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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic compounds using green synthetic methods and their bioevaluation(CCSHAU, 2019) Suman; Rajvir SinghGreen chemistry is a sustainable approach to explain latest research topics and expresses an area of scientific discoveries about pollution awareness. Green chemistry is the future chemistry which is simple, efficient and benign in all steps of particular synthesis processes. Coumarins, chalcones, Pyrazoles and Imidazoles are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermediates for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their effective biological activities. For the preparation of these compounds and their derivatives, different organic solvents and reagents are being used which are quite hazardous to environment and human health due to their volatile and toxic nature. Since last few years attempts are being made for ecofriendly synthesis viz. biocatalysis and synthesis by using green catalyst. Biocatalyst is a magical intermediate which is helpful to overcome the negative environmental effects due to various hazardous and toxic chemicals used in synthetic pathways.Therefore an attempt has been made to synthesize above mentioned classes of compounds by using various green catalyst. Thesecompounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique viz.1HNMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. The green catalysts were examined by SEM. Synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal, herbicidal and antioxidant activities at four different concentrations. Compounds 12 and 10 were found more activeagainst the tested fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Aspergillus niger which have EC50values75.03 and 77.53μg/ml respectively. Compounds 11 and 60 were found more active against Raphanus sativus L. (root) and (shoot) exhibited growth inhibition 82.86, 91.66, 92.12, 97.05% and 43.81, 58.00, 67.01, 89.07% respectively at50, 100, 150, 200μg/ml all concentrations.Compound 84 was found most active with least IC50 36.30μg/ml and showed highest DPPH free radical scavenging capacity at 25, 50, 75, 100μg/ml.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on chemical constituents of Prosopis cineraria (L.) and interaction of phenolics with protein(CCSHAU, 2018) Suman; Rajvir SinghProsopis cineraria (L.) Druce is native species of Indian desert, mainly known as “King of Desert”. Its all parts have various parmaceutical and medicinal importance. Plant materials i.e. bark, flowers, leaves and pods of Prosopis cineraria were collected and extracted with hot methanol by refluxing method. The respective extractives were divided into two parts. One major part was subjected to column chromatography which affored a total twenty-two compounds. Bark column contained four compounds namely, 24- methylenecycloartan-3-one, Lupeol, 5,7,4‟-trihydroxy-3‟-methoxy flavanone and β- Sitosterol while six compunds namely, Hexacosane, Tetracosyl tetracosanoate, 1- triacontanol, Patuletin, Bis (cis-13-docosenamido) methane and β- Sitosterol from flowers of P.cineraria. leaves afforded eight compounds namely, 1- Heptacosanol, 1- Nonadecanol, Stigmasterol, nonacosane-15-one, 1- tetracosanoic acid, β- Sitosterol, 3-O-methoxy-D-Glucose and 13- docosenamide. Four compounds namely, 1-heptatricontanol, 3,8,8-trimethoxy-3-piperidyl- 2,2‟binaphthalene-1,1‟,4,4‟-tetrone, β- Sitosterol and Catechin were isolated from pods of Prosopis cineraria. Various phytochemical activities like total phenolic content, total flavonoids, mineral contents and phenolics interaction with protein were evaluated from methanolic extract and their fractions. Total phenolic contents were found to be maximum in methanol fraction of pods of Prosopis cineraria while acetone fraction of pods contained maximum total flavonoid content. P. cineraria possessed mineral content in trend of N> P> K> Fe> Cu> Zn> Mn. Acetone fraction of pods part was found to be maximum protein binding capacity at highest concentraction (10μg/μl). It was significantly showed that P. cineraria has nutritionl and digestible value of various fractions by stepwise increased in the percentage activity at different concentrations.ThesisItem Open Access Residue dynamics and leaching potential of chlorantraniliprole in chilli crop(CCSHAU, 2017) Suman; SushilThe main objective of this study was to understand the persistence behaviour of new novel insecticide chlorantraniliprole (coragen 18.5 SC) in chilli fruit and its leaching behaviour in sandy loam soil. Recovery experiments were carried out at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/g fortification level in both chilli and soil samples for which average recoveries were found to be 85.23% and 87.46% in chilli samples and 85.92% and 87.11% in soil samples respectively. For dissipation / persistence study a field experiment was conducted following application of single dose (30 g a.i./ha) and double dose (60 g a.i./ha) on chilli crop. The initial residues of CAP at single and double doses were 3.16 and 4.68 mg/kg. Residues persisted upto 7th and 15th day in single and double doses respectively, after which BDL (0.01 mg/kg) comes. For single dose half-life value was of 1.18 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.58 day -1. For double dose half-life was 2.05 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.33 day-1. Leaching behavior of CAP in soil was studied at single (5.6 μg) and double dose (11.2 μg) respectively, for which soil plexi columns were packed and percolated with 35 ml of tap water after each 24 hours. Total amount of CAP recovered out of 5.6 and 11.2 μg were 82.40% and 81.42% from single and double doses respectively. Maximum retention of pesticide in both doses was in 0-5 cm soil core i.e. 79.82% in single dose and 79.11% in double dose. None of the leachate fractions from both the treatments showed the presence of chlorantraniliprole residue considering it safe for ground water table after field application.ThesisItem Open Access Genotyping and phenotyping of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br.] hybrids and their parental lines(CCSHAU, 2017) Suman; Chhabra, A.K.Present study was carried out to characterize pearlmillet hybrids and their parental lines and resemblance between hybrids and their parents. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] was studied using 28 morpho-agronomic traits (15 qualitative and 13 quantitative) and 47 SSR markers. Significant mean sum of squares indicated sufficient variation in the lines. Correlation coefficient analysis during 2011-12 revealed that leaf sheath length, leaf blade length, leaf blade width, number of nodes/ plant, spike length, spike girth, number of productive tillers/ plant, plant height, 1000 seed weight, fresh fodder weight, dry fodder weight have positive and significant correlation with grain yield and during 2012-13, leaf sheath length, leaf blade length, number of nodes/ plant, spike girth, plant height, 1000 seed weight, fresh fodder weight and dry fodder weight have positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Resemblance between hybrids and their parents was higher at molecular level than morphological level. Genotyping with 14 polymorphic markers revealed that Xipcs is highly informative primer as it had highest PIC value (0.49) followed by Xpsmp 2089 (0.48).ThesisItem Open Access ARIMA, state space and mixed modeling for sugarcane yield prediction in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2017) Suman; Verma, UrmilForecasting of crop production is one of the most important aspects of agricultural statistics system. Crop production forecasting comprises crop identification, area estimation and predicting the yield of the crop. Understanding the behaviour of crop yields becomes increasingly important for modeling production functions, forecasting price movements and understanding the farmers’ responses to government programs. The statistical modeling approaches viz., ARIMA, state space and linear mixed modeling were used to achieve the district-level sugarcane yield estimation in major mustard growing districts of Haryana. The time-series sugarcane yield data for the period 1960-61 to 2009-10 of Karnal and Ambala districts, 1972-73 to 2009-10 of Kurukshetra district and 1980-81 to 2009-10 of Panipat and Yamunanagar districts were used for the development of different models. The selected models have been validated using the data on subsequent years i.e. 2010-11 to 2014-15, not included in the development of yield forecast models. After experimenting with different lags of moving average and autoregressive processes; ARIMA(0,1,1) for Karnal and Ambala districts and ARIMA(1,1,0) for Kurukshetra, Panipat and Yamunanagar districts were fitted. The underlying parameters of ARIMA models are assumed to be constant however the data in agriculture are generally collected over time and thus have the time-dependency in parameters. State space procedure giving time varying parameters models allow for known changes in the structure of the system over time. Thus, the same time series data were analyzed to achieve sugarcane yield estimates for the same five post-sample years using state space procedures by the application of Kalman filtering technique. Lastly, the linear mixed models with time both as fixed and random effects using different types of covariance structures viz., VC, AR(1) and Toeplitz were developed for sugarcane yield predition in the targeted districts. Finally, the performance of fitted models were decided on the basis of statistic(s) like AIC, BIC and log likelihood etc. Thus, the sugarcane yield estimates for the post-sample years 2010-11 to 2014-15 were obtained on the basis of fitted ARIMA, state space and linear mixed models. The predictive performance(s) of the contending models were observed in terms of percent deviations of sugarcane yield forecasts in relation to the observed yield(s) and root mean square error(s) as well. The state space models performed well with lower error metrics as compared to the alternative models in all time regimes i.e. these models consistently showed the superiority over ARIMA and linear mixed models in capturing percent relative deviations. In addition, the developed models are capable of providing the reliable yield estimates well in advance of the crop harvest while on the other hand, the DOA yield estimates are obtained quite late after the actual harvest of the crop.ThesisItem Open Access Performance Of Pinoxaden Alone And In Combination With Other Herbicides Against Weeds In Wheat(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2010) Suman; Punia, S SThesisItem Open Access Screening and characterization of Mesorhizobium ciceri isolates for antagonistic effect to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri(CCSHAU, 2010) Suman; Yadav, A.S.Screening and characterization of Mesorhizobium ciceri isolates for antagonistic effect to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri” was investigated on 207 isolates obtained from the nodules of chickpea plant. The growth of these 207 isolates was checked on YEMA Congo red medium. Out of 207 isolates, 117 were fast growing and 90 were slow growing rhizobia. These 207 isolates were screened for their anagonistic effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Out of 207 isolates, seven isolates were found to be antagonistic to F. oxysporum. Size of inhibition zone varied among the seven isolates from 5 mm to 15 mm. MC99 produced the largest inhibition zone. These seven isolates were further studied for antibiotic, siderophore, indole acetic acid (IAA) production and phosphate solubilization. None of the seven isolates was producing antibiotic. Out of these seven isolates, MC84, MC96, MC99 were producing siderophore and MC69, MC180, MC183 and MC190 were not producing siderophore. So, the mechanism of antagonism might be different in all these isolates. All the seven isolates were produing IAA, which varied among these isolates. The isolate MC99 was producing maximum indole acetic acid. None of the seven isolates was solubilizing tricalcium phosphate. In the present study, the isolate MC99 was found to be having maximum antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum, as it produced maximum zone of inhibition against this fungus. It had also the maximum amount of IAA and siderophore.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional evaluation and utilization of okara (Soybean milk residue) for developing probiotic fermented food products(2016) Suman; Khetarpaul, NeelamThe present study was carried out with the objectives to develop naturally and probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) fermented okara based food products, to evaluate sensory characteristics, nutrient composition and shelf life of developed products. The study revealed that soaking of soybean seeds significantly (P<0.05) increased the grain dimensions and diameters while decreased the sphericity.The water absorption and swelling capacity were significantly higher, whereas, oil absorption capacity and bulk density of okara were lower as compared to those of soybean. Okara had 24.79 g protein, 10.52 g fat and 19.83 g crude fibre per 100 g. The total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre contents of okara were 58.21, 11.57 and 46.64 g/100 g, respectively. Okara had lower phytic acid content and higher in vitro protein digestibility as compared to soybean. Okara contained good amount of minerals, higher mineral availability and antioxidant activity. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in pH with corresponding increase in titratable acidity occurred when okara slurries were fermented naturally and with L. acidophilus probiotic curd (108 cells/ml) for varying time periods as compared to raw okara. Microbial cell counts of okara increased with the increase in period of fermentation. The fat, crude fibre, total and insoluble dietary fibre and phytic acid contents of okara decreased significantly (p<0.05), whereas, soluble dietary fibre, availability of minerals, in vitro protein digestibility, total phenolic and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of okara improved significantly after natural and probiotic fermentation over unfermented raw okara control. Among the various naturally and probiotic fermented food products developed idli and dhokla prepared by incorporating 10% okara powder and wadi and rabadi containing 20% okara powder were found to be organoleptically most acceptable. Probiotic banana yoghurt containing 2.5 g okara powder had higher organoleptic scores than those containing 5 and 10 g okara powder. Naturally and probiotic fermented idlis containing 10 per cent okara powder had the lowest hardness. Hardness of both naturally and probiotic fermented dhokla increased whereas that of wadi decreased as the level of okara powder supplementation increased from 10 to 30 per cent. Microbial count of all the products increased at the end of fermentation. Supplementation of 10 per cent okara powder in idli and dhokla and 20 per cent okara powder in rabadi and wadi improved the protein, fat, crude fibre, dietary fibres, total minerals and antioxidant activity. On the other hand, in vitro protein digestibility and available mineral contents were significantly lower and phytic acid contents were higher in okara supplemented products than those of fermented products without okara. Fermented instant mix powders of idli, dhokla and rabadi were organoleptically acceptable when stored for three months. Lactobacilli counts of instant mix powders were within the minimum requirement limit for probiotic activity during storage.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cooking methods on nutritional quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties(CCSHAU, 2011) Suman; Boora, PinkyThe present study was conducted to analyze the physico-chemical properties of six varieties viz., Improved Pusa Basmati-I, Taraori Basmati (HBC 19) and CSR 30 of basmati; HKR 47, HKR 127 and IRBB 60 of coarse rice. The effects of ordinary, pressure, microwave and solar cooking methods were assessed for cooking characteristics, sensory attributes and nutritional composition of varieties. The study revealed that Taraori Basmati and Improved Pusa Basmati had significantly longer grains, higher l/b ratio, true density and porosity and coarse varieties had significantly more grain breadth, thickness, seed wt. and swelling capacity than other varieties. Moisture, crude protein, fat, ash and crude fibre contents in varieties ranged from 10.55 to 12.02, 6.94 to 8.53, 0.63 to 0.90, 0.47 to 0.63 and 0.45 to 0.54 g/100 g, respectively. The protein fractions albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin in varieties varied from 5.62 to 6.99, 12.9 to 16.0, 4.27 to 5.15 and 72.4 to 77.2 per cent, respectively. The starch, amylose, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars ranged from 74.48 to 79.05, 18.20 to 24.21, 2.35 to 2.87, 0.57 to 0.65 and 1.78 to 2.25 g/100 g, respectively. The in vitro protein and starch digestibility of varieties ranged from 60.9 to 75.7 and 44.83 to 50.03 per cent, respectively. Varieties differed significantly in total Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Zn contents and their values ranged from 14.85 to 16.65, 165.44 to 174.08, 46.91 to 52.24, 2.17 to 2.57 and 1.30 to 1.59 mg/100 g, respectively. The respective values of HCl extractability of minerals varied from 37.02 to 41.23, 49.28 to 56.6, 57.75 to 61.10, 53.81 to 62.93 and 23.45 to 26.46 per cent in varieties. Improved Pusa Basmati-I and Taraori Basmati had significantly higher elongation ratio, lower volume expansion ratio and water uptake ratio and higher mean scores for all sensory parameters. The cooking time was 16.3, 6.2, 14.0 and 48.9 minutes in ordinary, pressure, microwave and solar cooking methods, respectively. Among various methods, rice cooked in pressure cooker had higher elongation ratio, whereas, microwave cooked rice had less volume expansion ratio and better sensory attributes. After cooking, moisture increased significantly, whereas, crude protein, fat, ash and crude fibre contents decreased significantly under all cooking methods with values ranging from 7.30 to 7.55, 0.51 to 0.61, 0.44 to 0.48 and 0.43 to 0.45 g/100 g, respectively. After cooking, the glutelin fraction of protein increased while other fractions decreased significantly. Cooking by all methods increased the starch content (2.6 to 4.3%) and decreased total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing sugars but did not influenced the amylose content. The in vitro protein and starch digestibility upon cooking by all methods increased significantly and ranged from 81.87 to 86.60 and 90.60 to 92.14 per cent, respectively. The per cent decrease for total Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Zn ranged from 16.7 to 22.2, 24.7 to 29.2, 11.2 to 15.0, 23.2 to 31.2 and 12.5 to 15.3 but their HCl extractability increased by 19.0 to 24.1, 12.7 to 17.3, 13.1 to 17.8, 16.2 to 19.3 and 9.9 to 12.9 per cent upon cooking by various methods, respectively. All the cooking methods did not differ significantly in respect of ash, crude fibre, crude protein, starch, amylose, Ca, Mg and Zn contents, HCl extractability of Ca and Zn and starch digestibility.