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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND RELATED TRAITS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING WILD SPECIES(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2014-12) INDU BALA; Jai DevThe present investigation entitled “Gene action for yield and related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and development of interspecific hybrids involving wild species” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in soybean and to introgress desirable genes from wild species to cultivated ones. The experimental material comprised of 54 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 18 lines with three testers, namely, Hara Soya (L1), Him Soya (L2) and their F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2013. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits. Epistatic interaction for many traits was ‘j+l’ type except days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, reproductive phase, petiole length, seed per pod, harvest index and 100 seed weight, whereas plant height, internode length, pods per plant and biological yield per plant carried ‘i’ type epistasis alongwith ‘j+l’ type. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action, whereas partial degree of dominance was noticed for majority of traits. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines Bragg, Shivalik and P9-2-2 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross combinations, Bragg x Hara Soya, PK- 472 x Him Soya, DS-1213 x Hara Soya, H-330 x Hara Soya and H-330 x Him soya showed high per se performance, SCA effects, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses for further improvement. Cross H-330 x Him Soya showed resistance against brown spot and bacterial pustule diseases. The interspecific hybrids developed involving Glycine max x G. soja, were true to type based on confirmation at the morphological, molecular and cytological level. Sufficient variability was found for all the traits studied in wide hybrids. Seed yield per plant showed significantly positive correlation with reproductive phase, pods per plant, pod length, petiole length, harvest index and 100-seed weight.ThesisItem Open Access Etiology and epidemiology of collar rot complex of cowpea.(CSK HPKV,Palampur, 2019-09-30) Siddharth Anand; Banyal, D.K.The present investigation entitled “Etiology and epidemiology of collar rot complex of cowpea” was undertaken to identify the associated pathogen(s), factors affecting the pathogen & disease development and effect of weather variables on the diseases development. Collar rot of cowpea is known to be caused by number of pathogens and is one of the most destructive disease in Himachal Pradesh. Isolation was taken from the diseased samples and three fungal pathogen were isolated among which pathogenecity was established only with Sclerotium sp. On the basis of symptological and morpho-cultural characteristics of test pathogen, the pathogen was ascertained as Sclerotium rolfsii. Maximum mycelial growth and sclerotial production was observed on potato dextrose agar and oat meal agar at 30°C to 25°C, respectively. Incubation and latent period of S. rolfsii was observed to be 7 and 13 days respectively. Inoculum load of pathogen was tested between 1g-5g/kg of soil and 2g/kg of soil was found optimum, which gave 86.66 percent disease incidence. Young and early generation of cultures gave maximum disease incidence of collar rot. Significant decrease in the disease incidence was observed with increase in age and sub-culturing of pathogen. The disease incidence was observed maximum at low soil moisture and disease incidence was decreased with increase in soil moisture. Sandy clay loam soil gave the maximum per cent incidence of disease and minimum was observed with silty clay loam. The disease incidence was observed minimum in early sown crop as compared to normal and late sown crop. The minimum disease incidence was also observed at wider spacing (60 cm), as compared to normal (45 cm) and closer (30 cm) spacings. Maximum disease incidence 76.53 per cent was observed on late sown and narrow spaced crop (30 cm) as compared to timely and normal sowing and wider spacing. Disease incidence was highly positively correlated with temperature (minimum, maximum and average) and relative humidity (minimum, maximum and average) on all the dates and sowing. The coefficient of determination revealed that the temperature and relative humidity contributed 97.8, 90.06 and 97.1 per cent towards incidence of collar rot on crop sown at 7th June, 22nd June and 8th July, respectively. AUDPC and infection rate (r) followed the similar trend of disease incidence with respect to 7th June, 22nd June and 8th July date of sowing.ThesisItem Open Access Variability, epidemiology and management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2019-06) Narinder Pal; Ashok KumarThe investigation entitled “Variability, epidemiology and management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV Palampur and Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra during 2015-2018. 35 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini were obtained from the diseased samples collected from Kangra and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh and other parts of India. Three isolates were categorized as weakly pathogenic, 7 as moderately pathogenic and 25 as highly pathogenic during pathogenicity test. All the isolates showed variability in morphological and cultural characteristics. To identify the wilt resistant sources, 176 linseed genotypes were evaluated under field conditions. Among these 5 genotypes viz., KL-215, KL-261, EC541213, H-18 and TL-50 showed highly resistant,7 genotypes showed resistant and 21 genotypes showed moderately resistant disease reactions. A set of 17 genotypes i.e. TL-9, R-552, H-34, Janaki, Himalini, Polf-24, TL-22, EC-541213, KL-187, POLF-16, EC-541212, H-18, EC-541211, POLF-22, Kangra local, Baner and Chambal was standardized as differential hosts. Pathogenic variability among 35 isolates was determined on differential set and 5 pathotypes were recorded and designated as Pathotype-1 to Pathotype-5. 32 promising genotypes of linseed were evaluated against the 5 pathotypes and 13 genotypes viz., EC-541199, H-18, H-36, Him Alsi-1, Jeevan, Janaki, KL-215, KL-227, KL-265, Nagarkot, Natazo, POLF-19 & Surbhi showed resistant disease reaction against all the 5 pathotypes. Maximum in vitro growth of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini on PDA was observed at 24ºC and pH 5.5 with highest growth rate and sporulation. Lowest wilt incidence was recorded in clay loam soil compared to sandy, sandy clay loam and loam soils. Disease incidence during the crop season 2015-16 and 2016-17 showed positive correlation with minimum temperature and soil temperature at 10 cm and negative correlation with relative humidity at evening time. Delay in date of sowing from 16 October to 26 November resulted decrease in wilt incidence in varieties Chambal and Janaki. Trichoderma viride (Strain Tr-3) & Carbendazim 50 WP were found most effective for mycelial growth inhibition of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini during in vitro studies and Tr-3 (Trichoderma viride) showed highest compatibility with fungicides among three tested bioagents. In pot studies, the highest seedling emergence and lowest linseed wilt incidence was observed with Tr-4 (Trichoderma harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application), Thiram 75WP seed treatment and Thiram 75 WP + Tr-4 (Trichoderma harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application). In field studies, Carbendazim (50%) + Tr-4 (T. harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application) showed highest disease reduction and yield increase over control.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PEA ROOT ROT/WILT COMPLEX DISEASE.(CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2016) Nisha, Kumari; Thakur, B.R.The present investigations entitled “Studies on pea root rot/wilt complex disease” had been undertaken in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur during 2014-2016. Pea root rot /wilt complex had been noticed as an emerging problem in different agro climatic zones of pea growing regions of Himachal Pradesh. The disease has been observed with different intensity levels in different pea growing areas of the state. In Zone IV, the highest disease incidence of 54.7 % was recorded at HAREC, Kukumseri whereas, in Zone III, the disease incidence remained in moderate form i.e. 19.7%. However, in Zone II, highest disease incidence of 35.3% was recorded at Palampur. The two species of Fusarium viz., F. solani f. sp. pisi and F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi were found associated with pea root rot/wilt complex in the state. Both species produced distinct symptoms when inoculated on pea seedlings in test tubes containing Hoagland's solution. F. solani f. sp. pisi was solely responsible to cause root rots of pea resulting in yellowing of leaves from basal leaf to upward whereas, F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi was responsible to cause wilting without root rots by clogging of xylem vessels. For disease management different components viz., composts, bioagents, botanicals, chemicals and germplasm were evaluated in vitro to frame the management strategies. Vermicompost showed the maximum mycelial inhibition of 39.7% against F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi and 36.3% against F. solani f. sp. pisi followed by Farm Yard Manure with 29.7 and 30.0%, respectively. SMA-5 strain of Trichoderma harzianum showed the maximum mycelial inhibition of 77.4 and 75.9 % against F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi and F. solani f. sp. pisi respectively. The plant extracts of test botanicals proved to be effective against both the pathogens at 25% concentration resulting in >60% inhibition of mycelial growth. However, Eupatorium adenophorum showed maximum inhibition of 83.8 % against F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi and 77.5% against F. solani f. sp. pisi followed by Eucalyptus sp. resulting 83.1 and 76.1% inhibition respectively. All the test fungicides were found effective even at 50 ppm with >70 % inhibition of mycelial growth against F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi except Vitavax (carboxin 75 WP). Vitavax power (carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5%) and Bavistin (carbendazim 50 WP) gave cent per cent mycelial inhibition even at 500 ppm followed by Tilt (propiconazole 25 EC) and Raxil (tebuconazole 2 DS) with 93.3 and 90.4 % respectively. In case of F. solani f. sp. pisi, Bavistin (carbendazim 50 WP), Raxil (tebuconazole 2 DS) and Vitavax power (carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5%) yielded cent per cent mycelial inhibition at 1000 ppm. Out of one hundred thirteen elite pea lines, five pea genotypes viz, EC-329570, EC-329573, DPP-127-R, DPP-100, KS-268 were remained resistant against pea root rot complex. Management module comprised of soil amendment with Vermicompost : FYM (1:1) @ 15 t/ha carrying Trichoderma @ 2.5 kg/t and seed treatment with E. adenophorum @ 5.0 ml/kg seed was found most effective in the management of pea root rot /wilt complex pathogens giving maximum increase in yield i.e. 80.7 % as compare to control.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-06) Pal, Narinder; Ashok KumarThe investigation entitled “Variability, epidemiology and management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV Palampur and Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra during 2015-2018. 35 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini were obtained from the diseased samples collected from Kangra and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh and other parts of India. Three isolates were categorized as weakly pathogenic, 7 as moderately pathogenic and 25 as highly pathogenic during pathogenicity test. All the isolates showed variability in morphological and cultural characteristics. To identify the wilt resistant sources, 176 linseed genotypes were evaluated under field conditions. Among these 5 genotypes viz., KL-215, KL-261, EC541213, H-18 and TL-50 showed highly resistant,7 genotypes showed resistant and 21 genotypes showed moderately resistant disease reactions. A set of 17 genotypes i.e. TL-9, R-552, H-34, Janaki, Himalini, Polf-24, TL-22, EC-541213, KL-187, POLF-16, EC-541212, H-18, EC-541211, POLF-22, Kangra local, Baner and Chambal was standardized as differential hosts. Pathogenic variability among 35 isolates was determined on differential set and 5 pathotypes were recorded and designated as Pathotype-1 to Pathotype-5. 32 promising genotypes of linseed were evaluated against the 5 pathotypes and 13 genotypes viz., EC-541199, H-18, H-36, Him Alsi-1, Jeevan, Janaki, KL-215, KL-227, KL-265, Nagarkot, Natazo, POLF-19 & Surbhi showed resistant disease reaction against all the 5 pathotypes. Maximum in vitro growth of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini on PDA was observed at 24ºC and pH 5.5 with highest growth rate and sporulation. Lowest wilt incidence was recorded in clay loam soil compared to sandy, sandy clay loam and loam soils. Disease incidence during the crop season 2015-16 and 2016-17 showed positive correlation with minimum temperature and soil temperature at 10 cm and negative correlation with relative humidity at evening time. Delay in date of sowing from 16 October to 26 November resulted decrease in wilt incidence in varieties Chambal and Janaki. Trichoderma viride (Strain Tr-3) & Carbendazim 50 WP were found most effective for mycelial growth inhibition of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini during in vitro studies and Tr-3 (Trichoderma viride) showed highest compatibility with fungicides among three tested bioagents. In pot studies, the highest seedling emergence and lowest linseed wilt incidence was observed with Tr-4 (Trichoderma harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application), Thiram 75WP seed treatment and Thiram 75 WP + Tr-4 (Trichoderma harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application). In field studies, Carbendazim (50%) + Tr-4 (T. harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application) showed highest disease reduction and yield increase over control.ThesisItem Open Access ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF WHEAT POWDERY MILDEW CAUSED BY Blumeria graminis tritici.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Kaur, Harneet; Basandrai, Ashwani KumarThe present investigation entitled “Eco-friendly management of wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis tritici” was undertaken to identify resistant sources, study pathogenic variation and the disease management using plant extracts and organic formulations. Out of 2023 genotypes, seventeen genotypes were free from disease at seedling and adult plant stage at Palampur and Malan during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Pathogenic variation was studied in 20 ascosporic isolates collected from Dalang Maidan (Lahaul & Spiti) during September-October, 2018, on a differential set comprising of 36 known Pm genes. Based on the differential reaction, the isolates were grouped into 20 pathotypes. The most virulent pathotype was 20 attacking 22 resistant genes whereas, pathotype 2 was the least virulent as it showed susceptible reaction on 12 genes i.e. Sonora (Pm3c), Aristide (Pm3g), Hope (Pm5a), Siete Cerros (Pm5b), Transec (Pm7), Kavkaz (Pm8), Norin (Pm10), Wembley (Pm12), Lr 34 (Pm38), TD114 (Pm2+6), Talent (Pm5+?) and Chancellor. Powdery mildew differential lines with resistance genes WHMN (Pm1c), Near isogenic line (Pm2), Chul (Pm3b) and Maris Dove (Pm2, Mld), were resistant to all isolates of B. graminis f.sp. tritici. Among plant extracts and organic formulations, Azadirachta indica (20%) under in vitro conditions and foliar spray under polyhouse conditions and Calotropis gigantia (15%) under field conditions were found to be the most effective and may be harnessed as a potential alternate to fungicides.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF SHEATH BLIGHT (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) OF RICE.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-15) Kapoor, Pooja; Rana, S. K.The investigation on “Integrated management of sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) of rice” was undertaken during 2017-19 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Sheath blight pathogen was isolated from infected rice plants and pathogenicity was proved. Among six organic amendments, Jeevamrit and Neem Cake gave cent per cent mycelial growth inhibition of the Rhizoctonia solani at ≥ 15 and 30 per cent concentration, respectively by poisoned food technique. In vivo Neem Cake gave maximum disease control with 55.17, 52.94 and 50.00 per cent reduction in disease incidence and 40.49, 38.85 and 35.33 per cent reduction in disease severity at maximum tillering, booting and panicle formation stages, respectively followed by Jeevamrit. In vitro, Bavistin 50 WP (at ≥ 25 ppm), Nativo 75 WG (≥ 50 ppm), Vitavax 75 WP (≥ 100 ppm) and Raxil 250 EC at 250 ppm concentration gave cent per cent inhibition of R. solani. Bavistin 50 WP (0.1 %) was found to be most effective both as seedling root dip treatment with 64.52 and 51.27 per cent reduction in disease incidence and severity and foliar sprays with 70.59 and 85.93 per cent reduction in incidence and severity of ShB, respectively at maximum tillering stage and similar pattern of effectivity was observed at booting and panicle formation stages. Among 50 genotypes of rice screened under artificial infection conditions 14 genotypes were found to be resistant while 16 genotypes were moderately resistant. In compatibility studies T. harzianum (TH-4) showed complete compatibility with Raxil 250 EC at 1 ppm and moderate compatibility up to 7 ppm while all the bioagents viz., T. koningii (DMA-8), T. harzianum (TH-4), T. viride, T. harzianum (TH-11), T. harzinum (Isolate-7) and T. harzianum (Isolate-8) showed complete incompatibility with Bavistin 50 WP at all the concentrations (1-20 ppm). The integrated treatment T9 (soil amendment with Neem Cake + seedling root dip treatment with Bavistin 50 WP + foliar application of T. harzianum (TH-4) + foliar application of Raxil 250 EC) was found to be most effective in reducing disease incidence (64.56, 63.76 and 59.45 %) and severity (69.24, 66.27 and 66.31 %) at three crop stages (maximum tillering, booting and panicle formation), respectively.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF HEAD BLIGHT ON SEED HEALTH OF WHEAT AND ITS MANAGEMENT.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Gupta, Himani; Sharma, P.N.In the present study, 59 processed wheat seed samples procured from different seed multiplication farms of University divided into two seed lots (sterilized and unsterilized) were assessed for the prevalence of seed mycoflora and Fusarium spp. associated with head blight disease and their impact on seed health. Attempts were also made to find suitable fungicide and bioagents to control the seed borne infection of head blight pathogen Fusarium graminearum and associated seed mycoflora. The associated seed mycoflora detected from two seed categories (sterilized and unsterilized) revealed the presence of 9 fungi (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. clavatus, Fusarium graminearum, F. poae, Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., and a non-sporulating fungus). Among the two assay methods, agar plate method was found more suitable than the blotter method in terms of mycoflora expression. A. alternata and F. graminearum were the most predominant fungi in most of the samples along with high frequency. Fusarium graminearum and F. poae were found to be associated with FHB disease in different wheat varieties being multiplied in different agro-climatic zones of the state. The seed health parameters viz., seed germination, seed and seedling health were adversely affected in artificially inoculated seed samples than apparently healthy samples, where seed germination was higher along with least seed and seedling rot. The seed germination reduced significantly by 71.86 per cent in F. graminearum inoculated seeds to that of 89.56 per cent in uninoculated apparently healthy seed lots. The seedling vigour index was also affected by F. graminearum inoculations with a seed vigor index of 1542.85 as compared to the uninoculated seeds (2069.87). Two seed dressing fungicides Vitavax Power and Bavistin were most effective in controlling the F. graminearum and other seed mycoflora, whereas among the bio-agents, Trichoderma harzianum (TH-5) found to be most effective. In rolled paper towel bioassay seed treatment with Vitavax Power resulted in maximum mycoflora control including F. graminearum followed by T. harzianum. The seed vigour also increased in Vitavax Power treated seeds as gradual decrease in seed vigour and other seed health parameters were noticed over the period of storage.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF SHEATH BLIGHT (Rhiizoctoniia sollanii Kuhn) OF RICE.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-15) Kapoor, Pooja; Rana, S. K.The iinvesttiigattiion on “Inttegratted managementt of sheatth blliightt (Rhiizocttoniia sollanii Kuhn) of riice” was underttaken duriing 2017-19 iin tthe Departtmentt of Pllantt Patthollogy,, CSK HPKV,, Pallampur.. Sheatth blliightt patthogen was iisollatted from iinfectted riice pllantts and patthogeniiciitty was proved.. Among siix organiic amendmentts,, Jeevamriitt and Neem Cake gave centt per centt mycelliiall growtth iinhiibiittiion of tthe Rhiizocttoniia sollanii att ≥ 15 and 30 per centt concenttrattiion,, respecttiivelly by poiisoned food ttechniique.. In viivo Neem Cake gave maxiimum diisease conttroll wiitth 55..17,, 52..94 and 50..00 per centt reducttiion iin diisease iinciidence and 40..49,, 38..85 and 35..33 per centt reducttiion iin diisease severiitty att maxiimum ttiilllleriing,, boottiing and paniiclle formattiion sttages,, respecttiivelly follllowed by Jeevamriitt.. In viittro,, Baviisttiin 50 WP (att ≥ 25 ppm),, Nattiivo 75 WG (≥ 50 ppm),, Viittavax 75 WP (≥ 100 ppm) and Raxiill 250 EC att 250 ppm concenttrattiion gave centt per centt iinhiibiittiion of R.. sollanii.. Baviisttiin 50 WP (0..1 %) was found tto be mostt effecttiive botth as seedlliing roott diip ttreattmentt wiitth 64..52 and 51..27 per centt reducttiion iin diisease iinciidence and severiitty and folliiar sprays wiitth 70..59 and 85..93 per centt reducttiion iin iinciidence and severiitty of ShB,, respecttiivelly att maxiimum ttiilllleriing sttage and siimiillar pattttern of effecttiiviitty was observed att boottiing and paniiclle formattiion sttages.. Among 50 genottypes of riice screened under arttiifiiciiall iinfecttiion condiittiions 14 genottypes were found tto be resiisttantt whiille 16 genottypes were moderattelly resiisttantt.. In compattiibiilliitty sttudiies T.. harziianum (TH-4) showed compllette compattiibiilliitty wiitth Raxiill 250 EC att 1 ppm and moderatte compattiibiilliitty up tto 7 ppm whiille allll tthe biioagentts viiz..,, T.. koniingiiii (DMA-8),, T.. harziianum (TH-4),, T.. viiriide,, T.. harziianum (TH-11),, T.. harziinum (Isollatte-7) and T.. harziianum (Isollatte-8) showed compllette iincompattiibiilliitty wiitth Baviisttiin 50 WP att allll tthe concenttrattiions (1-20 ppm).. The iinttegratted ttreattmentt T9 (soiill amendmentt wiitth Neem Cake + seedlliing roott diip ttreattmentt wiitth Baviisttiin 50 WP + folliiar applliicattiion of T.. harziianum (TH-4) + folliiar applliicattiion of Raxiill 250 EC) was found tto be mostt effecttiive iin reduciing diisease iinciidence (64..56,, 63..76 and 59..45 %) and severiitty (69..24,, 66..27 and 66..31 %) att tthree crop sttages (maxiimum ttiilllleriing,, boottiing and paniiclle formattiion),, respecttiivelly..
