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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of garlic (Allium sativum) stalk cutter machine(CCSHAU, 2019) Charan Singh; Garg, M.K.Garlic (Allium sativum) is a bulbous plant and perennial plant of amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceous). De-topping or cutting stalk is the primary unit operation for making the product marketable. Most of the de-topping is being done manually which not only time-consuming also adds cost. So in order to make the unit operation cost-effective and efficient a garlic stalk cutter machine was designed, developed and its performance was studied. In this study effect of operational parameters i.e. moisture content (14, 21, 28, 35, 42) % and feed rate (no of stalk-2, 3, 4, 5, 6) on dependent parameters such as capacity (kg/h), grading efficiency (%), bulb damaged (%), bulb dropped (%), plant spilled (%) and uncut stalk (%) were studied within the experimental region. Garlic variety GS17 was used during experiment. After complete evaluation and analysis of all attributes it was found that the best result was at a moisture content of 28% and feed rate of 4 stalks which resulted in a capacity of 177.62 kg/h with a grading efficiency of 91.4% and damaged bulb , bulb dropped , plant spilled , uncut stalk to be 2.63%, 2.30%, 1.32%, 3.68% respectively. After the optimization of parameters of the machine using RSM the result was found that on using feed rate 3.79 stalks at a time and moisture content of 29.012% resulted the capacity of machine and grading efficiency i.e. 174.2 kg/h., 90.87% respectively and the bulb damage, bulb dropped, plant spilled, uncut stalk i.e. 2.56%, 2.17%, 1.25%, 3.47% respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Process Development for Microwave Assisted Extraction of Glycyrrihizic acid from Mulhatti(CCSHAU, 2019) Ravi Kumar; Garg, M.KIn the present study, extraction of Glycyrrihizic acid from Mulhatti root powder was carried out using modified microwave system, rotary evaporator and HPLC unit. The effect of operational parameters i.e. microwave power (300, 325, 350, 375 and 400 W), extraction time (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 min.) and by changing the different solvents for extraction (methanol and ethanol), powder size (0.80, 0.30, 0.15 mm) on extraction yield and GA were studied. Fixed ratio samples (1:10) i.e. mulhatti root powder, solvent was used during the experiment conducted. The amount of extracts of mulhatti roots was evaluated by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with C18 column with a mobile phase consisting ethanol: water 70:30(v/v). Extraction of GA% using ethanol varied from 2.139% to 2.186% of mulhatti powder while from 0.285% to 0.307% using methanol as solvent. Further study was carried out using ethanol as solvent. Extraction yield of GA was 2.951% as maximum and minimum GA 0.2741% using different sizes (0.80, 0.30, 0.15 mm) of mulhatti powder. The optimized values of process parameters for maximum extraction yield% (24.54) and GA% (2.164) were microwave power 350 (W) and extraction time 4 min within the experimental region.ThesisItem Open Access Detection of insect infestation level in wheat by using sensors(CCSHAU, 2019) Patel, Rihan Mainuddin; Garg, M.K.A study was undertaken to develop an appropriate mathematical model for prediction of infestation level in stored wheat. Three different moisture content levels of 10, 12 and 14% were used for each treatment with insect density of 0, 10 and 20 insects/kg for an interval of two months storage. The quality of stored wheat was compared based on qualitative analysis of stored wheat i.e. moisture content, thousand kernel weight, germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-1, vigour index-2, sedimentation value, wet gluten and dry gluten of all treatments. The results were compared on the basis of moisture content, insect density and storage duration. The changes in quality parameters with respect to storage duration showed significant difference among thousand kernel weight, germination percentage seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-2, wet gluten and sedimentation value whereas changes in vigour index-1 dry gluten, thousand kernel weight were insignificant. The changes in moisture content showed significant difference in thousand kernel weight, seedling dry weight, vigour index-1, vigour index-2, wet gluten, dry gluten and sedimentation value whereas the germination percentage and seedling length remained almost constant. The effect of insect density on quality parameters showed some insignificant changes intermsof moisture content, thousand kernel weight, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-1, vigour index-2 and dry gluten whereas the germination percentage, wet gluten and sedimentation value remained almost constant. The temperature based regression model gave maximum value of coefficient of determination (R2), which was 80.03% while the temperature based ANN model gave maximum value of coefficient of correlation, which was 59.02%. The RH based model was best fitted and was used for the prediction of infestation level in stored wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of microwave heating on extraction of essential oil from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)(CCSHAU, 2018) Sachin; V.K SinghIn the present study, extraction of essential oil from turmeric rhizome powder was carried out using modified microwave distillation system and rotary evaporator unit. In this study effect of operational parameters i.e. microwave power (200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 W) and extraction time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min.) on physical properties (oil yield, specific gravity, refractive index and color) and chemical properties (acid value, iodine value and saponification value) of essential oil were studied within the experimental region. Fixed ratio samples (1:1:1) i.e. turmeric powder, solvent and distilled water was used during the experiment conducted. Essential oil yield using hexane varied from 1.895% to 4.973% while from 0.180% to 1.226% using petroleum ether solvents. Quality parameters varied i.e. specific gravity from 0.910 to 0.923, refractive index from1.478 to 1.506, color values for oil ranges L* from 70.60 to 98.60, a* from –25.60 to 15.1 and b* from 82.1 to 88.5, acid value from 3.5 to 6.3, iodine value from 38.72 to 41.53 and saponification value from 14.27 to 16.59. Optimum values of process parameters for maximum oil recovery (4.973 %) and best quality of oil (specific gravity: 0.915; refractive index: 1.485; acid value: 4.5 %; iodine value: 39.37 %; saponification value: 14.86) was found at microwave power 300 W and extraction time 20 min.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of ohmic heating on oil recovery from rice bran(CCSHAU, 2018) Ashwini S.C.; Garg, M.K.This study describes a new technological method for rice bran oil extraction. The method deals with the combined effect of ohmic heating and enzyme assisted aqueous oil extraction process (EAEP) on improvement of oil recovery from Rice bran. The experimental procedure consisted of following fundamental steps, i.e., wet grinding, enzymatic treatment, ohmic heating, aqueous extraction and centrifugation. The effect of ohmic heating parameters particularly electric field strength (EFS), end point temperature (EPT) and holding time (HT) on aqueous oil extraction procedure were investigated. Three levels of electric field strength (i.e., OH450V, OH550V and OH650V), three levels of end point temperature (i.e., 75, 85 and 95 °C) and three levels of holding time (i.e., 0, 5 and 10 min.) were taken as independent variables utilizing full factorial design. Percentage oil recovery from rice bran by EAEP alone and EAEP combined with ohmic heating had been 71 % and 73.59 % to 82 % respectively. The maximum oil recovery (82 %) was acquired when the sample was heated and maintained at 95 °C the usage of electric field strength of OH650V for a holding time of 10 min. The free fatty acid (FFA) of the extracted oil (i.e. in range of 1.89 to 2.24 %) was within the adequate limit of 3 % (oleic acid) and 0.5–3 % recommended respectively with the aid of PFA and BIS.ThesisItem Open Access Energy use pattern of pearl millet production and processing(CCSHAU, 2017) Kargwal, Raveena; YadvikaThe aim of this study was to examine the energy input and output for pearl millet production and processing in HAU farm, selected villages of Hisar and Mahendergarh district of Haryana. Farmers with small, marginal and large land holdings were selected. The centre of excellence, pearl millet, HAU Hisar selected for studying processing of pearl millet of pearl millet. The data were collected through a questionnaire by face to face interviews. The amount of energy consumed in preparatory tillage, sowing, interculture, fertilizer, irrigation, pesticide, harvesting, threshing and transportation were calculated for pearl millet cultivation. The energy inputs in human labour, animal energy, machinery, fuel/diesel, fertilizer, pesticide and seed energy were taken into consideration to determine the amount of energy that was used in pearl millet cultivation. The average energy input of small marginal and large farmers of rainfed region was 4439.33MJ/ha, 4954.94MJ/ha and 5546.98MJ/ha, respectively while in irrigated region was 2824.87MJ/ha 3162.76MJ/ha and 4024.52MJ/ha, respectively. The total energy of HAU farm was estimated to be 4799.41MJ/ha. The average energy input-output ratio were found to be 7.08 in rainfed region, 6.12 in HAU farm and 10.97 in irrigated region.The two sources of energy consumed during processing of pearl millet were manual(8%) and electrical energy(92%).as electrical and human energy. The value of Σαi came out to be more than one in case of rainfed, irrigated region and HAU farm which means increasing return to scale or benefit to the farmers using Cobb-Douglas.ThesisItem Open Access Spent mushroom substrate utilization using different portable technologies(CCSHAU, 2016) Sandeep Kumar; YadvikaIn present scenario, portable technologies are becoming popular because of their fabrication, installation, transportation and less space requirement. These are effective and efficient in terms of technology and cost. Mushroom industry is generating about 1-2 million tons per ton of mushroom harvested. Hence, the disposal of spent mushroom substrate is becoming a challenge for the mushroom growers. In the present study, three portable technologies i.e. Portable biogas plant, vermibed and biomass geyser were selected. Utilization of spent mushroom substrate was done using these portable technologies. Also one portable earthworm separator machine was developed during the course of this study. SMS was added as additive (2%) in 2 m3 portable biogas plant on alternative days for 4 months i.e. Jan-April. The average daily temperature varied between 18-40°C. Biogas production in control and SMS based biogas plants varied between 600 to 1214 litres and 726 to 1438 litres, respectively. The methane percentage was 55% in control and 60% in SMS based biogas plant. The benefit cost ratio of biogas plant came out to be around 1.5 and payback period was 3.62 years. Two portable vermibeds were fed with cattle dung and SMS in 2:1 and 4:1 ratio for compost preparation. The vermicompost was prepared in 70 days. N, P, K content of 2:1 based vermicompost were 0.16, 0.57 and 0.19% and 4:1 based vermicompost were 1.90, 0.57 and 1.54%. 4:1 based vermicompost was found to be better as compared to 2:1. The benefit cost ratio of vermibed was found to be around 4 and payback period was 3 months. The separation of vermicompost and earthworm was done using developed portable earthworm separator. It took 1 min to separate 2 kg of vermicompost. The separations efficiency was around 90%. The cost of this developed machine was Rs. 5000. Portable biomass geyser was operated on a mixture of cattle dung and SMS (5:1) for heating water. The cost of heating 100 litres of H2O came out to be Rs. 54 in case of electric geyser and Rs. 32 in case of biomass geyser. It can be concluded from the present study that SMS has proved to be a suitable additive along with cattle dung in portable technologies viz. Biogas plant, Vermibed and Biomass geyser. Hence, this waste can be disposed off in an eco friendly and more energy efficient manner using farmer friendly portable technologies.ThesisItem Open Access Mass transfer kinetics of aloe vera during osmo-convective dehydration(CCSHAU, 2012) Rushikesh; Garg, M. K.A study was undertaken on osmotic-convective and convective drying of aloe vera cubes to investigate mass transport process. Fresh aloe vera leaves were washed and cut into 15 × 15 × 15 mm cubes. These cubes were osmotically dehydrated in different concentration (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºBrix) and process temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC) with syrup to fruit ratio (3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1 and 7:1) for 4 h duration of osmosis. Central composite rotatable design was used to analyse osmotic dehydration process. The osmosed and unosmosed aloe vera cubes were dried in heat pump dryer at 30, 40, 50 ºC and tray dryer at 50, 60, 70 ºC drying air temperatures. The effect of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as duration of osmosis, sugar concentration and process temperature of syrup on mass reduction, water loss and sugar gain were studied. It was found that the mass reduction and water loss increased with increase of sugar concentration and process temperature while solid gain decreased with increase in sugar concentration and process temperature. It was found that osmosis as a pretreatment prior to convective air drying was able to decrease drying time. Drying curves were affected by the drying air temperature and osmotic dehydration as a pretreatment. Increase in the air temperature caused a decreased in the drying time. It was observed that drying rate increased with increase in drying temperature from 30°C (HPD) to 70°C (tray) and constant rate drying period was absent throughout the drying process of aloe vera cubes dried under all drying air temperatures. The moisture diffusivity varied in the range of 1.37E-08 to 4.56E-08 m²/s and 9.11E-09 to 5.18E-08 m²/s during convective drying of unosmosed and osmosed aloe vera samples depending on the drying air temperature. The values of rehydration ratio of conventionally hot air dried sample were higher than the osmo-convective dried aloe vera samples. The osmo-convective dehydrated samples were found more acceptable than convective dried ones. Air temperature and pretreatment as osmotic dehydration had a significant effect on sensory evalution.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of solar tunnel dryer for round the year use(CCSHAU, 2012) Arjoo; YadvikaA study was conducted to evaluate performance evaluation of solar tunnel dryer for round the year use. In the present study, performance of solar tunnel dryer was evaluated at no load and at full load conditions. Full loading was done with garlic, chilli, fenugreek and aonla candy according to their seasonal availabilit y in Hisar. At no load performance was evaluated during three seasonsi.e summer, winter and autumn. At full load conditions moisture content versus time and drying rate versus moisture content relationships were determined. The drier reduces the moisture content of garlic from 63% to 70% (w.b.) to the required moisture level of 9% to 10 % (w.b.) in 8 t o 10 days and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 14.53%. Treatments were given to garlic and their effect on drying days were studied and results show that there were no significant difference in time of drying. During drying of chilli it was found that the chilli can be dried from an initial moisture content of 77% to 79% (w.b.) to the final moisture level of 7% (w.b.) in 6 to 7 days and average thermal efficiency was estimated to be 14.33%. In case of drying of fenugreek, during the month of January it was found that the fenugreek can be dried from an initial moisture content of 86% (w.b.) to 7.2% ( w.b.) in 5 days and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 17.63%. Similarly during drying of aonla candy, it was found that the aonla candy can be dried from aninitial moisture content of 44% (w.b.) to the required moisture level of 16% (w.b.) in 4 d ays and average thermal efficiency of drier was estimated to be 8.89%.Products dried were hygienic and their organolaptic evaluation showed that they were of good quality and highly acceptable. Economic evaluation was done and the money pay back period of STD was calculated as 1 yr 4 months.