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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Bioefficacy studies of biorational approaches against Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee on brinjal in Himachal Pradesh(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-16) Negi, Nitika; Sharma, Prem ChandStudies were carried out to know the incidence of Leucinodes orbonalis on brinjal in agro-climatic zone I and II of Himachal Pradesh and data on the incidence of L. orbonalis were recorded at monthly interval during 2019 and 2021. The crop was found to be infested with L. orbonalis at all the locations during both the years. Incidence of L. orbonalis appeared early in the month of May and remained up to the end of the season. The peak incidence of L. orbonalis was recorded in the month of July and August on shoots and fruits of brinjal during both the years. Among all the locations, Una district had a maximum shoot and fruit infestation (25.33 and 28.83%, respectively) during 2019, while in 2021 the maximum shoot infestation was recorded in Hamirpur district (26.50%) and fruit infestation in Kangra district (28.64%). The intrinsic toxicity studies against neonate larvae of L. orbonalis revealed emamectin benzoate as most toxic with LC50 value of 0.0043 ppm followed by spinosad (0.0303 ppm), Bacillus thuringiensis (3.989 ppm), azadirachtin (8.847 ppm), Brahmastra (24203.194 ppm) and Agniastra (29795.95 ppm). The field experiments were undertaken during the kharif season of 2020 and 2021 at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. For the management of L. orbonalis, different approaches were evaluated under three modules, cultural & mechanical methods (M1), natural products & biopesticides (M2) and insecticides (M3). In Module 1, amongst seven treatments, minimum mean shoot infestation (9.33%) and fruit infestation (number as well as weight basis i.e., 12.68 and 13.86%) was recorded in neem cake (NC) + clipping of shoots. In Module 2, out of nine treatments, application of Bt resulted in least mean shoot infestation (13.56%), whereas fruit infestation on the number basis was minimum in neem cake + Azadirachtin; on the weight basis, neem cake + Bt recorded lowest per cent fruit infestation (15.27%). In case of Module 3, shoot infestation was minimum (6.40 %) in emamectin benzoate followed by neem cake + emamectin benzoate (6.70%) and spinosad (6.87%). On the basis of fruit infestation (number and weight), neem cake + application of emamectin benzoate resulted in lowest fruit infestation (9.39 and 8.85%) followed by emamectin benzoate (9.61 and 8.88%). On the basis of incremental output input ratio of two years, emamectin benzoate (27.27) was the most economically viable treatment followed by spinosad (10.82). After two applications of insecticides, the average initial deposits of emamectin benzoate (@10 g a.i./ha) were 0.307 ppm, whereas the average initial deposits of spinosad (@75 g a.i./ha) were 0.489 ppm. A waiting period of 4 days for emamectin benzoate and 2 days for spinosad was suggested for safe consumption of brinjal fruits.ThesisItem Open Access Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2017-06-27) Chhavi; Sharma, Pawan K.The present investigation entitled “Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken in the Department of Entomology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. Under laboratory conditions, C. medinalis completed three generations from August to mid-December. The life cycle of C. medinalis consisted of four distinct stages viz., egg, larva, pupa and adult, each having an average duration ranging between 3.70-4.50, 17.50-20.50, 7.00-7.50 and 6.40-7.40 (female); 2.50-3.30 (male), respectively, during different generations. The fertility parameters worked out for first, second and third generation resulted in the net reproductive rate (R0 ) of 29.16, 17.94 and 17.72 female eggs per female with the corresponding true generation time of 37.06, 37.99 and 39.38 days, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was maximum in the first generation (0.091) and minimum in the third generation (0.073). The field collected adults of last generation when reared under laboratory conditions to study the survival of pest, failed to lay eggs. However, a few individuals of C. medinalis larvae survived in winter till January on paddy plants and weeds and a limited feeding was observed during this period. Survey for the incidence of C. medinalis and its associated natural enemies in four locations viz., Sundernagar, Nurpur, Jogindernagar and Palampur of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at different time intervals. The pest appearance was noticed in the second fortnight of July at Nurpur, Palampur and Jogindernagar. Whereas, at Sundernagar, the pest activity initiated during first fortnight of July and population of adults was at its peak in the first fortnight of September in all the four locations. From the correlation studies between adult catch and abiotic factors, it was concluded that the temperature (maximum and minimum) favours the C. medinalis build-up. However, RH (maximum and minimum) and rainfall had a negative impact on C. medinalis abundance. During survey, Cotesia cypris (Nixon) was found to be the most dominating larval parasitoid associated with C. medinalis. Fifty natural enemies were encountered in paddy ecosystem of all the four locations, out of which twenty four were found associated with C. medinalis. Spiders viz., Araneus pseudosturmii (Yin et al.), Micropholcus fauroti (Simon) and Runcinia ghorpadei (Tikader) were recorded for the first time from India. Based upon the Shannon index, diversity of natural enemies was maximum at Palampur (2.58-2.65) and minimum at Nurpur (1.52-1.89). The leaf damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to different release levels of C. medinalis viz., 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 larvae per hill released at panicle initiation stage revealed that maximum leaf infestation was 24.48 per cent at highest release level (10 larvae/ hill) and lowest (6.94%) at release level of 2 larvae per hill and per cent avoidable losses varied from 0.94-28.93 per cent. Among forty three genotypes evaluated against C. medinalis, thirty three genotypes were found moderately resistant, nine as moderatey susceptible and one as susceptible. None of the genotypes was found to be free from leaf folder damage. Among the six treatments of Trichogramma chilonis, maximum control was achieved when 1,50,000 parasitized eggs per hectare were released. However, this treatment was found to be at par with 1,00,000 and 1,25,000 parasitized eggs per hectare. Out of six insecticides and one biopesticides evaluated against C. medinalis, flubendiamide (24 g a.i./ ha), indoxacarb (30 g a.i./ ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (12.5 g a.i./ ha) were found to be efficacious. However, biopesticide, Bt (1.5 kg/ ha) was found to be least effective for the control of pest. Incremental output input ratio was highest in case of lamba-cyhalothrin and lowest in BtThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NATURAL ENEMY COMPLEX OF APHIDS INFESTING OILSEED BRASSICAS(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2020-01-30) SONI, SAURBH; Surjeet, KumarStudies on natural enemy complex of aphids infesting oilseed Brassicas were carried out to find the distribution and abundance of aphid species and associated natural enemies in different parts of the state. The field experiments were undertaken during the rabi season of 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur on mustard variety RCC-4 and the data on the population build-up of aphids and their associated natural enemies were recorded at weekly interval. At other locations of the state, the observations were recorded at fortnightly interval during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. The crop was found to be infested with all the three aphid species viz. mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). L. erysimi appeared early in the season and remained active for a longer duration. B. brassicae activity started late in the season and reached the peak towards the maturity of the crop. M. persicae appeared for a shorter duration and its population was scarce at all the locations. Three natural enemies i.e. coccinellids, syrphids and one parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae M‟Intosh were found to be associated with the aphid species. They appeared late in the season and their peak population did not synchronize with peaks of aphid population and thus were unable to check the aphid population. Correlation coefficients indicated that the temperature favoured the build-up of aphid population and their natural enemies while rainfall exerted negative impact. The population of coccinellids was negatively correlated with the population of L. erysimi and M. persicae while, positive correlation with B. brassicae was observed. On the other hand, population of syrphids was found to be positively correlated with aphid population. Regression analysis revealed that none of the weather parameter alone was responsible for the population build-up of aphids and associated natural enemies. In order to know the biological control potential of the aphid parasitoid D. rapae, biological and behavioural characteristics were studied in the laboratory using M. persicae, B. brassicae and L. erysimi as host. The parasitoid successfully completed its life cycle on different instars in all the aphid hosts. It was longer in early instars compared to that in later instars. Oviposition period, post-oviposition period, fecundity (number of eggs laid/female/day) and total fecundity (total number of eggs laid/female) of D. rapae parasitizing nymphs of different age groups (1-2 days and 4-5 days old) of M. persicae, B. brassicae and L. erysimi were studied and the results showed that age of the host at the time of oviposition by the parasitoid significantly affected the duration of oviposition and fecundity of the parasitoid. Older nymphs (4-5 days old) of the aphids were able to defend themselves against ovipositing females of the parasitoid more effectively than the younger nymphs (1-2 days old). Immature survival of the parasitoid, D. rapae was found to be highestxii in the third instar (85.81+10.31%) of M. persicae, B. brassicae (83.70+5.62) and fourth instar (87.67+14.48) of L. erysimi. Highest survival was observed in older instars than in younger instars. A female-biased sex ratio was found for the parasitoid with mean values of 79.99, 73.38 and 79.32 per cent for M. persicae, B. brassicae and L. erysimi, respectively. Adult longevity of D. rapae was found to be significantly longer for females in comparison to that of males in all the aphid hosts. Mean longevity of adult females of D. rapae was significantly longer while parasitizing nymphs of younger age groups (1-2 days) in comparison to older age groups (4-5 days). Among different host plants tested, M. persicae reared on capsicum, B. brassicae reared on cabbage and L. erysimi reared on mustard was found to be the best host for D. rapae on the basis of high mean fecundity, high parasitization (%), female biased sex ratio and the shortest time required by the parasitoid for completion of total developmental period. Host and parasitoid sizes were determined based on the length of their hind tibia and it was longest in M. persicae, followed by B. brassicae and L. erysimi. The adults of D. rapae emerged from M. persicae were the largest (males= 0.626 mm and females= 0.689 mm), followed by adults emerged from B. brassicae (males= 0.539 mm and females= 0.565 mm) and L. erysimi (males= 0.516 mm and females= 0.521 mm), respectively. Host stage preference of D. rapae on different instars of three aphids was studied in choice and nochoice preference tests. Second instar of M. persicae was the most preferred in both choice and no-choice tests. The parasitoid showed higher preference towards third instar nymphs of B. brassicae and second instar of L. erysimi in both choice and no-choice tests, respectively. D. rapae exhibited type II functional response to all the three aphids. The per capita parasitization and search efficiency of the parasitoid were observed to decrease with increase in parasitoid density. Similarly, the search efficiency of the parasitoid gradually decreased with the increase in the parasitoid density. It was concluded from the study that D. rapae is effective biological control agent which can be mass produced on aphids infesting oilseed Brassicas for utilization in augmentative biological control. The study can be helpful in further standardizing the protocols for mass rearing of the parasitoid.ThesisItem Open Access BIOECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF RICE HISPA, DICLADISPA ARMIGERA (OLIVER) UNDER MID-HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-04) Urvi; Srivastava, AjaiDetailed studies on rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Oliver) were undertaken at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvidyalaya, Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. The studies included understanding rice hispa’s annual life cycle, its population build-up, assessment of losses inflicted and management with suitable insecticides and biopesticides. The life history of D. armigera consisted of four distinct stages viz. egg, grub, pupa and adult, each having an average duration of 4.5, 14.0, 9.1 and 22.4 (male); 38.7 (female) days, respectively. Both adults and grubs caused damage due to its feeding on paddy leaves. As many as 3-4 generations were recorded under laboratory conditions (mid June-mid November), but the adults of last generation failed to lay eggs. A few individuals of adults of last generation survived on rice seedlings and weed host, Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) till April-May with limited feeding and no egg-laying. Field observations recorded the incidence of hispa adults on wheat crop during February-April. With the early monsoon showers, the adults of hispa started appearing on weeds viz. C. dactylon, Cyperus rotundus (Linn.), Andropogon gayanus (Kunth), Digitaria sanguinalis (Linn.) and Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., etc in the early June and thereafter it started feeding on paddy crop as soon as it was transplanted (July). During early stages of crop till 39th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW), both adult and grub incidence were recorded on paddy, which built-up during the season. Adults remained associated with the crop till its maturity. The population reached its peak during 31-39 SMW (August-September). Relative humidity significantly and positively influenced its build-up. Natural parasitization of grubs (or pupae) by a eulophid wasp, Chrysonotomyia sp. was reported. Damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to rice hispa as quantified by release density and phenological crop stage revealed that release at early stage (20-days after transplanting, DAT) inflicted more leaf damage (64.9 per cent leaf damage index, at 3-hispa release density) compared to later stages. Moreover, the regression analysis revealed that per unit increase in hispa density at early stage (20-DAT) resulted in 5.82, 5.73, 441.4 reduced number of tillers, panicles and grains, respectively, and the respective grain weight by 8.06g (per four rice hills). Also, at release stage of 40-DAT, the grain number and grain weight reduced significantly (b= 258.5 and 6.87, respectively), but at advanced release stage (60-DAT), no significant losses were recorded. Application of various insecticides viz. dinotefuran 20 SG, triazophos 40 EC, chlorpyriphos 20 EC, monocrotophos 36 SL @ 200g, 500, 1250, 850 ml ha-1, respectively, and biopesticides viz. beauveria 106 spores ml-1, melia 5 per cent, eupatorium 5 per cent @ 5.0, 2.5, 2.5L ha-1, respectively, proved promising in checking hispa infestation, with dinotefuran being the most effective and more or less comparable with other insecticides. Among biopesticides, beauveria application provided a significant check. However, maximum returns were obtained from triazophos.ThesisItem Open Access POTENTIAL OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS IN INTEGRATED CONTROL OF WHITEGRUBS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-10-15) Sanjta, Suman; Mehta, P.KThe bioassay studies of five entomopathogens viz. Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Heterorhabditis indica, Steinernema carpocapsae and Bacillus cereus were conducted against grubs of Holotrichia longipennis and Brahmina coriacea. The entomopathogenic fungi revealed decrease in susceptibility with increase in age. The LC50 values of B. bassiana for I to III instar grubs of H. longipennis ranged from 7.28 x 107 to 1.6 x 108 conidia/ml. In case of B. coriacea, the LC50 values for I to III instars were determined from 5.04x 107 to 1.17x 108 conidia/ml. In H. longipennis and B. coriacea, first instar grubs were 1.12 to 2.43 and 2.85 to 3.84 times more susceptible than second and third instar grubs, respectively. The LC50 values of M. anisopliae for I to III instars of H. longipennis were calculated from 4.36 x 107 to 1.3 x 108 conidia/ml. In case of B. coriacea, M. anisopliae produced 50 per cent kill at a concentration range of 4.9 x 109 to 3.2 x 108 conidia/ml in I to III instar grubs. In H. longipennis, first instar grubs were 2.06 and 2.98 times more susceptible than second and third instar. In case of B. coriacea, the increase in LC50 for second and third instar in comparison to first instar was 2.24 to 3.67 times. The grubs of H. longipennis were found comparatively more susceptible to both entomopathogenic fungi and B. bassiana was found to be less virulent as compared to M. anisopliae. Two entomopathogenic nematodes viz. H. indica and S. carpocapsae were evaluated by soil inoculation method. Against H. longipennis, the LC50 values of H. indica for I to III instars ranged between 324.15 to 796.18 IJs/ml. In case of B. coriacea, the LC50 values of H. indica against I to III instars were calculated from 444.84 to 845.18 IJs/ml. S. carpocapasae produced 50 per cent kill in respective instars of H. longipennis at concentrations ranging from 408.63 to 910.67 IJs/ml. In B.coriacea, a dose of 474.26 to 1620.34 IJs/ml of S. carpocapsae is required to produce 50% kill. There was 1.70 and 2.4 times increase in LC50 values of H. indica in first instar of H. longipennis as compared to second and third instars, respectively. In B. coriacea, the corresponding increase was 1.4 and 1.89 times. S. carpocapsae proved less effective as compared to H. indica, and H. longipennis was found to be more susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes as compared to B. coriacea. B. cereus was found to be least effective among tested entomopathogens. In I to III instars of H. longipennis and B. coriacea, the LC50 values of B.cereus varied from 5.62 x 108 to 1.7 x 109 spores/ml. Among tested insecticides, clothianidin was found highly effective with LC50 values ranging from 129.86 to 457.11 ppm. In case of imidacloprid and chlorpyriphos, the LC50 values ranged from 238.38 to 811.81 ppm, and 334.44 to 911.44 ppm in different instars of H. longipennis and B. coriacea. To interaction studies of different entomopathogens with imidacloprid, chlorpyriphos and clothianidin have shown to produce strongest interaction with the tested insecticides in both the species of whitegrubs. Imidacloprid revealed maximum synergism with H. indica and S. carpocapsae. There was consistent antagonistic interaction among B. cereus and imidacloprid or chlorpyriphos. Under field conditions, combined application of H. indica+imidacloprid in potato gave 34.53 to 40.67 % reduction in tuber damage over control.ThesisItem Open Access Bioefficacy of biopesticides and novel insecticides to Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee and their safety to natural enemies(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07) Sharma, Sugandha; Chandel, Y.S.Studies on the bioefficacy of biopesticides and novel insecticides to L. orbonalis and their safety to natural enemies was undertaken at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The lethal concentrations computed against first instar larvae of L. orbonalis revealed cyantraniliprole as most effective with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.18 and 0.95 ppm followed by chlorantraniliprole (1.24 & 8.64 ppm), thiacloprid (14.43 & 95.09 ppm), indoxacarb (19.99 & 106.71), lambda-cyhalothrin (38.62 & 207.78 ppm), azadirachtin (57.06 & 316.34 ppm), melia (73.82 & 378.09 ppm) and eupatorium (97.84 & 477.85 ppm). Under bioefficacy studies, chlorantraniliprole resulted in minimum shoot infestation followed by cyantraniliprole, lambda-cyhalothrin, thiacloprid, indoxacarb, azadirachtin, melia and eupatorium during 2015, whereas, during 2016 the shoot infestation was minimum in cyantraniliprole followed by chlorantraniliprole, thiacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, azadirachtin, melia and eupatorium. Fruit infestation was found minimum in chlorantraniliprole followed by cyantraniliprole, thiacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, azadirachtin, melia and eupatorium during both the years. On the basis of index of mean persistent toxicity of 2015 & 2016, the order of effectiveness of biopesticides and novel insecticides was: chlorantraniliprole (608.34) > cyantraniliprole (580.56) > thiacloprid (519.44) > lambda cyhalothrin (409.72) > indoxacarb (297.50) > azadirachtin (256.67) > melia (213.44) > eupatorium (136.11). Studies on dissipation pattern of insecticides revealed the average recovery of 87.75 and 91.10 per cent of indoxacarb and thiacloprid, respectively through RP-HPLC. The LOD and LOQ were 0.009 and 0.03 mg/kg for indoxacarb, 0.015 and 0.05 mg/kg for thiacloprid, respectively. The initial deposit of indoxacarb and thiacloprid were 0.620±0.025 and 1.078±0.011 mg/kg during 2016 with 0.4 and 1.6 day(s) waiting period, respectively and 0.622±0.015 mg/kg and 1.133±0.044 mg/kg during 2017 with 0.4 and 1.7 day(s) waiting period, respectively. Laboratory and field studies on relative safety of all the treatments to T. chilonis showed azadirachtin, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, melia & eupatorium safer to the parasitoid and lambda-cyhalothrin as highly toxic.ThesisItem Open Access Insect pest management on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis L.)(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 1998) Koul, Vijay Kumar; Raj, DeshThesisItem Open Access Persistence and field weathered toxicity of some commonly used insecticides against Apis mellifera L. on mustard(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 1997) Sharma, Surinder Kumar; Kashyap, N.P.ThesisItem Open Access Bioefficacy and persistence of some insecticides in/on tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) leaves(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 1996) Vir, Baljinder Kumar; Kashyap, N.P.
