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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Isolation, characterization and mitigation of biofilm formers for the shelf life extension of farm fresh produce(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Ekta; Anju KumariThe present study was conducted to isolate, screen and characterize biofilm forming microorganisms, to compare preservation methods for mitigation of biofilm formers and to evaluate the effect of biofilm retreating methods on the shelf life of farm fresh produce. Fresh farm produce samples (cabbage, spinach and carrot) were procured to isolate and screen biofilm former. Out of 76 isolates, twenty biofilm former based on their morphological characteristics were selected for further studies. E. coli MTCC249 and S. aureus MTCC133 were taken as control. Biofilm development was confirmed through qualitative tests like Congo red agar, test tube technique, tryptic soy broth test, microtitre plate assay, enzyme activity and scanning electron microscopy. Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characterization of four isolates (FM1, FM3, FM4 and FM6) forming firm biofilms on the surfaces of cabbage leaves was performed. By BLAST analysis and Seq match databases, four isolates were identified as Bacillus species with accession no. ON849074, ON849074, ON849077 and ON849075 of FM1, FM3, FM4 and FM6, respectively. To compare the various preservation methods for the mitigation of biofilm former, cabbage leaves were inoculated with isolated and standard cultures. These samples were subjected to a series of treatment applications with independent parameters at different levels like pH, UV light exposure, temperature, salt, peroxyacetic acid, lactic acid and Nisin, respectively. Several combination treatments were created using the Box Behnken, response surface methodology. The combined treatment settings were optimized based on microbial log reduction as the response. Shelf life studies of cabbage leaves evaluated the effect of treatments showing the maximum inhibition of biofilm formation till spoilage. Physico-chemical attributes viz. moisture, pH, acidity, total sugars, phenolics, carotenoids, pectin, colour and microbial load were studied. Overall, combining Nisin, salt, and UV treatments led to a significant reduction of biofilm former compared to independent treatments. In the future, more research might investigate the cutting-edge fields of predictive microbiology and mathematical modelling to combat biofilm former in the fresh produce industry.ThesisItem Open Access Sustainable integrated farming system in Haryana: Problems and prospect(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-03) Ekta; Malik, Joginder SinghThe study was conducted in Yamunanagar and Sirsa districts of Haryana state during the year 2018-19. These districts were purposively selected. Further, four villages from each district were selected, randomly. Further, 22 farmers were selected, randomly from each selected village. Thus, a total number of 176 respondents were interviewed for the present study. The information about respondents‟ socio-personnel traits, need and interest of farmers in adoption of IFS, feasible components of IFS in Haryana, farmer‟s perception regarding the impact of IFS in sustainable agriculture, problems and prospect of small and marginal farmers in different farming systems in Haryana were collected with the help of structured interview schedule. The study indicated that there were 63.07 per cent of respondents who had medium need and interest towards IFS. 31.82 per cent respondent‟s perceived high need and interest towards IFS. Whereas, only 5.11 per cent of the respondents perceived less need and interest towards IFS. In case of IFS components adopted by the respondents, all of the respondents had adopted field crop followed by dairy farming, forestry, horticulture and vegetables etc. Results pertaining to the perception of farmers regarding the impact of IFS in sustainable agriculture found that majority of respondent 51.70 per cent had medium level of perception towards IFS. The study conducted on constraints encountered by the respondents in adoption of IFS revealed that there were 47.73 % of respondents who believed to have medium problems regarding IFS such as Economical, technical, production, marketing and organizational problems. The overall results of IFS prospect perceived by the respondents showed that about 55.11 per cent of the respondents perceived medium to high level of IFS, hence the future of IFS is bright under these circumstances. The study further revealed that most of the respondents believed to have medium level of technical prospect (64.77%), economical prospect (66.48%), social prospect (52.27%) and ecological prospect (53.98%) regarding IFS. They also believed to have low level of entrepreneurial prospect (57.95%). IFS play an important role in reducing of the use of chemical fertilizers by improving the soil health naturally by increasing the soil nutrients, organic carbon and micro-organism in the soil.ThesisItem Open Access Livelihood status and social mobility among scheduled caste families in Hisar district(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-10) Ekta; Kaushik, SushmaThe present study was conducted purposively in Hisar district of Haryana state. Five villages having predominately large number (40%) of Scheduled Caste population as per census 2011 were randomly chosen. Forty SC families from each village were randomly selected to constitute a total sample size of 200 respondents Data regarding dependent and independent variables were collected with the help of pre tested interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency; percentage weighted mean score and Pearson‘s coefficient of correlation. Results revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to 35 – 50 year of age, belonged to Chamar caste, were male headed family, were married, having nuclear families with medium family size. Majority of respondents were labor, having monthly family income between Rs.10,001-25,000, were above poverty line and perceived them to be at lower income level. Majority of families used electricity as a source of lighting, cow dung/wood as source of cooking fuel and piped water at home as source of water for drinking. Majority had flush toilets. Selected families had high mean human assets, medium level of house characteristics, family assets and communication assets. However possession of land and livestock, transportation assets and financial assets scored low. Social mobility data indicated that the literacy rate increased significantly over three generation. Work engagement of both genders increased from first to second generation. Significant improvements in their status were perceived by SC respondents over last few years Regarding overall livelihood status, it was negatively and significantly associated with age, while positively and significantly associated with family income, education status and information source utilization. Family size, occupation of head of family, family income, family education status and information source utilization were positively and significantly associated with social mobility. Livelihood status was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with social mobility.ThesisItem Open Access Cashless economy: Buying practices of homemakers in Haryana state(CCSHAU, 2018) Ekta; Mehta, ManjuA cashless economy is one in which all transactions are done through plastic cards like credit, debit cards etc. The Government also wants a cashless society. It is beneficial in reducing corruption, reducing cost of printing currency, in reducing cost of cash holding. Electronic transactions history and trail can easily be traced back and this would greatly help the economy in eradication of black money and also provide better convenience to the people. The present study was conducted in two districts i.e. Hisar and Bhiwani of Haryana state with three objectives: (i) to assess the consumer buying practices through cashless economy, (ii) to compare the satisfaction level regarding cashless economy among working and non-working homemakers, (iii) to study constraints faced by consumers in cashless transaction. Two wards each were randomly selected from both district headquarter. In Hisar city ward 16 and ward 20 and in Bhiwani city ward 1 and ward 31 were randomly selected to conduct the study on cashless economy. From each selected wards 50 homemakers having their own bank account were selected purposively through snowball technique. So from each district headquarters 100 homemakers were selected in such a way that 50 were working and 50 were non- working homemakers. Thus, the total number of respondents were 200 homemakers. A presented interview schedule was developed according to the objectives of the study. The results show that maximum number of the respondents (62.0%) belonged to the 36-48 age group, all respondents were married, 98.0% respondents were having nuclear family, 82.0% respondents was medium family education status, 44.5% respondents had high socio economic status, 58.0% respondents had medium level of mass media exposure. All the respondents were buying milk & milk product daily, about one-third (32.5%) respondents were buying fruits and vegetables weekly, all respondents were paying for water and electricity services monthly, majority of respondents i.e. 93.5% buying footwear as per need. Majority of the respondents (90.0%) used cash for the household expenses like fruits & vegetables and both cash and cashless means were used by 77.5% respondents for telephone/ mobile. All the respondents had knowledge about cashless transaction. 98.5% of respondents believed that use of cashless transaction gives satisfaction, majority of the 76.22% respondents used Paytm app, mobile phone was used by 71.5% for cashless transaction, 49.5% respondents had two bank accounts, 48.0% homemakers possessed one credit and debit cards, cheque was used by 51.5% respondents for high value transaction. Advantage of cashless transaction perceived by respondents was ‘fast’, ‘convenient’ and ‘less stress ’secured (rank I WMS-2.88) and perceived disadvantages were ‘someone can steal card and use it’ secured (rank I WMS-2.72). Personal constraints faced by respondents were ‘overspending’ got rank I (WMS-1.86), technical constraints in term of ‘lack of technical knowledge/ Non-tech-savvy of users’ (rank I WMS-2.02), social constraints faced were in terms of ‘lack of trust’ (rank I WMS-1.73). In overall sample, 49.5% respondents had medium level of satisfaction.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical evaluation of drought resistance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2015) Ekta; Singal, H.R.The present study was carried out to evaluate drought induced changes in chickpea genotypes and their F3 progeny lines. The chickpea genotypes viz. drought sensitive (HC-1) and drought tolerant (ICC-4958 and RSG-931) were grown under both irrigated and drought conditions and the progeny lines of the crosses viz. HC-1×ICC-4958 and HC-1×RSG-931 were grown under drought condition created by withholding irrigation. The effect of drought stress was observed on oxidative stress, membrane integrity, antioxidative system, osmolytes accumulation and protein profile in relation to changes in plant water status in leaves and roots at 50% flowering and 50% podding stages. The water potential of leaves, osmotic potential and RWC of leaves and roots decreased in all the genotypes. However, the magnitude of reduction in RWC was more in drought sensitive genotype. Similarly, the reactive oxygen species (superoxide radicals and H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA content and LOX activity) increased in response to water deficit and the increase was more in both the tissues (leaves and roots) of sensitive genotype at both the stages (50% flowering and 50% podding). Drought stress resulted in increase in the activities of SOD, POX, GR in all the genotypes, but the increase was more in both the tolerant genotypes. Contrarily, reduction in CAT activity was observed in both the tissues at both the stages in all chickpea genotypes. Likewise, APX activity declined in leaves of both the drought tolerant genotypes only at 50% flowering stage, but in roots its activity increased at both stages. Ascorbic acid and glutathione content were found to be more in both the tissues of all the chickpea genotypes under water limiting condition, however, the percent increase was more in tolerant genotypes. Decline in osmotic potential in both the tissues may be due to accumulation of proline and total soluble sugars. Further, increase in pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity and decline in proline oxidase activity observed in leaves and roots of all the chickpea genotypes under stress condition is in agreement with higher proline levels. Decrease in protein content was observed in both the tissues. However, new protein bands appeared under drought stress in all genotypes as revealed by SDS-PAGE. Among the progeny lines of both the crosses, the lines I-6, I-7, I-14, I-16, R-2, R-9 and R- 10 showed better performance in terms of physiological and biochemical parameters as compared to their drought tolerant parent, under drought stress condition and hence, are the promising lines which may be used in plant breeding programmes aimed at developing drought resistant varieties.
