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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and leaching behaviour of premix formulation of flubendiamide and buprofezin in soil(CCSHAU, 2018) Monika; Duhan, AnilIn Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the persistence behaviour and leaching potential of flubendiamide and buprofezin residues in sandy loam and clay loam soil. To study the persistence behaviour of flubendiamide and buprofezin at single and double dose, i.e., 210 and 420 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 90 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, flubendiamide and buprofezin was applied at 50 (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Residues of flubendiamide and buprofezin were estimated by HPLC coupled with Quadrupole Dalton Mass Detector (QDa) and GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column. For both insecticides limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics in case of both flubendiamide and buprofezin. Half-life of flubendiamide was found to be 25.1 and 26.6 days in clay loam soil and in case of sandy loam, 27.3 and 31.3 days at both the doses, respectively. For buprofezin, half-life was 12.4 and 12.6 days in clay loam and 19.1 and 20.2 days in sandy loam at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit after 45 days in case of flubendiamide for both the treatments however buprofezin residues reached below detectable limit after 60 days. Leaching experiment was carried out in laboratory under continuous flow conditions. The residues of flubendiamide and buprofezin were retained up to soil depth of 30-35 cm but maximum retention was found upto 15 cm in flubendiammide and upto 20 cm in buprofezin. There were no fractions of flubendiamide and buprofezin residues in leachate indicating about poor leaching potential of both insecticides.ThesisItem Open Access T.V. Viewing Behaviour of High School Students in Rural Areas-A Sociological Study(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Monika; Singh, RajThesisItem Open Access Cytogenetical studies in mungbean-ricebean hybrids(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1999) Monika; Singh, K.PThesisItem Open Access Effect of cutting management and phosphorus fertilization on forage yield, quality and seed yield of multicut oat (Avena sativa L.)(CCSHAU, 2017) Monika; Sheoran, R.S.The field experiment entitled “Effect of cutting management and phosphorus fertilization on forage yield, quality and seed yield of multicut oat (Avena sativa L.)” was conducted during the rabi season of 2016-17 at the Forage Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar with the objective to study the effect of cutting management and phosphorus fertilization on forage yield, seed production, quality and economics of different treatments for oat. Treatment combinations comprised of eight cutting management treatments i.e. C1 (Seed to Seed), C2 (Fodder at 50% flowering), C3 (Fodder 60 DAS- Seed), C4 (Fodder 70 DAS- Seed), C5 (Fodder at 80 DAS- Seed), C6 (Fodder 60 DAS- Fodder at 50% flowering), C7 (Fodder at 70 DAS- Fodder at 50% flowering), C8 (Fodder 80 DAS- Fodder at 50% flowering) and four levels of phosphorus i.e. control, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental field low in available nitrogen (161 kg N/ha, medium in available), phosphorus (12 kg/ha, medium in availibity), K (252 kg/ha, slightly alkaline in reaction having pH 7.8). The results indicated that the highest fodder and dry matter yield was obtained when only one cut of fodder was taken at 50% flowering stage and it was statistically at par for green fodder yield with treatment where first cut for fodder was taken at 80 DAS and second cut at 50% flowering stage. Harvesting of fodder at 80 DAS gave significantly higher forage yield and seed yield than the harvesting at 60 or 70 DAS. Contrary to this, the straw yield and biological yield were significantly higher in the treatment when the crop was raised purely for seed purpose. Under dual system, delay in first cut i.e. from 60 to 80 DAS resulted in a significant increase in fodder yield, seed yield, crude protein yield and net returns over the earlier cuttings. Every incremental dose of applied phosphorus resulted in a significant improvement in forage, seed and straw yield as well as the quality parameters and nutrient uptake over the lower doses. Harvesting of fodder at 50% flowering stage only gave the highest net returns and B: C ratio, whereas, under dual system, maximum net returns as well as B: C ratio was realized when first cut was taken at 80 DAS and then the crop was left for seed purpose. Application of 40 kg P2O5/ha also resulted in the higher forage and seed yield along with maximum net returns.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on development of instant rajmash and rice convenient mix(CCSHAU, 2017) Monika; Siddiqui, SaleemThe present investigation ―Studies on development of instant rajmash and rice convenient mix‖ was conducted with the objectives to develop instant rajmash - rice convenient mix and to study its shelf life. The instant rajmash was prepared from var. Chitra and instant rice was prepared from var. Basmati. The instant spice m ix was also prepared. For instantization of rajmash and rice, grains were soaked, cooked, frozen and then to ~ 5% moisture level either by cabinet dryer (40-45oC) or freeze dryer. The instant products were packed in LDPE and metalized polypropylene pouches, stored for three months at room temperature and analysed at monthly intervals for various physical characteristics, nutritional quality and sensory attributes. It was observed that grain hardness, rehydration ratio, volume expansion ration, moisture content and total protein decreased, while total sugars, non enzymatic browning, peroxide value and free fatty acids increased in reconstituted rajmash-rice with increase in storage period of convenient rajmash-rice mix. However, the reconstituted rajmash-rice prepared from stored convenient rajmash-rice mix did not show any detectable microbial growth. The overall acceptability scores of reconstituted rajmash-rice mix were lower for cabinet dried than freeze dried reconstituted rajmash-rice mix. The freeze dried convenient mix packed in metalized polypropylene was better than polypropylene bags. The convenient mix prepared by freeze drying can be reconstituted to sumptuous rice-rajmash by soaking in hot water for 10 min, while for cabinet dried convenient mix it took 15 minutes. However, the acceptability of reconstituted rajmash-rice was highly acceptable even when prepared from three months stored rice-rajmash convenient mix. The cost of production was recorded approximately Rs 29 for per 250 g pack of cabinet dried instant rajmash-rice mix and approximately Rs 38 for per 250 g pack of freeze dried instant rajmash-rice mix.ThesisItem Open Access Floral biology, mellitophily and pollination ecology of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.)(CCSHAU, 2007) Monika; Sihag, R.CAn abstract of the dissertation submitted to the Chudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Zoology. Medicinal and aromatic plants have become an important part of daily life world over despite significant progress in modern medical and pharmaceutical research (Singh and Somadey, 2005). Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) is worshiped for its role in maintaining general peace in the house. This is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants of the biosphere. The main chemical ingredients in this plant are eugenol, carvacrol, methyl eugenol and caryophyllene. The study was made on floral structure, floral phenology, mellitophily, pollination ecology and the role of different modes of pollination in seed yield of tulsi. For the study of flower structure freshly opened flowers were taken and studied under dissecting microscope and revealed the protandrous condition of the flower. Fourteen insect species were found to visit the blossoms of tulsi crop. Out of these, six species were the main pollinators i.e. Apis .dorsata, Apis .mellifera, Apis .florea, Mellisodes sp., Halictus sp., Nomia sp. On the basis of foraging rate, A .dorsata was found to be the fastest forager among the pollinators and Mellisodes sp. was the slowest .Abundance of insect visitors was maximum during peak flowering period. Among the hymenopterous insects, A .dorsata was most abundant followed by Nomia sp., Mellisodes sp., A .mellifera, Halictus sp. and then A .florea. Among all insect pollinators, A .dorsata remained active for longest duration followed by Mellisodes sp., Nomia sp., A .mellifera, Halictus sp. and A .florea, respectively. Bee activity followed the same pattern as temperature did; however, humidity followed a reverse trend. Pollinating efficiency of the pollinators derived on the basis of their abundance, foraging rate and activity duration revealed that A. dorsata was the most efficient pollinator of this crop. Differences in different pollination treatments (i.e. insect, open, wind and self-pollination) on different yield parameters (e.g. number of seed set per inflorescence, yield per plant and per plot, test weight of seeds and percent germination) were significant. Seed setting was found to be highest in insect pollination treatment (1045.66 seeds/inflorescence) followed by 565 seeds/inflorescence in open pollination. However, seed set was found to be very low in other two treatments i.e. wind pollination and self-pollination. Similar results were observed in case of yield per plant and yield per plot. Test weight and percent germination was found to be similar for the three pollination treatments i.e. for insect pollination, open pollination and wind pollination respectively but in case of selfpollination it was near about half of the former three due to deformed and under sized seeds in the latter treatment. Pollination experiments clearly revealed that tulsi flowers are highly benefited from insect visits .Its yield parameters showed that it is a cross-pollinated and entomophilous plant .In general, the yield in this plant is pollinator limited i.e. there is scarcity of pollinators to achieve the maximum goal as is evident by yield data in insect pollination treatment. The structure shape and fertility status of the flower clearly revealed that it has bee pollinated flowers and melittophily pollination syndrome existed in tulsi.ThesisItem Open Access Long term effect of sodic water irrigation, gypsum and FYM on soil properties and okra yield(CCSHAU, 2012) Monika; Sharma, S.K.A field study was conducted using the experimental unit of an ongoing long term experiment which has been in progress since 1994. The okra crop was irrigated with high RSC (11.5 me/L) sodic water having three levels of gypsum [(G0, G1 and G2) G0 control, G1=50% neutralization of RSC, G2=100% neutralization of RSC] as well as FYM [(F0, F1 and F2) (F0=Control, F1=10 tons/ha, F2=20 tons/ha)] in 2010-11 on a sandy loam Typic Ustochrept having 19.6 percent clay and 9.3 cmol kg-1 CEC in 0-30cm layer at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar. The days to 50% germination and days to appearance of 1st flower in 50% plants was hastened with the increased application of FYM and gypsum. The plant height, number of branches and number of fruits per plant and okra yield showed a significant increase with the application of FYM @ 10 (F1) and 20 (F2) tons ha-1 and gypsum @ 50% (G1) and 100% (G2) neutralization of RSC. The Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and Ca+Mg in okra plant were also significantly increased with the application of gypsum and FYM. The sodium concentration in okra plant showed the decreasing trend with the increase in application of FYM and gypsum. The increase in Na/K ratio of plant showed the declining trend with okra yield. The sodium concentration decreased but Ca+Mg concentration increased significantly both with gypsum and FYM. Adverse effect of residual alkalinity of irrigation water was quite prominent on physico-chemical and microbiological properties of soil. Infiltration rate as well as hydraulic conductivity were significantly increased with increase in gypsum level and decreased with increase in FYM level. But the bulk density decreased with FYM and gypsum. The pH and ESP of soil particularly in surface layer (0-15cm) which were very high under F0G0, lowered to normality with the use of FYM and gypsum as amendments. However, the CaCO3 and organic carbon concentration increased significantly with increasing levels of gypsum and FYM. The basal respiration ratio as well as microbial biomass carbon concentration showed a significant increase with the application of FYM and gypsum. The Alkaline phosphtase and dehydrogenease activity were also increased significantly with the increase in application of FYM and gypsum when compared with treatments without the use of FYM and gypsum as amendments.ThesisItem Open Access Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production(CCSHAU, 2012) Monika; Goyal, SnehWith the ever increasing demand for energy and the fast depleting petroleum resources, the interest in alternative fuels, especially liquid transportation fuels, has been steadily increasing all over the world .The ethanol is a superior automotive fuel as its molecule contains oxygen which allows almost complete combustion of the fuel by the engine, resulting in fewer emissions. Since ethanol is produced from plants that harness the power of the sun, ethanol is also considered a renewable fuel. Current production of bioethanol in India relies on molasses, but there has been considerable debate about its sustainability and hence there is greater interest in second generation fuels utilizing cheaper lignocellulosic materials as a feedstock for ethanol production. Among lignocelluloses, sugarcane bagasse has immense potential as a renewable substrate. Sugarcane bagasse does not compete with food crops and is also less expensive than conventional agricultural feedstocks. Non milled sugarcane bagasse procured from sugarcane mill, Meham (Rohtak) contained 31.7% cellulose, 23.7%, hemicellulose and 22.8% lignin. Treatment with 5% NaOH for 1 hour was found to be best treatment in terms of change in composition of substrate and time of pretreatment. There was 75.9% decrease in lignin content whereas 28.0% increase was observed in cellulose. Maximum ethanol production (3.1%) was observed when simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of 5% alkali pretreated milled bagasse was carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in buffered nutrient solution at substrate loading of 10% and enzyme loading 30FPU/g of the substrate.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of chilli hybrids for resistance against mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae)(CCSHAU, 2014) Monika; Gulati, RachnaStudies on the screening of fourteen chilli hybrids against Polyphagotarsonemus latus revealed wide difference in population of P. latus (2.53 to 6.28 mites per leaf), however, none of them was found immune to this pest. Among the hybrids, maximum population developed on hybrid 10/CHIhyb-7 (6.28 mites/leaf) followed by 5.70 mites/leaf on 10/CHIhyb-6; both were statistically comparable with each other but significantly higher than population recorded on other hybrids. Leaf wise, maximum population build up of P. latus was noticed on the top leaves (36.59 %) followed by middle (33.51 %) and bottom (29.89 %) chilli leaves. A peak in mite population was recorded in second fortnight of October (9.54 mites/ leaf), which afterwards showed a gradual decline in number. Hybrids 9/CHIhyb-4, 9/CHIhyb-10 and 9/CHIhyb-8 were marked the least susceptible hybrids; Kashi Anmol, 10/CHIhyb-3, 10/CHIhyb-5 and 10/CHIhyb-16 as slightly susceptible; 10/CHIhyb-2, 10/CHIhyb-9, 10/CHIhyb-10, 10/CHIhyb-11 and 10/CHIhyb-12 as moderately susceptible and 10/CHIhyb-6, 10/CHIhyb-7 as highly susceptible hybrids. A comparison of fertilizer treatments showed that farm yard manure @ 20t/ha was most effective, followed by vermicompost (5t/ha), poultry manure and neem cake (2t/ha) treatment as compared to NPK and control. P. latus population showed significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r = 0.73), morning (r= 0.70) and evening actual vapour pressure (r= 0.65). Feeding by mites leads to formation of feeding patches, bronzing of leaves, downward curling, stunted growth, and elongation of petiole of older leaves along with younger small sized curled leaves. Negative and highly significant correlation was recorded between mite incidence and fruit number, fruit length and yield. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total sugar and non reducing sugars of chilli leaves showed a significant decline with increase in P. latus infestation whereas, phenol and reducing sugars increased in mite damaged leaves .