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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of moisture content on physical properties of coarse grain(CCSHAU, 2011) Pati, Rajeswari; Jain, SurjeetPhysical properties often required for designing the equipments for planting, harvesting and post harvest operations. Now-a-days, all developed and developing countries are boosting the production of coarse grain as its importance as a staple food in a diet. Some selected varieties of coarse grains viz. sorghum, pearl millet and maize developed in HAU were procured. Physical properties such as Sphericity, crushing load, thousand grain mass, bulk density, particle density, porosity, angle of repose, coefficient of internal friction and coefficient of external friction on three surfaces (Plywood, G.I. sheet, Concrete) and colour were measured for three moisture contents namely 10%, 14% and 18% d.b. The physical properties of sorghum with four varieties Cv. HC-308, HC-171, HC-260 and HJ-513; pearl millet with five varieties Cv. HHB-117, HHB-94, HHB-223, HHB-197 and HHB-67 and maize with four varieties Cv. 139x1011, 1040x1011, HM-7 and 3-4-8-6ER were determined and the results were written in the text. The regression analysis was done and prediction equations are given. The properties like Sphericity, crushing load, bulk density, particle density linearly decreased and the properties like thousand grain mass, porosity, angle of repose, coefficient of internal friction and coefficient of external friction linearly increased with increase in moisture content for all the varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Development of paddle operated Petha (ash gourd) pricking machine(CCSHAU, 2011) Shukla, Abhishek; Sharma, D.K.A study of optimization of a number of process variables namely needle diameter (1, 3 and 5 mm) sugar solutions of 50-70oB temperature range of 60-80oC and FTSR of 1:3 to 1:12 for the Petha (ash gourd) sweet manufacture was attempted. Response surface methodology was adopted for optimization of process variables. The effect of process variables were studied on solute gain, water loss, colour (L* value) and sensory scores. The needle with 3 mm diameter proved to be the best thickness needle. The optimum conditions generated by RSM were: temperature as 69.65oC, concentration as 50.0oB and FTSR as 1:4.10. The kinetics study was done on the optimum conditions and it revealed that moisture content decreased from 92.5 to 23.8% following a polynomial trend. TSS increased from 4.2 to 74% following a polynomial trend, total sugars increased from 3.6 to 73.9% following a polynomial trend, reducing sugars increased from 3.4 to 3.6% following a linear trend, non-reducing sugar increased from 0.2 to 70.3% following a polynomial trend, colour value decreased from 30.08 to 12.81 following a linear trend and sensory scores increased from 1.03 to 7.86 following a linear trend. A paddle operated Petha (ash gourd) pricking machine was designed, developed and tested. The designing criteria kept in mind were, the optimum diameter of pricking needles, ergonomic height of workstation for average height of both Indian men and women and the force considerations. The machine was successful in pricking 35 kilograms of ash gourd per hour with no damage to the fruit slices. The machine pricked Petha (ash gourd) sweet was excellent in sensory scores (7.86) and quality parameters (74% TSS, 73.9% total sugars, 70.3% non-reducing sugar, 3.6% reducing sugars and L*=12.81 as colour value). The economic analysis revealed 4 years of payback period and 0.477 as breakeven point.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of biogas slurry use for digestion of an admixture of kitchen waste and cattle dung(CCSHAU, 2011) Sunil Kumar; Yadav, Y. K.Anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste and cattle dung was carried out in laboratory scale batch mode reactors in two phases. In the first phase, anaerobic digestion with different mixture of kitchen waste (KW) and cattle dung (CD) with 20% inoculum was carried out whereas in the second phase, anaerobic digestion of mixture of KW and CD with different concentration of inoculum was carried out. Five feedstock of which were made by mixing kitchen waste and cattle dung at different mixing ratios of 0:1 (P1R1), 1:3 (P1R2), 1:1 (P1R3), 3:1 (P1R4) and 1:0 (P1R5) were tested. The result showed that reactor P1R3 (50% KW + 50% CD) with kitchen waste and cattle dung ratio of 1:1 gave the maximum (21.3 l/kg of solid substrate) biogas with volumetric biogas production of 0.37 l/kg/d and methane yield of 0.092 m3/kg VS added with solid conversion efficiency of 142 ml/g TS and 162 ml/g VS added. After completion of first phase, the best mixture obtained was 50% KW + 50% CD (P1R3). In the second phase, this mixture was digested with different concentrations of inoculums viz. 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The maximum biogas yield was of (27.6 l/kg of solid substrate) observed in reactor P2R4 (50% KW + 50% CD with 25% inoculum) with volumetric biogas production of (0.48 l/kg/d) and methane yield of 0.085 m3/kg VS added with solid conversion efficiency of 127 ml/g TS and 145 ml/g VS added. Therefore, mixing ratio of 1:1 of kitchen waste and cattle dung was optimal for biogas yield, methane yield and solid conversion efficiency with 25% inoculum.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of bed planter for intercropping in castor(CCSHAU, 2011) Ajit Singh; Vijaya RaniIn India, the area and production of castor is 0.74 million hectares and 0.93 million tonnes, respectively. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is most important oilseed crop of India due to the fact that its oil has diversified uses and has great value in foreign trade. The intercropping in castor is carried out on flat bed. Firstly, castor is sown manually or by pora method and the other pulse crops of short duration are inter-sowed by seed drill. The process of sowing castor which is done manually or by animals drawn sowing plough is very tedious and time consuming. Thus, there was a need to evaluate the feasibility of raised bed system for intercropping of pulse crop in castor over existing practice of intercropping. The different physical properties of the castor seed were determined for dry seed (5.9 %), seed soaked for 6 hours (25.8 %) and seed soaked and 12 hours (32.8 %). The average length, average width and average thickness were found to increase with increased moisture content. The values for spherecity and roundness were not close to 100 % and hence seed shape could be considered oval. The gravimetric properties of the castor seed as 1000 seed weight, single seed volume and bulk density increased as soaking hours increased from 0 to 12 hours. True density and porosity increased for first 6 hrs of soaking and then the values decreased when the hours of soaking further increased form 6 to 12 hours. The effective field capacity of planter was 0.50 ha h-1at average operating speed of 3.9 km h-1. The missing index, multiplying index and quality of feed index recorded for bed planter were 10.71 %, 1.19 % and 88.10%, respectively. Payback period of bed planter and seed drill were calculated were 1.51 and 0.58 year. Break-even points in hr per year were 44.75 and 25.85 in case of bed planter and seed drill. The plant stand obtained after 21days of sowing was higher for raised bed than flat bed by 24.33%, 23.33% and 24.33 % for castor intercropped with green gram, moth bean and cluster bean. Significant difference was obtained for plant height at 30, 45, 60 days and at primary spike for castor crop. The plant height was more for raised bed intercropping than flat bed intercropping for both castor and pulse crop. Number of capsules/spike, number of pods/plant, length of spike and length of pod were also higher for the raised bed intercropping than flat bed intercropping. Thousand grain and seed weight for pulse and castor obtained was higher for castor crop and for pulse crop on raised bed than flat bed. The yield (q ha-1) for pulse and castor obtained was 31.33 %, 29.77 % and 30.43 % higher for castor crop and 4.51 %, 5.2 % and 6.27 % for pulse crop, respectively on raised bed than flat bed.ThesisItem Open Access Development of a dehumidified air dryer(CCSHAU, 2011) Pandhari, Sandeep Chavan; Garg, M.K.The present investigation entitled “Development of a dehumidified air dryer” was carried out with the objectives to development of a dehumidified air dryer and to test the performance of the dehumidified air dryer for drying of cauliflower. The development of dryer was based to maintain the low relative humidity in the drying chamber at the range of 35-450C temperature. The drying performances of heat pump dryer were compared with tray dryer. The temperature and relative humidity were recorded inside and outside of the dryer. The relative humidity were observed lower than ambient air in heat pump dryer as compared to relative humidity of the tray dryer. The rehydration ratio, nutritional characteristics, reconstitutional quality and their physic-chemical parameters of the dehydrated cauliflower were better in the heat pump dryer as compared to tray dryer. Drying in heat pump dryer at 400C took less time compared to tray dryer at 500C and 550C. The energy consumption of heat pump dryer for 24 hours of operation was found less (6, 7.5 kWh) than tray dryer (7.25, 7.8kWh) and cost of drying was found to be more in tray dryer at 50 and 550C as compared to 400C in heat pump dryer. All the analysis justifies that dehumidified air dryer did improve the quality of dried food. By using it, the products owned less browning colour, better texture, retention of nutrients and increased overall acceptability, So the dehumidified air dryer is best alternative in food industries for drying fruits and vegetables.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance evaluation of mechanical transplanting and direct seeding of rice under puddle and unpuddle conditions(CCSHAU, 2011) Rakesh Kumar; Bansal, N.K.Rice is a major crop that is grown in more than 110 countries. The total area planted under rice in India is 44.0 million hectares which is largest in the world against a total area of 156.6 million hectares. The total rice production in the world was 650.19 million tonnes out of which 141.13 million tonnes were produced in India. The average yield of rice in India is 3.20 tonnes/hectare. The lowest yield of (29.75 q. /ha) was obtained in Zero till-mechanical transplanting (T4) and the maximum yield (32.67 q./ha) was obtained in Unpuddle-mechanical transplanting (T5.). Economic of rice cultivation under different crop establishment techniques is presented in the Table 4.6. The rental value of the land is assumed to remain the same offset the price fluctuation. The gross returns of T4 and T2 (Zero till-direct seeded rice without residues) were found less as compared to other treatments. The lowest and highest net returns were found to be Rs.5314 (T7) and Rs.16090 (T3) with per hectare, respectively. The height benefit cost ratio was obtained as 1.27 and 1.30 for T2 and T3, respectively. The lowest benefit cost ratio was obtained as 1.08 and 1.16 for T7 and T4, respectively. A comparison between transplanting treatments T4 & T5 (unpuddled field) and T6 & T7 (puddle field) clearly shows that any attempt to switch from the irrigating practice of transplanting under puddle conditions to transplanting under unpuddled conditions will require additional water applications i.e., the water applied in transplanted treatments with unpuddled field was more than 20 cm than that applied under puddled field conditions. It is also important to note that the fields of study were historically under puddle transplanted conditions. It is assumed that there may be slight effect of previous years puddling on the infiltration rate of the soil. Consequently, the water required for unpuddled field is expected to be even more than what was observed under this study.ThesisItem Open Access Design, development and testing of modular metering mechanism for multi crop planter(CCSHAU, 2012) Chaudhary, Pooja; Bansal, N. K.India will have to produce 300 million tonnes of food grains to feed her 1.19 billion populations. Sowing technique is most important operation performed in agriculture because production mainly depends upon field emergence and initial crop establishment. Presently, different sowing machines are used for various crops like Bt. cotton planter, zero till machine for wheat and DSR machine for direct seeding of rice and it is not possible for a farmer to have different machines for sowing different crops. Therefore, tractor drawn multi-crop planter was designed, developed and evaluated having provision of sowing all major cereal crops, pulses and oilseeds at desired row to row as well as seed to seed spacing especially for paddy by direct seeding technique and Bt. Cotton. The developed ground wheel was of 380 mm diameter having provision of chain sprocket arrangement of power transmission through a designed gear box with varying speed ratio of 1.6 to 4.5 times reduction from ground wheel to seed metering plate. The diameter of seed metering plate was 140 mm with varying number of cells and cell size to suit recommended spacing of major crops. The speed reduction of ground wheel to fertilizer metering shaft is 2.3:1. The fertilizer hopper has inclinations for accomplishing easy emptying and better utilization of fertilizer from hopper to fertilizer box having vertical roller discs with eight cells in each disc. The two depth control levers and separate seed hopper and seed metering mechanism/attachment with six vertical roller discs having 8 cells each was provided for small seeded crops. The performance evaluation of developed prototype was carried out under field condition for Bt. cotton and direct seeding of rice. The effective field capacity of machine for both crops was 0.50 ha h-1 and 0.45ha h-1 respectively at an average forward speed of 3 km h-1 with time lost in turning of prototype 35 sec/turn and the corresponding field efficiencies were 61 per cent and 83 per cent respectively. The field emergence (No. of plants /10m furrow length) observed in Bt. cotton planter was 12-21 plants (7days after planting), 18-30 plants (15 days after planting) and 20-28 plants (21days after planting) in Bt. cotton crop whereas field emergence of 125-140, 135-155 and 140-150 plants 7DAS, 15DAS and 21DAS was recorded in DSR crop. The distribution of plants in row and crop response at field indicated that mean plant spacing observed was 48 cm and 10 cm with a quality of feeding index 77 per cent and 78 per cent respectively for Bt. cotton and DSR crop. The missing index and multiplying index recorded in Bt. cotton were 15% and 8% respectively, while, 16% and 6 % in DSR crop. The precision in spacing observed was 6.3 percent and 7.08 per cent in Bt. cotton and DSR respectively. The average plant height recorded 21 DAS in Bt. cotton and DSR was 15 cm and 13 cm respectively. The cost of operation calculated for Bt. cotton and DSR crop was Rs ha-1 700 and Rs ha-1 777 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Mass transfer kinetics of aloe vera during osmo-convective dehydration(CCSHAU, 2012) Rushikesh; Garg, M. K.A study was undertaken on osmotic-convective and convective drying of aloe vera cubes to investigate mass transport process. Fresh aloe vera leaves were washed and cut into 15 × 15 × 15 mm cubes. These cubes were osmotically dehydrated in different concentration (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºBrix) and process temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC) with syrup to fruit ratio (3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1 and 7:1) for 4 h duration of osmosis. Central composite rotatable design was used to analyse osmotic dehydration process. The osmosed and unosmosed aloe vera cubes were dried in heat pump dryer at 30, 40, 50 ºC and tray dryer at 50, 60, 70 ºC drying air temperatures. The effect of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as duration of osmosis, sugar concentration and process temperature of syrup on mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain were studied. It was found that the mass reduction and water loss increased with increase of sugar concentration and process temperature while solid gain decreased with increase in sugar concentration and process temperature. It was found that osmosis as a pretreatment prior to convective air drying was able to decrease drying time. Drying curves were affected by the drying air temperature and osmotic dehydration as a pretreatment. Increase in the air temperature caused a decreased in the drying time. It was observed that drying rate increased with increase in drying temperature from 30°C (HPD) to 70°C (tray) and constant rate drying period was absent throughout the drying process of aloe vera cubes dried under all drying air temperatures. The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 1.37E-08 to 4.56E-08 m²/s and 9.11E-09 to 5.18E-08 m²/s during convective drying of unosmosed and osmosed aloe vera samples depending on the drying air temperature. The values of rehydration ratio of conventionally hot air dried sample were higher than the osmo-convective dried aloe vera samples. The osmo-convective dehydrated samples were found more acceptable than convective dried ones. Air temperature and pretreatment as osmotic dehydration had a significant effect on sensory evalution.ThesisItem Open Access Salt and water dynamics in soil under drip irrigation system on cole crop(CCSHAU, 2012) Sharma, Parmod; Sanjay Kumarleaching of excessive salts, selection of salt tolerant crops, frequent application of water etc. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the salt and water dynamics in soil under drip irrigation system on cabbage crop and to investigate the effect of frequency and salinity levels of irrigation water on cabbage. The residual moisture content in the root zone after 90 days of transplanting showed increasing trend with increasing level of salinity of irrigation water beyond ECiw 3 dS/m. Equal amount of water application coupled with information on residual moisture content in the rootzone suggested that cabbage plants utilized lesser amount of water with increasing level of salinity beyond ECiw 3.0 dS/m. In daily irrigation under saline water of ECiw 12 dS/m (F1S5), the ECe values after 90 days of transplantation increased by 206.4, 222.1, 244.4 and 264.1% on comparing with initial values in 0- 15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. In alternate day irrigation under saline water of 12 dS/m (F2S5), the ECe values after 90 days of transplantation increased by 279.2, 262.7, 270.1 and 280.2% on comparing with initial values in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm layers, respectively. In daily irrigation, harvesting was started early (60 days after transplanting) in canal water, saline water of ECiw 3 and 6 dS/m, whereas, in alternate day irrigation, it was in canal water and saline water of ECiw 3 dS/m. The date of first harvesting was also affected by the quality of irrigation water. Use of highly saline water (ECiw > 6 dS/m) resulted into delay of first harvesting by about 20 days as compared to the use of relatively good quality water suggesting that use of good quality and saline water in different parts of the fields may be effectively used to prolong the productive season of cabbage. In daily irrigation treatment, the relative yields obtained were 100.53, 90.75, 67.82, and 41.68 % in F1S2, F1S3, F1S4 and F1S5 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F1S1). In alternate day irrigation treatment, the relative yields obtained were 100.8, 86.16, 60.30 and 28.63 % in F2S2, F2S3, F2S4 and F2S5 treatments, respectively, as compared to the yield recorded in canal irrigation (F2S1). Higher yield of cabbage under daily irrigation as compared to alternate day irrigation for different levels of salinity of irrigation water suggested the importance of high frequency of irrigation for the use of saline water.