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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: M.Tech. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance of organically cultivated papaya under different irrigation levels and mulching methods
    (CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-09) Baljeet Singh; Mukesh Kumar
    An experiment was conducted at research field of Deendayal Upadhyay Centre of Excellence for Organic Farming, CCS HAU, Hisar during the year 2021-22 to study the effect of different irrigation levels and mulching methods on performance of organically cultivated papaya. The experiment comprised of twenty one treatments under the drip irrigation method with combination of three different irrigation levels viz. 50%, 75% and 100% of crop water requirement and seven mulching methods. The results showed that the plant height (240.73 cm), stem girth (46.03 cm), crown diameter (245.40 cm), number of flowers (65.67), number of fruits (42.67), yield per plant (54.30 kg) and total yield (135.75 t ha-1) were observed maximum for meeting 100% of crop water requirement with the application of 10 cm thick straw mulch in two-meter diameter around the plant and minimum for meeting 50% of crop water requirement without mulch condition. The soil moisture (20.18%) was found maximum for meeting 100% of crop water requirement with the application of plastic mulch in twometer diameter around the plant and minimum for meeting 50 % of crop water requirement without mulch condition. From the results, it is also observed that the irrigation water use efficiency (59.53 kg m-3) was found maximum for meeting 50 % of crop water requirement with 10 cm thick straw mulch in two-meter diameter around the plant and minimum (42.64 kg m-3) for meeting (42.64 kg m-3) 100% of crop water requirement without mulch under drip irrigation system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development and Performance Evaluation of Machine for Dehulling of Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.)
    (hisar, 2022) Mittal, Vipul; Gupta, Ravi
    The study was conducted to develop a hempseed dehuller machine for dehulling of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.). The development of the machine was based on a 2D design made from AUTOCAD software. The raw hempseeds were cleaned and graded for observation of their engineering properties. To study the effects of dehulling process variables on the dehulling efficiency of hempseeds, two seed grades: Medium (3 – 3.5 mm), Large( ≥ 3.5 mm), four levels of valve opening (100, 75, 50 and 25 % ) and five levels of initial seed moisture content (2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12 %) (wb) were selected by conducting preliminary trials. Statistical analyses viz., correlation and regression analysis of the responses was performed to estimate the coefficients of the fitted equation of the responses and to check the significance of the regression coefficients of independent and interaction variables, respectively. A three-phase (0.75 kW) electric motor was used for the power supply of the machine. The performance of the dehuller was found optimum at 2100 rpm, feed valve opening of 50% and fed with raw hempseeds of medium grade at 6-8 % MC range. At these levels of independent variables the throughput capacity, dehulling efficiency, output capacity and broken were found to be 67.4 kg/h, 38.7%, 26.25 kg/h and 8.84%. The break-even point, benefit-cost ratio and payback period for the machine were found to be 4223 units of hemp kernel, 1.029 and 0.237 years respectively. The developed machine for dehulling of hempseed was found energy-efficient, economically usable, and capable of maintaining the good quality of hempseed kernels.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Establishment of minimum performance standard of prominent agricultural machinery based on test reports
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Maan Singh; Jain, Mukesh
    A study was conducted to establish minimum performance standard (MPS) of selected agricultural machinery based on test reports collected from Deptt. of FMPE, COAE&T and FMT&TI, Hisar. The data was collected for the analysis and MPS was formulated by frequency distribution using MS-Excel Add-In. To determine the mean of individual parameter, corresponding values of the most occurring frequency (about 50 % of the frequency) was only considered. The MPS suggested for tillage machinery are 6.50 cm, 14 cm, 0.23 ha h-1, 76 %, 3.0 l h-1, 77 %, 11 kW and 817 mm for min. depth of cut, min. depth of puddle, min. area covered per metre of working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, min. puddling index, max. PTO power requirement per metre of working width and nominal closed length of drive shaft of rotavator; respectively. for disc harrow, 8 cm, 0.43 ha h-1, 70 %, 3.0 l h-1, 213 kg-f and 4.0 kW for min. depth of cut, min. area covered per metre of working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, max. draft per metre working width and max. drawbar power per metre working width of disc harrow; respectively. for cultivator, 9 cm, 0.41 ha h-1, 75 %, 2.0 l h-1, 244 kg-f and 3.4 kW for min. depth of cut, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre working width, max. draft per metre working width and max. drawbar power per metre working width of cultivator, respectively. In sowing and planting machinery MPS suggested are 50 %, 6 & 8 cm, 6 & 8 cm, 5 & 10 mm, 0.12 %, 0.27 ha h-1, 71 %, 1.40 l h-1, 98 kg ha-1, 118 kg ha-1, 1.0 kW, 189 kg-f and ± 20 & ± 24 % for seeding uniformity, min. and max. depth of seed, min. and max. depth of fertilizer, min. and max. seed spacing, max. mechanical damage of seed, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre working width, min. seed rate, min. fertilizer rate, max .drawbar power per metre working width, max. draft per metre working width, max. variation in dropping of seed and fertilizer of zero till seed cum fertilizer drill, respectively and 8.5 & 9.0 cm, 8.5 & 10 cm, 30 & 40 cm, 0.24 ha h-1, 64 %, 0.60 l h-1, 1.7 kg ha-1, 53.8 kg ha-1, 0.80 kW, 71 kg-f and ± 0.60 & ± 0.80 % for min. and max. depth of seed, min. and max. depth of fertilizer, min. and max. seed to seed distance, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, min. seed rate, min. fertilizer rate, max. power drawbar per metre of working width, max. draft per metre of working width and max. variation in dropping of seed and fertilizer of Bt. cotton planter. Similarly, MPS have been suggested for other equipments/machinery like plant protection equipments, tractor operated VCR, straw reaper, paddy thresher and maize thresher. The MPS also includes safety and other requirements, material of construction etc. to be complied on.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response of onion with different irrigation frequency and lateral spacing under subsurface drip system
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Deokar Gopal Kathalu; Sanjay Kumar
    An experiment was conducted to study soil water dynamics and yield response of onion crop with irrigation frequencies (one, two, three and four days) and lateral spacing (45cm and 60cm) under subsurface drip irrigation during the spring summer season 2020 and 2021 in 2m x 2m micro plots, built in the field area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. At the middle of 45cm and 60cm lateral spacing with daily irrigation, available moisture in the root zone (0-60cm) was 12.73cm and 12.33cm respectively, which was higher by 3.14% in 45cm lateral spacing than 60cm. Average highest (102.28 g) fresh weight of onion bulb and number of bulbs per m2 for grade A, B and C of onion of two seasons was recorded in I2L45 treatment. Highest bulb yield of onion under grade A (>5.0cm), B (4.0-5.0cm) and C (4.0-5.0cm) was recorded in I2L45 treatment, whereas its lowest value under the respective grades was obtained in I4L60 treatment. Under two days irrigation interval with 45cm lateral spacing (I2L45), the total bulb yield was obtained 9.98% higher than 60cm lateral spacing (I2L60) treatment during year 2020, whereas, it was 9.22% higher in year 2021. The highest (11.55 kg m-3 in 2020 and 10.09 kg m-3 in 2021) and lowest (9.99 kg m-3 in 2020 and 9 kg m-3 in 2021) irrigation water use efficiency was observed in I2L45 and I4L60 treatments, respectively. On the basis of soil water dynamics, superior quality and highest yield of onion in sandy loam soil, it is concluded that subsurface drip irrigation with two days irrigation interval with 45cm lateral spacing gives better performance as compared to one, three and four days irrigation in 45 as well as 60cm lateral spacing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of wind speed and spacing on distribution uniformity of sprinkler irrigation system
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-12) Raj Kumar; Ram Naresh
    An experiment was conducted to study the effect of wind speed (0-4 km/h, 4-8 km/h and 8-12 km/h), direction (North-West and North-East) and spacing (6 m × 6 m, 6 m × 9 m and 9 m × 12 m) on uniformity distribution of sprinkler irrigation system at the field of the village Luhana located in Western Haryana., India. For spacing 6 m × 6 m and wind speed range 0-4 km/h, the maximum distribution uniformity was 86.33%. Similarly at ranges of wind speed 4-8 km/h and 9-12 km/h, the average distribution uniformity was 82.88% and 81.42% respectively. For spacing 6 m × 9 m was used, the average distribution uniformity was 75.42% at a range of wind speed 0-4 km/h. Similarly at ranges of wind speed 4- 8 km/h and 8-12 km/h, the average distribution uniformity was 75% and 74.16% respectively. For spacing 9 m × 12 m was used, the average distribution uniformity was 68.20% at a range of wind speed 0-4 km/h. Similarly at ranges of wind speed 4-8 km/h and 8-12 km/h, the average distribution uniformity were 66.17% and 66.60% respectively. It shows that the combination of spacing 6 m × 6 m and wind speed 0-4 km/h gives a higher distribution uniformity. From this it is evident that for maintaining distribution uniformity more than 75%, for wind speed 0-4 km/h sprinkler spacing should not be more than 6 m x 9 m and for wind speed 4-8 km/h sprinkler spacing should not be more than 6 m x 6 m while for wind speed range 8-12 km/h should be less than 6 m x 6 m.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on the effect of different types of nozzle for foliar application of urea solute
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-07) Pawan Kumar; Patel, Bharat
    Foliar application of urea solute is the most efficient practice of fertilizer application for maximum nitrogen uptake by plants. A study was conducted to see the effect of air induction nozzles for deposition of urea solute as a foliar application on cotton crop. The air induction nozzles where an internal venture creates a negative pressure inside the nozzle body. Air is drawn into the nozzle through two holes in the nozzle side, mixing with the spray liquid. The emitted spray contains large droplets filled with air bubbles (similar to a candy malt ball) and virtually no fine, drift-prone droplets. Three types of nozzle i.e. conventional solid cone nozzle, air induction hollow cone nozzle, air induction flat fan nozzle were used in the study. Nozzles were evaluated on patternator in laboratory at three different liquid pressure (3 kg/cm2, 4 kg/cm2 and 5 kg/cm2), three nozzle spacing (650 mm, 700 mm, 750 mm) and three nozzle height (530 mm, 545 mm and 560 mm). The maximum swath for two air induction flat fan nozzle 750 mm apart was observed as 1296 mm with 16.69% CV at a liquid pressure of 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height of 560 mm. In case of air induction hollow cones nozzle the maximum swath was achieved as 1200 mm with 15.78% CV at nozzles spacing of 700 mm, liquid pressure 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height 530 mm and for conventional solid cone nozzle with 12.70% CV maximum swath observed as 1104 mm for two nozzles at nozzle spacing of 700 mm, liquid pressure 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height 530 mm. These nozzles were evaluated in field conditions for the combination of operating parameters at maximum swath with a minimum coefficient of variation (CV) to their effect in terms of spray deposition. Nozzles are evaluated in field on parameters finalised in laboratory. Number median diameter of air induction hollow cone nozzle and air Induction flat fan nozzle were significantly (p=0.00864) more as compared to knapsack nozzle and solid cone nozzle on the upper and bottom side of leaves at top, middle and bottom level of cotton plant and also NMD due to leaf position on cotton plant (p=0.00137) was significant at 5% level of significance. For VMD due to nozzle type is not significance at 5% level but for leaf position VMD is significant at 5%level. Air induction flat fan nozzle has lowest uniformity coefficient 2.63 among all the nozzles. Area covered by droplets in case of air induction flat fan nozzle was significantly (p=0.024) higher than air induction hollow cone nozzle, solid cone nozzle and knapsack sprayer nozzle at top, middle and bottom level on upper and under side leaves of plant canopy respectively at 5% level of significance. The statistical analysis showed that air induction flat fan nozzle was significantly (p=0.01406) higher volume of spray deposition than air induction hollow cone and conventional knapsack nozzle at 5% level of significance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of cryogenic treatment on the performance of straw combine blade.
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Jakhar, Chander; Kumar, Anil
    The harvesting machines (combine, reaper and straw combine) are developed to overcome the shortage of labor and timely operations and also to facilitate the multi cropping sequence in India. The cutting blades are made up of high carbon steel having carbon content ranging from 0.60 to 1.00 percent. The carbon is the main element for higher strength and hardness of cutting steel blades. However, during cutting at high temperature and in abrasive environment, these cutting materials faces excessive surface degradation which ultimately reduces the life of the blade and increased cutting cost of the machine. In recent times the cryogenic treatments have positive effect to improve the wear resistance, hardness and life of the cutting tools. The present study was undertaken to improve the mechanical properties of cutter bar blade (A type) and chopping cylinder blade (M type) of straw combine with cryogenic treatment. For this, the laboratory testing was done in Tribology laboratory of NIT, KUK, Kurukshetra, whereas, field testing was done at farmers field in Ludas and Sahpur village of Hisar district. In laboratory experiment three replication of load (15, 20 and 25 N), time (150, 300 and 450 s) and sliding velocity (1.31, 2.61and 3.92 m s-1) were used for wear analysis. The wear analysis was done by using Pin on disc wear testing machine. The diameter and the length of the coated and uncoated high carbon steels specimens for testing were 10 and 35mm, respectively. In uncoated specimens, the wear was significantly affected by load followed by sliding velocity and time, whereas in coated specimen, the load was the only significant parameter to affect the wear properties of the specimens. The time and sliding velocity had negligible effect on the coated specimens. During field testing, the coated and uncoated blades were installed on the straw combine and operated for 38.33 hours. The wear of the blades was analyzed with respect to the weight and dimensions of the blades before and after work. The wear (%) in cutter bar and chopping cylinder blades for uncoated and coated were found as 2.82, 0.69 and 1.48, 0.41%, respectively. The cryogenic treatment resulted in increase of 9.38 and 13.61% cost of the cutter bar and chopping cylinder blades, respectively. This increased cost was fully justified by the increased cutter bar and chopping cylinder blade life by 75 and 72 %, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development and evaluation of tractor operated weeder for raised bed crops
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Jyoti Kiran; Anil Kumar
    Farm mechanization plays a vital role to achieve modernization in agriculture as it gives a substantial growth in agriculture by the means of modern technology and efficient use of inputs and ensures timeliness of operations in the field. In India, weeding is mostly done manually in the fields that is very time consuming and labour intensive, and can lead to heavy losses to farmers.. Therefore taking this into consideration, a study on development and its evaluation of tractor operated raised bed weeder was conducted. The developed raised bed weeder consisted of cutting blade, furrow opener, tyne and main frame, it can cover three furrows at a time and had an overall working width of 1.86 m. The main frame was fabricated from mild steel channel. Spring loaded tynes were used to absorb the shock loads and prevent breakage. The angle of cutting blade (sweep type) varied from 77.36 to 102.052 degrees and the vertical height of blade varied from 206 mm to 256 mm. The type of furrow opener was single point shovel type and the angle of furrow opener was 42.70 degrees. The experiment was conducted in three crops: Potato, Pea and Spinach, each at three forward speeds. The optimized forward speed was found to be 1.88 km h-1. The effective field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and draft requirement at the optimized forward speed were (0.299 ha h-1, 86.40 %, 2.40 l h-1, 70.4 kgf ), (0.289 ha h-1, 83.63 %, 2.40 l h-1, 71.5 kgf ) and (0.292 ha h-1, 84.53 %, 2.40 l h-1, 71.3 kgf ) for potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The weeding efficiency and plant damage at the optimized forward speeds were (96.15 %, 1.04 %), (95.40 %, 1.88 %) and (93.19 %, 1.09 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The performance index and field machine index at the optimized forward speeds were (5806.18, 76.92 %), (5436.39, 74.81 %) and (5448.34, 74.72 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The labour requirement for developed weeder was 3.344, 3.460 and 3.425 h ha-1 and for the manual hoe (kasola) was 120, 130 and 135 ha h-1 for the potato, pea and spinach, respectively. The cost of the operation per hectare was Rs 1550.10, Rs 1603.74 and Rs 1587.26. The time saved and savings in cost over manual were (97.21 %, 74.16 %), (97.34 %, 75.33 %) and (97.46 %, 76.48 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The breakeven point and pay back period was 246.73 h yr-1 and 0.409 yr for the potato, pea and spinach crop respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Design and development of garlic (Allium sativum) stalk cutter machine
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Charan Singh; Garg, M.K.
    Garlic (Allium sativum) is a bulbous plant and perennial plant of amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceous). De-topping or cutting stalk is the primary unit operation for making the product marketable. Most of the de-topping is being done manually which not only time-consuming also adds cost. So in order to make the unit operation cost-effective and efficient a garlic stalk cutter machine was designed, developed and its performance was studied. In this study effect of operational parameters i.e. moisture content (14, 21, 28, 35, 42) % and feed rate (no of stalk-2, 3, 4, 5, 6) on dependent parameters such as capacity (kg/h), grading efficiency (%), bulb damaged (%), bulb dropped (%), plant spilled (%) and uncut stalk (%) were studied within the experimental region. Garlic variety GS17 was used during experiment. After complete evaluation and analysis of all attributes it was found that the best result was at a moisture content of 28% and feed rate of 4 stalks which resulted in a capacity of 177.62 kg/h with a grading efficiency of 91.4% and damaged bulb , bulb dropped , plant spilled , uncut stalk to be 2.63%, 2.30%, 1.32%, 3.68% respectively. After the optimization of parameters of the machine using RSM the result was found that on using feed rate 3.79 stalks at a time and moisture content of 29.012% resulted the capacity of machine and grading efficiency i.e. 174.2 kg/h., 90.87% respectively and the bulb damage, bulb dropped, plant spilled, uncut stalk i.e. 2.56%, 2.17%, 1.25%, 3.47% respectively.