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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus levels on soil properties and yield of wheat in Aridisol and Inceptisol soils of Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Aarti; Sheoran, Hardeep SinghA screen house experiment entitled “Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus levels on soil properties and yield of wheat in Aridisol and Inceptisol soils of Haryana” was carried out during Rabi season 2022-2023 in Screen House, Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. A pot experiment was conducted using wheat (WH-1105) as test crop and a total of 16 treatments with four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha), each with and without VAM inoculation. The experiment was laid out in three factorial CRD design with three replications. In both light and heavy soils, among different levels of applied phosphorus, 60 kg/ha phosphorus application recorded highest value for grain yield (11.51g/pot), straw yield (13.08 g/pot), NPK uptake in grain (182.0, 65.7, 63.5 mg/pot, respectively), and straw (72.3, 28.7, 178.4 mg/pot, respectively), alkaline phosphatase activity (221.22 µg PNP/g soil/h) and dehydrogenase activity ( 68.55 µg TPF/g of soil/24 h). However, available N and K content in soil after wheat harvest showed a declining trend, while P concentration increased with increase in phosphorus levels. With VAM inoculation percent increase in grain yield (6.24), straw yield (4.42), N uptake in grain (12.22), and straw (15.86), P uptake in grain (14.90), and straw (19.00), K uptake in gran (12.39), and straw (10.39), alkaline phosphatase activity (8.01) and dehydrogenase activity (6.84) showed an increasing treand as compared to uninoculated. The combine application of phosphorus and VAM had more beneficial and significant effect over alone application of P or VAM in improving wheat yield and soil physico chemical and biological properties. VAM has significant effect in improving the availability of micronutrients (especially Zn and Fe), which have antagonistic effect with phosphorus. Soil chemical properties like pH, EC and soil organic carbon were not significantly affected by their combined application. However VAM, significantly improved the soil physico-chemical properties. The maximum value of grain and straw yield was recorded by application of P @60 kg/ha along with VAM inoculation (11.82g/pot), which was found to be at par with grain yield of applied P@45 kg/ha with VAM inoculation (11.74g/pot). Overall it can be concluded that heavy soils applied with 45 kg/ha phosphorus with VAM performed best in respect to yield and improving soil chemical and biological properties of soil.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of biochar and organic manures on soil properties and wheat yield(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Deepak Kumar; Chaudhary, KautilyaA field experiment entitled “Impact of biochar and organic manures on soil properties and wheat yield” was carried at research farm, Department of Soil Science, CCSHAU, Hisar Haryana. The location of experimental site was 29o16’N latitude and 75o7’E longitude in the North-West part of India. The objective of this study to evaluate the impact of biochar and organic manures in enhancing the yield of wheat and soil properties. The experiment was designed with seven treatments comprising of control + RDF, 10 t/ha FYM + RDF, 5 t/ha vermicompost + RDF, 2.5 t/ha biochar + RDF, 5 t/ha biochar + RDF, 10 t/ha biochar + RDF and absolute control with three replications in a randomized block design by keeping net plot size 2.0 m x 2.0 m and row spacing of 20 cm. The observations were noted for fifteen parameters pertaining to the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soil including yield attributes of wheat crop. The result showed that physical properties like moisture at -33 kPa and -1500 kPa (0-15cm) (4.5 cm h-1) and soil moisture at different intervals of times (14.45 and 8.54 %) was found maximum in treatment 10 t/ha biochar + RDF, while bulk density (1.38 mg m-3) was noted minimum in same treatment. In case of chemical properties of soil treatment 10 t/ha biochar + RDF reported maximum electrical conductivity (0.44 dSm-1), available NPK (126.50, 20.6, 380.4 kg ha-1), available micronutrients {Zn (1.91 mg kg-1), Cu (1.55 mg kg-1), Fe (10.75 mg kg-1) and Mn (3.80 mg kg-1)}, However maximum organic carbon recorded in treatment consisting 10 t/ha FYM + RDF and microbiological properties like microbial count (CFU/g soil) of bacteria 32.18 x 106 and actinomycetes (27.82 x 105), soil microbial activity of Dehydrogenase 119 ug TPF g-1 24 h-1, Urease (69.48 ug N g-1 soil h-1) and Alkaline phosphatase (208.95 ug PNP released g-1 soil h- 1) and microbial biomass carbon (808.77 mg kg-1) was found maximum in treatment 10 t/ha biochar + RDF, while minimum values were recorded in absolute control. The data recorded on yield attributes such as grain yield (5300 kg ha-1), straw yield (10675 kg ha-1), test weight (42.8 g) and harvest index (33.18 %) were found maximum in treatment 10 t/ha biochar + RDF. In economic analysis treatment 5 t/ha biochar + RDF was found practically more feasible with a net return (27825 Rs/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.36).ThesisItem Open Access Changes in soil properties under fruit tree species in semi-arid zone(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05-25) Gull, Ishrat; Sharma, Manoj KumarThe present study, entitled "Changes in soil properties under fruit tree species in semi-arid zone" was carried out in 2022-2023 at the experimental farm of the Department of Horticulture, CCSHAU, Hisar, with the objective to study the effect of fruit tree species on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from four fruit tree species and bare site (control) at four depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90 cm) to analyse different soil properties. Experiment was laid out in RBD design with four replications. Four fruit tree species namely Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Syzygium cuminii and Aegle marmelos were selected for the study. The results of the present investigation showed that nutrient levels were higher at the surface layer (0-15 cm) of soil and decreased with increasing depth. Soil pH and EC reduced significantly under jamun and guava orchards by 5.8% and 81.9%, respectively over control. Highest pH and EC was recorded in mango orchard. Jamun orchard recorded highest OC, N, total N, S and DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn while the available P, K, total P, K, DTPA extractable Cu were found to be highest in bael orchard. Soils under bael orchard recorded the highest total Fe, Mn and Cu content while as total Zn was found to be highest in soils under guava orchard. MBC and dehydrogenase activity increased by 43.8% and 71.8% in jamun, 41.4% and 59.3% in bael, 39.6% and 54.6% in guava and 33.5% and 53.1% in mango over control. Highest percent increase in alkaline phosphatase and urease activity was by jamun (45.8% and 40.3%), followed by bael (38.3% and 39%) and lowest in control. Highest bulk density and penetration resistance was observed in mango orchard and lowest in jamun orchard. Highest water holding capacity was recorded in jamun (40.6%), followed by bael (38.8%), guava (38.5%) and mango (36.3%).ThesisItem Open Access Impact of nutrient management practices on soil organic carbon fractions under cereal based cropping systems(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Priyanka; Dhram PrakashAn on-going field experiment started in Kharif 2020 at Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar (India) was selected for present study. The soil samples were collected after harvest of moong in the month of July, 2022. Irrespective of the nutrient management practices, soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions i.e. SOC (7.3 mg kg-1), hot water soluble C (HWSC: 209.25 mg kg-1), dissolved OC (DOC: 41.85 mg kg-1), total OC (TOC: 8.5 mg kg-1), microbial biomass C (MBC: 395.42 mg kg-1), MB nitrogen (MBN: 41.45 mg kg-1), available N, P, K and micronutrients were higher in soils under maize-potato-moong cropping system. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and available S were higher in soils under pearl millet-wheat cropping system. Soil pH and less labile C were highest in soils under maize-potato cropping system. Plots under pearl millet-chickpea cropping system exhibited significantly higher very labile C, labile C and recalcitrant C content. The results showed that application of organic nutrient source (FYM) + residue retention (RR) relatively reduced soil pH (7.86) as compared to inorganic sources applied alone or in combination with RR and, a reverse trend was obtained for soil EC. Significantly higher soil EC (0.40 dSm-1), HWSC (254.16 mg kg-1), DOC (50.84 mg kg-1), SOC (7.5 mg kg-1), TOC (8.9 mg kg-1), MBC(448.91 mg kg-1) and available Fe (20.50 mg kg-1), Mn (9.70 mg kg-1), Cu (1.35 mg kg-1) and Zn (1.83 mg kg-1) were found under treatment received organic nutrient source + RR over the other nutrient management practices. Combined use of inorganic nutrient sources and RR showed higher availability of P (20.97 kg ha-1) and K(426.00 kg ha-1) followed by sole application of inorganic nutrient sources (available P: 19.96 and available K: 417.7 kg ha-1). Application of inorganic nutrient sources coupled with RR showed beneficial impacts on availability of N (173.25 kg ha-1) and MBN (46.70 mg kg-1) as compared to sole application of organic nutrient source. Application of organic or inorganic nutrient sources along with RR helped to improve soil physico-chemical and microbial properties. Inclusion of nitrogen fixing legume i.e. moong has enhanced the soil OC fractions and improved nutrient availability. Therefore, nutrient management practices and choice of crops under intensive cropping systems could lead to improve the soil health.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of sulphur application and planting methods on soil properties and quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Saini, Manoj; Mukesh Kumar JatDuring the kharif season of 2022, a study titled " Effect of sulphur application and planting methods on soil properties and quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)" was conducted at CCS HAU, Regional Research Station in Bawal. The study employed a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatments included three levels of sulphur application (0, 25, and 50 kg S ha-1) and three planting methods: flat bed, flat bed with earthing up, and ridge-furrow method with basal application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) at a rate of 15:50:25 kg ha-1 (N: P2O5:K2O). The findings indicated a significant increase in plant height, number of nodules, and their fresh weight when sulphur was applied and different planting methods were practiced. Groundnut pod plant-1, as well as pod and stover yield, exhibited an increase when sulphur application was increased and the ridge-furrow planting method was employed, compared to the control. The application of sulphur up to 50 kg S ha-1 and the utilization of the ridge-furrow planting method led to a significant increase in quality parameters such as protein content, shelling percentage, and oil content (excluding oil content in this case). N, P, K and S content in seed and stover was significantly increased with the application of sulphur and in ridge-furrow method. Uptake of macro nutrients in seed and stover significantly increased with the application of sulphur and up to 50 kg S ha-1 and ridge-furrow planting method respectively. Soil properties like pH, EC and organic carbon reported no significant changes with the levels of sulphur and planting methods. Available N, P, K, S and micronutrients of soil after crop harvest increased significantly with the sulphur application. The availability of particular nutrients significantly increased by its application, therefore availability of S significantly increased with sulphur application. Overall soil fertility was also found to be improved due to the application of sulphur and different planting methods in groundnut. Economic analysis was done to found the economic feasibility of the treatments and the higher net monetary returns Rs. 90873 ha-1 with B:C ratio (2.22) under the treatment combination S50 + ridge- furrow and this treatment looks more remunerative. It was concluded from the experiment that higher groundnut yield was harvested with better quality and more net return when sulphur was applied @ 50 kg S ha-1 and in ridge-furrow planting method respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen management in wheat for increasing yield and its use efficiency(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Gulshan; Rajpaul YadavStudy on “Nitrogen management in wheat for increasing yield and its use efficiency” was conducted at research farm, Department of Soil Science, CCSHAU, Hisar Haryana. The location of experimental site was 29o16‟N latitude and 75o7‟E longitude in the North-West part of India. The objective of this study to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen management practices in wheat for enhancing yield and nitrogen use efficiency. The experiment was designed with seven treatments comprising of control, recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), 125% of recommended dose of nitrogen, soil test based nitrogen management, STCR based nitrogen management, 100 kg urea ha-1+LCC based nitrogen application at 2nd irrigation and LCC based nitrogen application at 1st and 2nd irrigation with three replications in a randomized block design. The highest grain yield (3600 kg ha-1) was obtained when 187.5 kg N ha-1 was applied in 125% RDN based treatment. However, the grain yield obtained in LCC-based treatment was statistically at par with RDN and soil test based treatment. Consequently the N, P and K content and uptake was higher in 125% RDN and STCR based nitrogen management practices. The chlorophyll content and gluten content was also significantly high in STCR treatment. The chemical properties of soil-pH, EC, OC and available P didn‟t differ significantly among different nitrogen management practices after harvest while available K was highest in soil sample of every treatment after harvest except control in comparison to their amount before sowing of the crop. The available nitrogen increased up to 40 DAS in all treatments except control while in 125% RDN it increased up to 70 DAS and then started declining progressively in all management practices. After harvest of the crop the available nitrogen was significantly higher in STCR-based treatment while available K was significantly higher in both LCC-based treatments. The urease enzyme activity had followed the same trend as was followed by available nitrogen during different crop growth stages. Initially, it increased with the supply of urea up to 70 DAS except for control and afterward, it started declining progressively in all treatments. However, the significantly highest urease activity in soil sample after harvest was recorded in STCR-based treatment, and on the other hand LCC based treatment was at par with RDN-based treatment in terms of urease activity after harvest. The consumption of only 104 kg N ha-1 in LCC-based treatment without sacrificing yield over RDN resulted in its higher agronomic and recovery efficiency. As per economic analysis, it was found that the STCR-based treatment incurred a higher cost of cultivation while higher gross returns and benefit cost ratio was obtained in 125% RDN-based management of nitrogen. However, nitrogen management with the help of LCC proved an economically viable option over application of a recommended dose of nitrogen.ThesisItem Open Access Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil amended with different sources of organic manures(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Baruah, Rupsikha; Usha KumariAn experiment on “Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil amended with different sources of organic manures” was carried out at Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar. Organic manures selected for this purpose were pressmud, vermicompost, poultry manure, FYM, mustard oil cake, and inorganic fertilizer (urea). The various parameters were studied at different time intervals from 0, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days in a three-month incubation study. The carbon mineralization was found to increase with proceeding incubation time, reaching its peak at 90 days. The mean value of CO2 evolution irrespective of incubation days was found highest (94.69 mg CO2/100g soil) in poultry manure amended soil (T4). During mineralization, very labile fraction of carbon decreased from 0.182% at zero day to 0.096% at 30th day, and then increased to 0.117% at 90th day. The labile carbon fraction increase throughout the incubation period. While less labile and recalcitrant carbon fraction showed a decreasing trend from 0.284% - 0.064% and 0.097% - 0.033%, respectively. Among the various treatments, highest active pool of carbon was found in FYM amended soil. The ammonical-N content showed an increasing trend initially and then decreased, while the nitrate - N content and total mineral- N increased significantly throughout the incubation period, however, the rate of N mineralization was found highest between 0 to 7 days. Among different treatments, total mineral N content at 90 days was highest in T6 followed by T7. During the incubation period, the organic nitrogen fractions, THN, hydrolysable ammonia-N, amino acid - N, amino sugar - N, HUN showed a declining trend, whereas an increasing trend was observed in the NHN fraction which is due to conversion of passive pool fractions to active pool and thus ultimately in to mineral nitrogen. The initial THN, amino sugar - N and amino acid - N fraction was found highest in T7 (MOC amended treatment), while hydrolysable ammonia - N, HUN and NHN was found highest in T6 (urea amended treatment).ThesisItem Open Access Characterization, classification and mapping of soils of Charkhi Dadri district in Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Golui, Krisanu; DineshA systematic investigation on “Characterization, classification and mapping of soils of Charkhi Dadri district in Haryana” was carried out. For this 140 geo-referenced surface (0-15 cm) soil samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for mapping fertility parameters using ArcGIS v 10.5, and five representative pedons were excavated to classify the soils according to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 2006). Soil texture which affects soil hydraulic properties and soil strength varied from sand to sandy loam with majority (46.43 per cent) of the area under sand. About 72 per cent of the total area of the district shows pH between 7.5 to 8.5 whereas 93 per cent was found in electrical conductivity (EC) range <0.8 dS m-1. Calcium carbonate varied from traces to more than 10 per cent. Spatial distribution maps indicate that 100 per cent of the area was under low N category whereas 75.71 per cent was low in organic carbon (OC). The available phosphorus and potassium were under medium category in 80.00 and 81.43 per cent area of Charkhi Dadri district, respectively. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) varied from 2.21 to 14.39 cmol(p+) kg-1 and was positively correlated with clay and OC. Calcium was dominant cation on exchange complexes. All the studied pedons showed a decreasing trend in value and chroma with depth resulted from lower organic matter and presence of CaCO3 except pedon 1 that had less profile development. The texture of the pedons varied from sand to sandy loam in surface and sandy to loam in deeper layers. Soil structure was predominantly sub angular blocky except surface layers of pedon 1 having single grained structure. The consistence varied from non-sticky to sticky and non-plastic to plastic. Bulk density of studied pedons varied from 1.18 to 1.55 Mg m-3. Infiltration rate was observed to be high and varied from 8.02 to 14.50 cm hr-1. These soils were slightly alkaline to highly alkaline in reaction (7.31 to 8.87), non-saline to highly saline (0.07 to 3.85 ds m-1), non-sodic (ESP <15%) except B1 horizon of pedon 4 having ESP 16.56 %. Calcium carbonate was found down the depth in all pedons except pedon 1. CEC of the soils varied from 3.17 to 13.35 cmol(p+) kg-1. Calcium were the dominant cations on the exchange complex followed by Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium. The soils were low to medium in organic carbon (0.07 to 0.57 per cent) and low in available nitrogen (21.95 to 195.65 kg ha-1) in different horizons and decreasing trend was noticed with depth. Soils were low to medium and low to high in available phosphorus and potassium, respectively. The DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn varied from 0.15 to 0.66, 1.03 to 3.40, 0.14 to 2.70 and 3.88 to 10.28 mg kg-1, respectively. Depending upon variation in particle size distribution and mineral constituents, these soils were classified as sandy to fine loamy family and mixed mineral class, respectively. Considering the presence of ustic soil moisture regime, hyperthermic temperature regime and degree of profile development, the soils were classified into Typic Ustipsamments (pedon 1), Typic Ustorthents (pedon 2) and Typic Haplustepts (pedon 3,4 and 5).ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and classification of soils under organic cultivation at Deen Dayal Upadhyay Centre of excellence for organic farming, CCSHAU, Hisar(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Ankit Singh; NarenderThe study was carried out at Deen Dayal Upadhyay Centre of Excellence for Organic Farming (DDUCE-OF), CCSHAU, Hisar to characterize and classify soils under organic cultivation. A detailed soil survey was done in which 89 surface and subsurface soil samples were collected with GPS coordinates and analysed in laboratory for physico-chemical and microbial properties. Seven pedons were also excavated and their morphological and physico-chemical properties were studied and classified. The result of surface and subsurface samples revealed that the texture ranged from sandy loam to loam and Bulk density ranged from 1.42 to 1.58 Mg m-3. The pH of organic farm was neutral to alkaline in nature and EC was non saline to saline in surface soils. However, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and available P were medium to high in surface and low to medium in subsurface soils whereas available N, K and S were low, medium to high and very high respectively in all the samples. TC, TOC and CEC decreased whereas TIC and CaCO3 increased with depth. Available Zn was deficient to sufficient in both surface and subsurface soils whereas available Mn, Fe and Cu were sufficient. MBC, Dehydrogenase activity and Phosphatase activity ranged from 190.02 to 462.74 mg kg-1, 44.93 to 110.73 μg TPF/g soil/24 h and 117.39 to 252.73 μg PNP/g soil/h respectively. Soil Fertility maps were prepared using Arc GIS vs 10.5. The colour of all the studied pedons was yellowish brown with dominant hue of 10YR and values varied from 3 to 5, whereas chroma varied from 2 to 4. Particle size analysis revealed that sand constitutes the major proportion of the mechanical fraction. The structure of the studied pedons were weak to moderate, medium and sub angular blocky whereas consistency ranged from sticky plastic to slightly sticky slightly plastic. Bulk density, Infiltration rate and Penetration resistance ranged from 1.36 to 1.44 Mg m-3, 1.22 to 1.43 cm hr-1 and 2.47 to 3.03 MPa respectively. In general, the soils were neutral to strongly alkaline (7.49 to 10.37) in nature, non saline, calcareous (0.43 to 11.49 %). In all the pedons, cations followed the following order: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+. CEC, ESP and BSP ranged from 6.93 to 15.85 cmol (p+) kg-1, 11.35 to 19.46 % and 91.20 to 98.66 % respectively. The amount of organic carbon was low to medium (0.05 to 0.55 %). Soils of all the pedon were low in N (28.22 - 148.18 kg ha-1), low to medium in P (4.98 - 15.93 kg ha-1) and low to high in K (63.84 to 459.20 kg ha-1). The DTPA-extractable Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe content of pedons ranged from 0.02 to 5.08 mg kg-1, 4.06 to 12.73 mg kg-1, 0.72 to 1.40 mg kg-1 and 3.59 to 23.14 mg kg-1 respectively. According to Soil Taxonomy, soils were classified under Inceptisols order as Fine to Coarse loamy, Mixed, Calcareous, Hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts. According to Land Capability Classification, the soils were classified under LCC class I (pedon 1, 2, 6 and 7) whereas pedon 3 was putted under LCC class IIs and pedon 4 and 5 were classified as LCC class IIIes. Soils were found to be highly suitable (S1) for Wheat, Sugarcane, Paddy, Oilseeds, Forestry and Horticulture but for Maize crop the soils were found to be moderately suitable (S2) according to Soil Suitability Criteria for different crops. According to Soil Irrigability classification, all the pedons were highly suitable (S1) for irrigation except pedon 4 and 5 (S1d) which had slight limitation of soil drainage.
