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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the genetics of white rust and its association with DNA markers in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.)(CCSHAU, 2015) Aggarwal, Madhu; Punia, M.S.The present investigation comprised of two experiments. The first experimental material consisted of six generations i.e. parents (P1 and P2), F1, F2 and back crosses (BC1 and BC2) of six crosses namely, Varuna x Bio-YSR; Rohini x Bio-YSR; RH-8812 x Bio-YSR; Varuna x JMMWR-9348; Rohini x JMMWR-9348 and RH-8812 x JMMWR-9348 to study the inheritance of white rust resistance and genetics of quantitative traits including seed yield and its component characters as well as to investigate the association of white rust resistance with molecular markers. The second experiment was carried out in Line x Tester mating design conducted to study the GCA and SCA effects of parents and crosses, respectively along with heterosis of the resulted hybrids. Both the experiments were conducted in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar, India during two successive years of Rabi seasons 2012-13 and 2013-14. The results have shown that inheritance of white rust resistance was governed by a single dominant gene which was also confirmed by SSR marker analysis. It has been observed that there was a strong association between field results for inheritance of white rust and SSR marker studied. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for all traits studied. The A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for most of the characters indicating thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. Additive component was significant for most of the characters and even as preponderant in magnitude over the dominance component. Either all or any of the three types of epistatic interactions (i, j and l) were significant for most of the cases and generally it was the “i" type of interaction which is more frequently prevailing for most of the traits studied over the crosses. However, the magnitude and direction of estimates changed from cross to cross. Additive x additive (i) type of interaction was reported for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, siliqua length (cm), number of seeds per siliqua and oil content (%). Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, siliqua length (cm), number of seeds per siliqua and oil content (%). Complementary type of interaction was also recorded for 1000 seed weight. The GCA effects indicated that among females, RH-1120 was a good general combiner for number of primary branches per plant, seed yield per plant (g) and 1000 seed weight (g); RH-1155 for number of primary branches per plant, main shoot length (cm) and siliqua length (cm). Among the males, Bio-YSR was found to be a good general combiner for plant height, number of secondary branches per plant and 1000 seed weight (g); JM-1 for days to flowering , seeds per siliqua and seed yield per plant (g). On the basis of SCA effects, 5 crosses namely, RH-0845 x Bio-YSR; RH-1155 x JM-1; RH-1139 x JMMWR-9348; RH-1152 x JM-1 and Kranti x JMMWR-9348 were found to be good for seed yield per plant (g). Significant heterosis was observed for plant height (cm), main shoot length (cm), number of siliquae on main shoot, siliqua length (cm), days to flowering, days to maturity and seed yield per plant (g). The contribution of lines was in general more than testers toward total variance for every character except for days to maturity and number of secondary branches per plant. SCA variances were higher than GCA variances which indicated that one can go for hybrid breeding programmeThesisItem Open Access Media Development and Its Impact on Production and Processing of Button Mushroom in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) Akanksha; Batra, AshaThe present study was conducted in Haryana state. One eighty male and sixty female comprising of total sample of 240 respondents from Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra and Jhajjar districts were selected randomly for assessing impact of mushroom growers and female respondents regarding mushroom production and processing. The results shows that growers have sufficient gain in knowledge and had most favourable attitude towards mushroom production whereas in case of mushroom processing female respondents have gain in knowledge but they had favourable attitude regarding processing. Constraints were measured in terms of personal, technical, financial, infrastructural, marketing and health. Weighted mean scores were calculated and ranks were given on the basis of WMS and result shows that both mushroom growers and female respondents assigned 1th and 6th rank to financial and infrastructural constraints. All the production messages and on the basis of weighted mean scores and ranks messages for processing were finally selected for media preparation. Standard procedures for development of media were followed. The effectiveness of printed manual was assessed through several parameters that accuracy, coverage, objectivity, writing style, content presentation, illustration and compatibility. Overall weighted mean scores were perceived to be high for all the messages. Effectiveness of Compact Disc (CD) was assessed through of audio quality, video quality, presentation of message, content importance, suitability and text was rated as high. The content validity ratio for all the attributes of CD and printed manual was found to be significant. Inter consistency reliability for CD and printed manual was found to be statistically significant at 5 per cent level of significance. Field applicability was also found to be high for all the messages. The impact of CD was found to be significant for gain in knowledge and change in attitude. The impact of CD on growers and on female respondents was of moderate level.ThesisItem Open Access Identification and Mass Multiplication of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species indigenous to Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) K.V.V.S., K. Kranti; Walia, K.K.Identification and mass multiplication of indigenous isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes was attempted. Of the fifteen populations studied- fourteen belonged to genus Steinernema and one to genus Heterorhabditis. Six new species S. numeropapillatum n. sp., S. oryzae n. sp., S. sirsaense n. sp., S. indicum n. sp., S. gangulyi and S. hisarense n. sp. were identified. First four species were with horn like structures in cephalic region of IJs which was absent in last two species. Other species identified were H. indica Poinar et al. 1992, S. pakistanense Shahina et al. 2001 (three populations), S. bicornutum Tallosi et al. 1995, S. ceratophorum Jian et al. 1997, S. siamkayai Stock et al. 1998. SEM studies of S. oryzae n. sp. and S. sirsaense n. sp. revealed the lateral field pattern as 2,4,6,8,6,4,2 and 2,4,6,4,2, respectively and also the number of genital papillae as 25. Of the eight media tested, S. abbasi ans H. indica both multiplied maximum on modified dog biscuit medium. Wout‟s medium was second best in IJs yield. Yield was maximum at 30 days and reduced drastically at 60 days. S. abbasi yielded maximum at 25 ºC whereas H. indica multiplied maximum at 30 ºC. None of the species multiplied at 15 ºC.ThesisItem Open Access SSR markers for resistance to Karnal bunt (Neovossia indica) in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, 2015) Ravika; Chhabra, A. K.Present study was carried out to screen 85 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of cross Aldan (resistant) / WH542 (susceptible) for Karnal bunt resistance and to identify putative SSR markers and validate known markers associated with Karnal bunt resistance in wheat. There was significant variation among all the recombinant inbred lines for percentage and coefficient of infection to Karnal bunt. Most of the RILs (53) and (57) showed up to 5% infection during the year 2012 and 2013 and thus were resistant. The percentage of infection (PI) in the susceptible RILs was up to 52.46% and 43.22% in the year 2012 and 2013 respectively, whereas, coefficient of infection on RILs was up to 21.30% and 17.46 % in the year 2012 and 2013, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed considerable magnitude of variability among different RILs for all morphological traits studied namely, plant height, spike length, days to flowering, days to maturity, tillers/plant, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per meter row. A total of 45 SSR markers were used to screen parental genotypes out of these 15 were amplified. These 15 SSR markers were used to screen 20 selected RILs and a fingerprinting database was generated. Out of these 15, 6 were polymorphic and had presence of bands of different molecular weights for resistant and susceptible lines. Genetic similarity analysis showed that parental genotypes were quite distinct from each other. The cluster analysis led to distribution of parents and their RILs in to two groups at the similarity coefficient value of 0.31. Major cluster I, included resistant parent Aldan with resistant lines except one susceptible line in this group and major cluster II had susceptible parent WH542 and susceptible lines. Bulk segregant analysis showed that three primers (Xgwm637, Xgwm337, Xgwm538) which were already reported to be associated with Karnal bunt resistance, also showed association with Karnal bunt resistance in population under study. These three markers were further used to screen on whole population and results were confirmed. Hence, these markers may be used for marker assisted selection for Karnal bunt resistance in early segregating generations of wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of heavy metals concentration on biomolecules and immunity parameters of earthworm, Eisenia fetida(CCSHAU, 2015) Jatwani, Chhavi; Gupta, R.K.Among terrestrial invertebrates, earthworms are priority test organisms for soil contamination surveys because they are easy to handle, widespread in their terrestrial distribution and have the capacity to accumulate and concentrate large quantities of inorganic and organic pollutants with acquired adaptive resistance to the toxicity of these pollutants including heavy metals. Biochemical responses in organisms against environmental stress are regarded as early warning indices of pollution in the environment. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of heavy metal on the biomolecules and immunity parameter of earthworm, Eisenia fetida. The results showed acute toxicity of two types of metals (mercury and cobalt) at different concentration on earthworms In the first experiment bio-molecules concentration in the heavy metal contaminated earthworm was estimated which shows the decrease in protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentration. The maximum reduction in bio-molecules i.e. 29.18% in protein 21.57% in carbohydrate and 41.25% in lipid concentration was seen in earthworms treated with Hg-0.06ppm. For other treatments i.e. Cobalt and combination of mercury and cobalt the results show decrease in bio-molecules but decrease was almost negligible. When the cells of coelomic fluid were calculated there was significant decrease in the total number of coelomocytes 82.54% in earthworms treated with Hg-0.06ppm similarly significant reduction in eleocytes, amoebocytes I amoebocytes II, granulocytes I and granulocytes II was seen 74.65% decrease was seen for earthworm treated with Co-0.06ppm and reduction was 79.73% for earthworms treated with combination of both i.e. Hg-0.03 + Co-0.03 ppm. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH scavenging activity by using two solvents i.e 75% methanol, 80% methanol and 80 % ethanol. 75% methanol and 80% ethanol was concluded as best solvent showing 47% inhibition activity whereas for 80% methanol it shows 38 % inhibition activity. Antioxidant activity for different heavy metal treated earthworm was studied w.r.t. control earthworms which show there is sharp increase in antioxidant activity in first 15 days and then become almost stable. Maximum increase in antioxidant activity at day 60 was seen for earthworms treated with Hg-0.06 ppm i.e. 60.718% which was 47.232% by using 80% ethanol as solvent. It was concluded that among two heavy metals, mercury is more toxic than cobalt and combination of both.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of herbicidal potential of rhizosphere bacteria against bathu (Chenopodium album) and piazi (Asphodelus tenuifolius) weeds(CCSHAU, 2015) khandelwal, Aakanksha; Sindhu, S.S.Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop for the majority of world’s populations. Weeds cause significant losses each year in the agriculture crops. Instead of using herbicide, biological control is a promising approach for the effective weed control. Two hundred fifty rhizosphere bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat and mustard. Among 250 isolates tested, ninety six rhizobacterial isolates showed significant stimulation or retardation effect on seed germination of weed Chenopodium album and Asphodelus tenuifolius on 0.8% water agar plates. Forty five isolates showed root growth inhibition on 5th day of seed germination in C. album. Nine rhizobacterial isolates caused shoot growth inhibition on 5th day and seven bacterial isolates caused shoot growth inhibition at 10th day of seed germination of C. album. In Asphodelus tenuifolius, thirty four isolates showed root growth inhibition on 5th days and twenty seven rhizobacterial isolates showed root growth inhibition at 10th day of seed germination. Eight rhizobacterial isolates caused shoot growth inhibition on 5th day and twenty four rhizobacterial isolates caused shoot growth retardetion at 10th day of seed germination. Screening of Ninety six rhizobacterial isolates for production of indole acetic acid showed that ninety six per scent isolates produced IAA ranging from 0.21 to 29.91μg/ml. Rhizobacterial isolates WSA38, MSA57, WSA68, WSA56, MSA42, MSA39, WHA98 and MSA11 showed >11.0 μg/ml production of δ-aminolevulinic acid and eighty per cent isolates produced ALA. Sixty three per cent of rhizobacterial isolates showed growth on ACC supplemented plates. The ability to produce siderophore was found only in 30% of the isolstes and twenty nine bacterial isolates showed HCN production. Eight bacterial isolates i.e., MSA39, MSA56, MHA75, MHA93, WSA56, WHA82, WHA87 and WHA100 were tested for their effect on growth of wheat and weed under pot house conditions. Inoculation of bacterial isolate WHA87 showed 94-182% increase in root dry weight (RDW) and 30-340% increase in shoot dry weight (SDW) of wheat, whereas its inoculation caused 21-81% decrease in RDW and 33- 43% decrease in SDW of Chenopodium album at 30, 60 and 90 days of plant growth. Similarly, inoculation with bacterial isolate MSA39 caused 20.5-66% increase in RDW and 12-23.5% increase in SDW of wheat growth and its inoculation caused 14-89% decrease in RDW and 6-16% decrease in SDW of C. album. In case of Asphodelus tenuifolius, inoculation of bacterial isolate MSA56 showed 94-368% increase in RDW and 38-412% increase in SDW of wheat, whereas its inoculation caused 40- 85.7% decrease in RDW and 53-54.3% decrease in SDW of A. tenuifolius. Similarly, inoculation with bacterial isolate MHA75 caused 77-132% increase in RDW and 21-231% increase in SDW of wheat growth and its inoculation caused 25-75% decrease in RDW and 33-44% decrease in SDW of A. tenuifolius at 30, 60 and 90 days of plant growth. Thus, rhizobacterial isolates i.e., WHA87, MSA39, MHA75 and MSA56 were found to stimulate growth of wheat, whereas isolates i.e., MSA39 and WHA87 inhibited the growth of Chenopodium album and isolates MHA75, MHA93 and MSA56 inhibited the growth of Asphodelus tenuifolius.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical Characterization of Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] Genotypes for Identifying Off-Odour Factors(CCSHAU, 2015) Sharma, Bunty; Chugh, L.K.Thirty four pearl millet inbreds grown during kharif 2012 and kharif 2013 were analysed for fat content, total phenols content, activities of peroxidase, lipoxygenase and lipase. Significant variation was observed in all the parameters during both the seasons. These genotypes also showed wide variation in development of FA in flour (prepared from grains of each inbred harvested during these seasons) stored for 30 days under ambient conditions. Five contrasting genotypes for each parameter were identified based on mean performance recorded during two seasons. However, these genotypes were statistically at par in respect of off odour developed and were not distinguishable from each other. Positive correlation was found between fat content and phenol content (r = 0.401 for kharif- 2012 and 0.383 for kharif-2013). Built up of fat acidity was also related to fat content (r = 0.960 for kharif-2012 and 0.867 for kharif-2013), phenol content (r= 0.409 for kharif-2012 as well as kharif- 2013) and lipase (r = 0.706 for kharif-2012 and 0.732 for kharif-2013). Development of off odour was not related to either the contents (fat % and total phenols) or enzyme activities (peroxidase and lipoxygenase). Lipoxygenase (LOX) from pearl millet genotype HBL 0843-2 was purified using ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography using Sephadex G - 100 and DEAE cellulose respectively, to near homogeneity. Two isoforms of LOX namely LOX 1 and LOX 2 were yielded after purification. The purified isozymes LOX 1 and LOX 2 had molecular weight of 85 kDa and 79 kDa respectively as determined by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100. The yield of LOX1 and LOX 2 was 28 and 24 %, respectively. The two isozymes LOX 1 and LOX 2 were purified with 56 and 40 fold respectively. LOX1 exhibited maximum activity at pH 4.5 and 25 °C while LOX 2 exhibited maximum activity at pH 4.8 and 25 °C. LOX 1 and LOX 2 showed thermostability at 35 °C when incubated for 30 minutes and after this temperature the activity started declining. Both isozymes were stable in the pH range of 7–7.8. LOX 1 showed more stability at pH 7 while LOX 2 at pH 7.5. LOX 1 and LOX 2 had km value for linoleic acid 0.86 uM and 0.57 uM, respectively. Activity of both isozymes was highly inhibited by vitamin E, ascorbic acid and trolox. LOX 1 showed 66 and 78 % inhibition and LOX 2 had 61 and 69% inhibition with ascorbic acid and vitamin E, respectively. Monovalent ions Na+ and K+ were found to have deleterious effects on the activity.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of variable weather and morpho-physiological traits on the incidence of pod borers in pigeonpea(CCSHAU, 2015) Jat, Babu Lal; Dahiya, K.K.Variety AL-201 recorded lowest larval population and variety Paras recorded maximum larval population of H. armigera in 2nd date of sowing. Minimum webbing due to M. vitrata was recorded in variety H03-41 and maximum in Manak. The webbing was maximum in 3rd date of sowing. The peak larval and webbing of H. armigera and M. vitrata was observed in 40th 43rd, 41st and 43rd and 44th, 47th and 43rd during 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th date of sowing, respectively. Significant positive correlation of H. armigera and M. vitrata was observed with maximum temperature, evening relative humidity and rain fall. Significant negative association of M. vitrata webbing was observed with morning and evening average vapour pressure and wind speed. Irrespective of pests and varieties, maximum infestation was found in 2nd date of sowing date of sowing and minimum in 4th date of sowing. Variety AL-201 recorded lowest infestation of all the pests. Pusa-992 recorded highest infestation of H. armigera and M. vitrata, whereas, maximum infestation of pod fly was observed in variety Manak. The maximum pod damage (23.39%) was recorded in 1st date of sowing and the maximum larval survival (2.66), larval weight (16.81 mg/ larva), per cent pupation (83.76%), adult emergence (96.11%) and fecundity (595.54 eggs/ female) was observed in 2nd date of sowing, whereas, minimum pod damage (15.08%), larval survival (1.18), larval weight (10.77 mg/ larva), per cent pupation (40.33%), adult emergence (67.78%) and fecundity (423.25 eggs/ female) was observed in 4th date of sowing. In different sowing dates, the maximum pod damage (21.4%) and larval weight (15.40 mg/ larva) was observed in variety Manak. The maximum larval survival (2.28) and per cent pupation (76.76%) was observed in Paras. The adult emergence was maximum (94.17%) in variety Pusa-992, whereas, the minimum pod damage (15.89%) and larval weight (12.02 mg/ larva) was recorded in variety AL-201. The minimum larval survival (1.56), per cent pupation (50.24%) and adult emergence (75%) was recorded in PAU-881. The interaction between sowing dates, varieties and per cent pod damage was observed significant. The significant difference in the per cent pupation and adult emergence in relation to sowing dates and varieties was observed. In larval survival, per cent pupation and fecundity the significant difference was observed in relation to sowing dates. Significant negative correlation was observed between glandular and non-glandular pod trichomes and pod wall thickness with all three pod borers. Significant positive correlation of all the three pod borers was observed with moisture, crude protein and total soluble sugars, whereas, significant negative correlation of the three pod borers was observed with fat, phenol and tannin content. The glandular and non-glandular pod trichomes, pod wall thickness, tannin, phenol and fat content was comparatively more and total soluble sugar and protein was comparatively less in variety AL-201 which make them moderately resistant against pod borer complex.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical evaluation of drought resistance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2015) Ekta; Singal, H.R.The present study was carried out to evaluate drought induced changes in chickpea genotypes and their F3 progeny lines. The chickpea genotypes viz. drought sensitive (HC-1) and drought tolerant (ICC-4958 and RSG-931) were grown under both irrigated and drought conditions and the progeny lines of the crosses viz. HC-1×ICC-4958 and HC-1×RSG-931 were grown under drought condition created by withholding irrigation. The effect of drought stress was observed on oxidative stress, membrane integrity, antioxidative system, osmolytes accumulation and protein profile in relation to changes in plant water status in leaves and roots at 50% flowering and 50% podding stages. The water potential of leaves, osmotic potential and RWC of leaves and roots decreased in all the genotypes. However, the magnitude of reduction in RWC was more in drought sensitive genotype. Similarly, the reactive oxygen species (superoxide radicals and H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA content and LOX activity) increased in response to water deficit and the increase was more in both the tissues (leaves and roots) of sensitive genotype at both the stages (50% flowering and 50% podding). Drought stress resulted in increase in the activities of SOD, POX, GR in all the genotypes, but the increase was more in both the tolerant genotypes. Contrarily, reduction in CAT activity was observed in both the tissues at both the stages in all chickpea genotypes. Likewise, APX activity declined in leaves of both the drought tolerant genotypes only at 50% flowering stage, but in roots its activity increased at both stages. Ascorbic acid and glutathione content were found to be more in both the tissues of all the chickpea genotypes under water limiting condition, however, the percent increase was more in tolerant genotypes. Decline in osmotic potential in both the tissues may be due to accumulation of proline and total soluble sugars. Further, increase in pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity and decline in proline oxidase activity observed in leaves and roots of all the chickpea genotypes under stress condition is in agreement with higher proline levels. Decrease in protein content was observed in both the tissues. However, new protein bands appeared under drought stress in all genotypes as revealed by SDS-PAGE. Among the progeny lines of both the crosses, the lines I-6, I-7, I-14, I-16, R-2, R-9 and R- 10 showed better performance in terms of physiological and biochemical parameters as compared to their drought tolerant parent, under drought stress condition and hence, are the promising lines which may be used in plant breeding programmes aimed at developing drought resistant varieties.