 kg S ha-1, which was however, statistically at par with that obtained with the application of 25 kg S ha-1 (105.2 q ha-1) but significantly superior to that obtained with the application of 12.5 kg S ha-1 (89.5 q ha-1). Control recorded the lowest net curd yield (77.8 q ha-1). Among sources, Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum value of all these parameters followed by single super phosphate, locally available gypsum and elemental sulphur. Likewise, Sartaj gypsum recorded highest net curd yield (114.2 q ha-1) which was however, statistically at par with single super phosphate (102.9 q ha-1). The uptake of N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn by cauliflower increased with increased level of sulphur and followed the yield trend. Among sources, Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum nutrient uptake by cauliflower followed by single super phosphate. The different levels and sources of sulphur did not show any significant effect on soil pH, organic carbon, available K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn but had a significant effect on soil available N and P content. In case of fractions, available, water soluble, organic and total sulphur increased significantly with increased levels of sulphur. Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum value of available sulphur (12.4) and water soluble (9.8) followed by single super phosphate, locally available gypsum and elemental sulphur. Different sources of sulphur did not show any significant effect on heat soluble sulphur, organic sulphur and total sulphur. All sulphur fractions were significantly and positively correlated with yield, quality of cauliflower and sulphur fractions. However, higher correlation values were observed with water soluble and available sulphur and least with heat soluble sulphur. Maximum gross returns, net returns per hectare and gross returns per rupee invested were found when sulphur was applied @ 37.5 kg S ha-1 (Rs. 113083, 62286, 2.23, respectively) which was significantly superior to 12.5 kg S ha-1 (Rs. 89417, 40921, 1.84, respectively) but at par with 25 kg S ha-1(Rs. 105333, 55688, 2.13, respectively).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS IN SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) IN WET TEMPERATE ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2016-07-05) MITTAL, SHREYANSH; Sharma, Sanjay K.A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2015 at the Experimental Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the effect of different approaches of fertilizer application on growth parameters and productivity; soil physico-chemical properties; nutrients uptake and economics of rice under SRI. There were eight treatments (control, farmers‟ practice, general recommended dose, soil test based, yield targets 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 t ha-1 replicated thrice in a randomized block design (RBD). The soil of experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction ( pH 5.5), high in organic carbon (11.2 g kg-1 ), medium in available N (320 kg ha-1 ), high in available P (30 kg ha-1 ), low in available K (112 kg ha-1 ) and sufficient in micronutrients. Soil samples (0-0.15 m) were collected before sowing, at 50% flowering and at harvest for chemical analysis. Plant samples were collected at 50% flowering and harvest and analyzed for N, P, K contents whereas, micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) concentration in grain and straw at harvest was also determined after harvest of crop. Growth parameters and yield attributes were also recorded at specified intervals. All the levels for prescription based fertilizer application gave significantly higher grain and straw yield as compared to other approaches of fertilizer application barring few exceptions. Further, treatment for yield target of 5.0 t ha-1 resulted in maximum growth (plant height, total number of effective tillers, panicle length, 1000 grain weight, spikelet fertility percentage, number of grains per panicle), grain (4.46 t ha-1 ) and straw (10.03 t ha-1 ) yield. Targeted yield treatments significantly increased the nutrients uptake over other approaches of fertilizer application. The status of N, P and K was higher in STCR based fertilizer treatments at 50% flowering as well as at harvest of the crop. The STCR based fertilizer application treatments excelled all other approaches of fertilizer application in terms of net returns and benefit cost ratio. However, STCR approach for transplanted rice worked satisfactorily up to yield target of 4.0 t ha-1 beyond which deviation in yield from targeted yield was more than 10 per cent. Soil test based and general recommended dose of fertilizers recorded better plant growth and yield, and increased the nutrients uptake and N, P and K status in soil as compared to the farmers‟ practice and control.ThesisItem Open Access NITROGEN DYNAMICS AS INFLUENCED BY LONGTERM EFFECT OF PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2014-07-07) SHABNAM; Sharma, Sanjay K.The present investigation was carried out in the ongoing long-term experiment on soil test crop response correlation studies (STCR) initiated during kharif, 2007 at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur in randomized block design with eight treatments comprising control, farmers’ practice, general fertilizer dose, conventional soil test based fertilizer application and fertilizer application based on STCR approach with and without FYM for yield targets of 30 and 40 q ha-1 . The soil of the experimental site was Typic Hapludalf, silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, low in available N, high in P and medium in K at the initiation of the experiment. Soil samples (0-0.15m) taken after the harvest of maize (kharif, 2013) were analyzed for different forms of nitrogen and pH, OC, CEC, microbial biomass carbon and available N, P and K. Grain and stover yields of maize were recorded and uptake of various nutrients by maize was also worked out after the plant analysis. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers either alone or in combination with FYM enhanced the contents of different organic and inorganic nitrogen fractions. However, prescription based fertilizer application involving conjunctive use of fertilizers and FYM for yield targets of 30 and 40 q ha-1 proved superior to general fertilizer recommendation as well as conventional soil test based fertilizer application in influencing various forms of nitrogen. Likewise, highest contents of OC (8.3 g kg-1 ), CEC (13.4 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 ), microbial biomass carbon (119.5 mg kg-1 ), available N (282 kg ha-1 ), P (61 kg ha-1 ) and K (279 kg ha-1 ) were found under STCR (IPNS) based treatment for target yield of 40 q ha-1 which ultimately, resulted in the highest productivity of maize (37.6 q ha-1 ). In general, the contribution of different organic as well as inorganic forms of nitrogen viz., hydrolysable ammonical-N, amino acid-N, serine+threonine-N, hexosamine-N, unidentified-N, non hydrolysable-N, ammonical-N and nitrate-N, towards the total-N was 24.3, 24.4, 5.4, 7, 23, 6.4, 5.5 and 3.6 percent, respectively. Continuous cropping without fertilization resulted in depletion in hydrolysable ammonical-N, amino acid-N, serine+threonine-N, hexoseamine-N, unidentified-N and non-hydrolysable-N to the extent of 24, 17, 23, 3.6, 12 and 8 per cent, respectively. Hydrolysable ammonical-N exhibited highest correlation with available N (r=0.882) and accounted for 78 percent variation in available N. Hydrolysable ammonical-N recorded highest correlation with grain yield (r=0.898) and accounted for about 88 per cent of the variation, whereas, amino acid-N showed the highest correlation with stover yield (r=0.902) and accounted for about 81 per cent of the variation. Different fractions of nitrogen were found to be positively and significantly correlated with one another except non hydrolysable-N.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF ZINC AND BORON ON WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY AND POTASSIUM USE EFFICIENCY IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2012-12-01) NEHA; Sharma, R.P.The present investigation was carried out at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur with sixteen treatments consisting of four levels of K (0, 50,100 and150% of recommended dose), two levels of Zn (0 and 10 kg ha-1 ) and two levels of B (0 and 1 kg ha-1 ) in factorial randomized block design. Application of K @ 50, 100 and 150 per cent of recommended dose increased plant height, dry matter accumulation, total and effective tillers per metre row length, grains per ear and test weight significantly. Similarly, application of Zn (10 kg ha-1 ) and B(1 kg ha-1 ) influenced these growth and yield attributes of wheat significantly. Highest grain (42.52q ha-1 ) and straw (66.80q ha-1 ) yield of wheat was recorded under 150 per cent of recommended dose of K. Application of 150 percent of recommended dose of K increased grain and straw yield by 43.7 and 46.9 per cent over no K, respectively. Application of Zn (10 kg ha-1 ) increased grain and straw yield by 10.9 and 9.8 per cent over no Zn, respectively. The increase in grain and straw yield with the application of B (1 kg ha-1 ) was 5.6 and 6.3 per cent, respectively. Application of K increased N, P, K, Mn, Fe, Cu and B contents significantly at maximum tillering and harvesting. Application of Zn increased Zn and B contents significantly at both the stages but the contents of Fe, Mn and Cu decreased. However, B increased the contents of Zn and B only at maximum tillering stage and Zn, Mn and B at harvesting (grain and straw). Almost similar effects of K, Zn and B application on total nutrient uptake were observed. Application of Zn increased partial factor productivity, physiological efficiency, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery. B application increased partial factor productivity and apparent recovery only. Application of K, Zn and B increased available K, DTPA extractable Zn and available B content significantly, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of multi-nutrient extractants for determination of available P, K and micronutrient cations for soil analysis in Himachal Pradesh(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2015-08-14) SHARMA, ANKITA; Sharma, Sanjay KMulti-nutrient extractants offer alternative for conventional methods as more nutrients can be extracted in one go. However, the suitability and accuracy of such extractants for the determination of available nutrients must be verified. Therefore, sixty soil samples (0-0.15 m depth) collected randomly from different districts of Himachal Pradesh were used to evaluate the efficiency of AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA in comparison to their standard methods for P, K and micronutrient cations. Soil pH (1:2.5), EC (µS cm-1 ), OC (g kg-1 ), textural class, and CEC (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ) soil under study ranged from 5.67-7.56, 61-695, 2.8-27.7, sandy loam to clay loam and 4.1- 15.0, respectively. Available P (kg ha-1 ) extracted by four methods viz., Olsen P, Bray P1, AB-DTPA P and AAAc-EDTA P varied from 7.8-44.3, 9.5-61.1, 6.5-38.8, 10.5- 52.1; available K (kg ha-1 ) extracted by three methods viz., NH4OAc, AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA ranged from 103.6-372.3, 86.6-364.9 and 74.6-362.5. Likewise, DTPA, AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA extractable contents of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn ranged from 0.3-5.8, 1.0-6.3 and 1.2-5.0; 3.9-42.2, 8.1-58.8 and 7.3-32.7; 0.2-6.6, 0.3-6.7 and 3.3- 26.2, 5.1-27.2 and 7.7-38.3, respectively. Bray P1 method of phosphorus determination extracted more amount of available P followed by AAAc-EDTA, Olsen and AB-DTPA methods. Likewise NH4OAc extracted more K followed by AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA. In case of micronutrients cations, AB-DTPA in general, extracted more amounts as compared to DTPA alone. Overall, phosphorus showed highly significant correlations with physico-chemical properties. Among methods of extraction for P, AAAc-EDTA showed higher correlation with the standard method (Olsen P) of determination. Available K contents determined by AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA were well correlated with standard method (NH4OAc) however; AAAc-EDTA had higher correlation with AB-DTPA method for K extractability. In case of micronutrients, all the methods correlated positively and significantly with each other Highest significant correlations were observed between AB-DTPA and DTPA for Cu, Fe and Zn. However, in case of Mn, the highest correlation was observed between AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA. Both, AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA methods were more economical compared to the conventional methods.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-06) JASWAL, RICHA; Sandal, Sanjeev K.The present study was conducted at experimental farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur, during the year 2015-16 with the objectives of evaluating the effects of drip irrigation and NK fertigation levels on soil water retention and transmission, plant water, water use efficiency, growth, productivity, quality and nutrient uptake of strawberry under protected condition. The treatments comprised of, (a) Three drip irrigation levels, DI0.6 (Daily drip irrigation at 60 per cent of open pan evaporation), DI0.8 (Daily drip irrigation at 80 per cent of open pan evaporation) and DI1.0 (Daily drip irrigation at 100 per cent of open pan evaporation), (b) Three NK fertigation levels viz., NK50 (50 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval), NK75 (75 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval) and NK100 (100 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval) and (c) Control (C)- 100 per cent RDF applied through conventional method (1/2 N and full PK as basal and remaining 1/2 N in equal split at monthly intervals) with drip irrigation at 1.0 PE. The strawberry cv. Chandler was transplanted on October 03, 2015. The results indicated that DI1.0 and DI0.8 treatment had higher soil water content, soil water stock, profile water recharge in comparison to DI0.6. The DI1.0 treatment due to favorable soil moisture regimes led to higher relative leaf water content and TSS content and NPK uptake while WUE and vitamin C were higher in DI0.6. In case of different NK fertigation treatment, NK100 and NK75 had higher root growth, leaf area index, WUE, FEE, fruit length, breadth and weight, TSS content and higher marketable yield as compared to NK50 treatment. The study concluded that fertigation application of 100 per cent RDF at 0.6 PE level resulted in higher water use efficiency and saving irrigation water. However, the maximum marketable yield, gross and net returns and highest B:C ratio was obtained with DI0.8 NK100.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF CROPPING SYSTEMS ON SOIL PROPERTIES(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-07-22) DHIMAN, SHUBHAM; Datt, NaveenA field experiment was conducted during the years 2017-18 at Bhadiarkhar farm, Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur to evaluate effect of eight cropping systems viz. rice-wheat, rice-peasummer squash, okra-radish-onion, turmeric-pea-summer squash, rice-lettucepotato+coriander, rice-palak-cucumber, rice-broccoli-radish and colocasiapea+coriander on various soil properties and productivity. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and was replicated four times. The soil of experiment site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction (5.3), medium in available nitrogen (362.4 kg ha-1), high in available phosphorus (73.6 kg ha-1) and medium in available potassium (115.2 kg ha-1). Study of one year revealed that rice-pea-summer squash resulted in higher microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity. Higher available K and lower bulk density were recorded in turmeric-pea-summer squash. Colocasia-pea+coriander resulted in higher available N and DTPA-Fe. Better available phosphorus and phosphatase activity were recorded in rice-palak-cucumber. Rice-palak-cucumber cropping system resulted in the highest rice grain equivalent yield (16,477 kg ha-1) compared to the traditional rice-wheat system. Maximum returns (Rs 2,19,828), benefit cost ratio (1.76) and productivity (63.6 kg ha-1 day-1) were also recorded from this system. The yield was significantly and positively correlated with available nitrogen, DTPA-Fe, microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity. Therefore, farmers should substitute existing rice-wheat cropping system with rice-based vegetable systems for improved soil properties, productivity and returns.ThesisItem Open Access SULPHUR DYNAMICS AND ITS CRITICAL LIMITS FOR FRENCH BEAN AND CAULIFLOWER IN ACIDIC SOILS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-07-30) GOURAV; Sankhyan, N. K.Sulphur is best known for its essentiality and vitality in crop production, but due to its widespread deficiency, it is imperative to study its transformations in acidic soils. In the present investigation, 500 soil samples were collected randomly from cultivated acidic soils of Himachal Pradesh, as identified during previous surveys conducted by Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV Palampur. Processed soil samples were analyzed for pH, soil texture and available sulphur. Five soil profiles were also selected randomly to study the vertical distribution of S. The transformation of sulphur with externally added elemental sulphur was studied in twenty one incubated soil samples, which varied in pH and texture. Further, 10 locations were selectedthat varied in pH, clay content and available S to study the response and to establish critical limits of S for french bean and cauliflower; furthermore the detailed experiment was conductedin pots under glasshouse. In study area, textural class, pH (1:2.5) and available sulphur ranged from loamy sand to clay, 4.23 to 7.00 (extremely acidic to neutral) and 11 to 65 kg ha-1 (deficient to sufficient) respectively. Around 35 per cent of the soil samples were found deficient in available sulphur. Available S exhibited a significant positive correlation with clay and silt, whereas significantnegative correlation was found with sand and pH. All the S fractions (sulphate-S, water soluble-S, heat soluble-S, organic-S and total-S) increased with incubation of soil samples and added elemental S. The highest content of these S fractions were obtained with the application of 80 kg S ha-1. Sole incubation of soil for thirty days without the addition of S, increased all the S fractions except organic-S. Contents of all the S fractions in soils increased with increase in clay and decreased with increase in pH of soil. In soil profiles study, all the S fractions decreased with increase in depth and highest contents of all the S fractions were found in surface layer. Sulphur fractions followed the order as total-S>organic-S>heat soluble-S>sulphate-S>water soluble-S. French bean and cauliflower responded significantly to the S application. Highest yield and yield attributes were obtained with the application of 40 kg S ha-1 in both the crops. However, the green pod yield in french bean at 30 kg S ha-1 was statistically at par with 40 kg S ha-1. Critical limits for french bean and cauliflower in soil were found to be 9.5 mg kg-1 and 10.5 mg kg-1, respectively. Whereas, the critical limits for french bean and cauliflower in plantswere found to be 0.103 per cent and 0.337 per cent sulphur, respectivelyThesisItem Open Access SOIL QUALITY INDEXING OF AN ACID ALFISOL UNDER RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM BASED ON CONTINUOUS INTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT SUPPLY IN MID-HILLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-01-07) AJAY, KUMAR; Paliyal, S. S.Present investigation was carried out in a long-term integrated nutrient management experiment with rice–wheat cropping sequence initiated in kharif 1991 at Padhiyarkhar research farm of College of Agriculture, Palampur, District Kangra. Twelve treatments comprising of T1- Control (no fertilizer, no manure), T2-50% NPK to both rice and wheat, T3-50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T4-75% NPK to both rice and wheat,T5-100% NPK to both rice and wheat, T6-50% NPK + 50% N through FYM to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T7-75% NPK + 25% N (FYM) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T8-50% NPK + 50% N through wheat straw to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T9-75% NPK + 25% N (wheat straw) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T10- 50% NPK + 50% N through Dhaincha green manure to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T11-75% NPK + 25% N (Dhaincha green manure) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat and T12-Farmers‟ Practice (40% NPK + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 to both the crops) were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. Surface (0–0.15 m) and sub-surface (0.15–0.30 m) soil samples were collected after the harvest of wheat crop during 2016-17 and analyzed for various soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Integrated use of organics and inorganics has sustained the crop productivity and significantly improved the soil properties. Sustainable yield index (SYI) was found lowest (0.33) in the treatment where no fertilizer or manure was applied (T1) and highest (0.66) where 50 per cent NPK through fertilizers and 50 per cent N through FYM to rice was followed by 100 per cent NPK to wheat (T6). Available nitrogen and potassium declined over the years in all the treatments whereas significant build-up in available phosphorus was observed through integrated use of organics and fertilizers over the respective initial values. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, pH, organic carbon, labile carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and dehydrogenase activity were found to be the key minimum data set (MDS) indicators in this study. Multiple regression evaluated the efficacy of MDS taking SYI as goal (r2 =0.91 for surface and 0.88 for sub-surface soil). The soil quality index (SQI) was calculated by using weighting factors derived from principal component analysis for each scored MDS variable. The highest SQI values (2.81 for surface and 2.78 for sub-surface soil) were found in T6 followed by T10 (2.41 for surface and 2.56 for sub-surface soil) and the lowest (1.16 for surface and 1.23 for sub-surface soil) in T1. Application of 50% NPK through chemical fertilizers + 50% N through FYM in rice followed by 100% NPK in wheat (T6) was found to be better than other treatments in sustaining crop productivity as well as maintaining soil quality under rice-wheat cropping sequence.
