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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and biochemical evaluation of rice genotypes under aerobic and anaerobic direct seeded conditions(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Goyal, Alisha; Sharma, P. C.A total of 44 rice genotypes were evaluated in controlled and field conditions with three replications over two seasons (2020 and 2021) at ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal to study the physiological and biochemical attributes of rice genotypes under aerobic and anaerobic direct seeded conditions for which three experiments were performed. In the 1st exp. based on germination (%), shoot length, root length, seedling length, seedling vigor index, alpha amylase activity and sucrose synthase activity, genotypes CSR 53, PS5, IR-4630-CSR11-175 and CSR 2748-4441-195 were the best performer under aerobic and anaerobic direct seeded conditions respectively. In the 2nd exp., best performing genotypes were CSR MAGIC-167, CSR 49 and CRS 56 based on gas exchange attributes, NDVI, CT, CAT, POX, APX and yield traits i.e. 1000 grain weight, spikelet fertility, total no. of tillers per plant, panicle length, biomass and grain yield under direct seeded condition. Overall, on the basis of physiological, biochemical and yield traits, two genotypes were selected for proteomic experiment in which total no. of proteins were found more in tolerant genotype CSR MAGIC-167 (1050, 1152) as compared to sensitive genotype CSR 27SM-132 (814, 794) under both DSR and non-DSR conditions respectively. Total 195 proteins were differentially expressed under DSR condition out of which 90 proteins were up-regulated and 119 proteins were down-regulated whereas in non-DSR condition, 288 proteins were differentially expressed out of which 105 proteins were up-regulated and 169 proteins were down-regulated. The KEGG pathway of DEPs revealed that a number of pathways are involved in DSR condition but none in non-DSR condition viz., methane metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, RNA degradation, fatty acid degradation, alpha- linolenic acid metabolism etc. Further, these lines need to be evaluated in larger and multilocation trails of AICRP under DSR conditions, so that stable and best performing lines could be released as commercial varieties for direct seeded conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Enhancing physiological efficiency and yield potential of Indian mustard using hydrogel and salicylic acid under rainfed condition(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Neelam Rani; Neeraj KumarThe present investigation entitled ―Enhancing physiological efficiency and yield potential of indian mustard usinghydrogel and salicylic acid under rainfed condition‖ was conducted at the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. The crop was grown in the Research Farm of Oilseeds Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during two successive Rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 which is situated at a latitude of 29° 10‘N and longitude 75° 46' E and altitude 215.2 m above main water level and falls within the semitropical region of Western zone of India. A field experiment was conducted to judge the effective dose of hydrogel , gond katira and salicylic acid for increasing the physiological processes, productivity, quality, and water-use efficiency of Indian mustard in rainfed conditions. The experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations. Among these treatments, the application of hydrogel @ 5kg/ha + SA (200ppm) at the flowering and siliqua formation stage had a positive impact on the physiological processes of the crop under rainfed conditions. The data was recorded for growth, physiological, biochemical and yield parameters, which had a positive impact on the application of hydrogel and salicylic acid under rainfed conditions. The growth and phenology of Indian mustard are negatively affected by rainfed conditions. By applying hydrogel at a rate of 5kg/ha and SA at 200ppm during the flowering and siliqua formation stage, there was a significant increase of 12.8% in plant height, 5.6% in days to 50% flowering, and 9.3% in days to physiological maturity. The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, RWC, water potential, osmotic potential, quantum yield, CSI, and chlorophyll index were decreased by 51.4%, 88.1%, 86%, 27.4%, 25.7%, 28.3%, 35.6%, 39.6%, and 49.3%, respectively. In contrast, the anthocyanin index and flavonol index were increased by 78.7% and 33.7%, respectively, when compared to irrigated conditions. However, the application of hydrogel @ 5kg/ha + SA(200ppm) during the flowering and siliqua formation stage resulted in a significant improvement in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, RWC, water potential, osmotic potential, quantum yield, CSI, and chlorophyll index by 9.4%, 10%, 9.3%, 24.7%, 25.4%, 22%, 28.6%, 37%, 46.8%, respectively, with a decrease in anthocyanin index and flavonol index by 69.6% and 31%, respectively, when compared to other corresponding treatments. These results were supported by the biochemical results viz. H2O2, MDA, RSI, TSS, proline, glycine betaine, reduced ascorbate, and reduced glutathione content, antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, CAT, and APX that decreased in treated plants as compared to their respective control, Meanwhile, there was an improvement in oxidized ascorbate and oxidized glutathione contents after applying hydrogel and salicylic acid which may be the contributing factors for yield increment. Yield attributes includethe number of primary and secondary branches, main shoot length, the number of siliqua, seeds per siliqua, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, stover yield and harvest index decreases due to unavailability of water in the soil under normal conditions.However, the application of hydrogel at a rate of 5kg/ha combined with SA (200ppm) during the flowering and siliqua formation stage led to a significant increase in yield attributes by 43%, 23.7%, 23.5%, 82.7%, 32.2%, 15.2%, 15.4%, 14.2%, 13.3%, and 2.3% respectively, when compared to control treatment. When hydrogel at a rate of 5kg/ha is applied along with SA (200ppm) at flowering and siliqua formation stage over rainfed, higher soil moisture levels are maintained at all soil depths, including 0-15, 15-30, and 30-60 cm. From our results, it is concluded that hydrogel at a rate of 5kg/ha is applied along with SA (200ppm) at flowering and siliqua formation stage results in higher yields, with better physiological efficiencies as this concentration maintains the best plant water relations and source to sink strength which is self-explanatory in our results.ThesisItem Open Access Ethylene-induced evaluation of heat tolerance and stay-green trait in bread wheat(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-10) Soni, Aarti; Munjal, RenuThe present study entitled ―Ethylene-induced evaluation of heat tolerance and stay-green trait in bread wheat‖ was conducted in three experiments. First experiment was conducted in the field of the wheat research area of the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding with 30 wheat genotypes during rabi 2018-19 under late and very late environments. Second experiment was carried out with seedling of three genotypes (BWL 5391, HTW 64 and WH 1124) selected out of 30 genotypes based on their performance in fields along with source and inhibitor of ethylene, in the growth chamber at the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2019-20. Seedlings were studied for biochemical traits, including ROS, H2O2, protease, MDA, MTS, FRSA, chlorophyll, and proline. A third experiment was carried out applying AVG and ethrel with the same three genotypes at the net house of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2019–20 under late and very late environments. SG characteristics such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading (SCMR), Leaf Senescence Rate (LSR), Chlorophyll Fluorescence and yield & its attributes were recorded in the field as well as in the nethouse. From the field experiment, genotypes were characterized into three categories viz slow senescing, intermediate slow senescing and fast senescing based on their rate of senescence. The results indicate that the slow senescing genotype had a significantly higher yield as compared to the fast-senescing genotype. Among 30 genotypes, BWL 5391, BWL 5179, BWL5233, BWL 5388 and BWL 5422 were the SG genotypes and also had higher grain yield. AVG treatment at the seedling stage was significantly more effective for providing tolerance to heat stress as indicated by high proline, FRSA, low MDA and ROS. Foliar spray of 2ppm AVG at 50% heading stage was found effective for increasing grain yield in WH 1124 under LS environment.ThesisItem Open Access Silicon induced amelioration of salinity stress through physiological and biochemical alterations in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Sinky; Sharma, Kamal DuttThe present investigation was conducted under two experiments one on mungbean (MH 318) and other on wheat (WH 1223) crop grown in earthen pots under screen-house conditions of Botany and Plant Physiology department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, to study ef fect of silicon application on plant growth characterestics, gas exchange attributes, biochemical changes, yield and its attributes and nutrient uptake under control and salinity stress conditions. The experiment was laid out in CRD consisting of three chloride dominated salinity levels i.e., 0 dS/m, 4dS/m and 6dS/m stress in mungbean and 0, 5dS/m, 10dS/m in wheat. Silicon was applied in the form of sodium meta-silicate (Na2SiO3.5H20) through soil application before sowing in mungbean (50 ppm) and in wheat (80 ppm) and foliar application of 50, 100 ppm in mungbean and 100, 150 ppm in wheat. Salinity stress decreased the growth of mungbean and wheat by affecting morphophysiological and biochemical traits a nd nutrient uptake of the crop. The plant water relation parameters such as leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, RWC and gas exchange attributes were negatively affected under salinity stress condition. Chlorophyll stability index and membrane stability index decreased with increasing salinity stress. However, silicon application increased the growth parameters under control as well as under salinity stress condition in both the crops. A significant increase in the activity of SOD, CAT, POX and total antioxidant activity occur under salinity stress and silicon treatments further enhanced their level indicating the role of silicon in enhancing antioxidant capacity of the crop. Silicon application enhanced the K, Fe, Zn and Si content in different plant parts and reduced the uptake of Na, Cl. Silicon application improved the yield and its attributes by maintaining plants water status and various physiological and biochemical processes and nutrient uptake. Foliar application of 100ppm silicon was found more effective in mungbean and 150ppm foliar application in wheat compared to other treatments. Grain/seed yield showed significant positive correlation with different physio–biochemical and yield components such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence but SOD, CAT and POX showed negative correlation with yield and other yield attributes.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and silicon on key physiological & biochemical attributes in Sorghum bicolor L. under salt stress(hisar, 2022-12) Jangra, Manish; Sarita DeviThe current study, entitled "Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and silicon on key physiological & biochemical attributes in Sorghum bicolor L. under salt stress," was conducted in the screen house during the kharif season of 2019 and 2020. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (7.5 and 10 dS m-1 of NaCl) were maintained in soil by saturation of each pot. After 60 days of sowing (DAS), foliar applications of salicylic acid (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM), silicon (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) and their combinations SA + Si (SA 1.0 mM x Si 1.0 mM, SA 1.5 mM x Si 1.0 mM, SA 1.0 mM x Si 1.5 mM and SA 1.5 mM x Si 1.5 mM) were given in each level of salt stress in all varieties (HJ 513, HJ 541 and HC 308). Data collection was carried out one week after foliar spray (67 DAS). On the 19th of July 2019 and the 23rd of July 2020, seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were sown in pots under screen house conditions. All the studies were carried out in the stress physiology laboratory of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, cotton section GP&B, CCS HAU Hisar and CSSRI, Karnal. Growth indices, in terms of plant height, fresh weight per plant, dried weight per plant, leaf number and leaf area, salt stress restricted the growth of sorghum varieties (HJ 513, HJ 541 and HC 308). Treatment with salicylic acid, silicon and their combinations, on the other hand, improved the growth parameters values under stress conditions. With increasing salt levels, plant water relations, gaseous exchange studies, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units), photochemical quantum yield and total protein content all reduced. Regardless of salt stress, salicylic acid, silicon and their combinations increased plant water status, gaseous exchange studies, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units), photochemical quantum yield and total protein content. With increasing levels of salt stress, electrolyte leakage, MDA content, H2O2 and HCN content increased, whereas the foliar application of salicylic acid, silicon and their combinations lowered these above quantities under salt stress in all varieties. Under salt stress, antioxidative enzymes and osmolytes specific activity rose in all varieties, but treatment of salicylic acid (1.5 mM), silicon (1.5mM) and their combinations improved these values even more in all varieties. Up to 20 differentially expressed protein spots with an expression shift of more than 1.1-fold compared to control were identified in treated sorghum, i.e., salt stress (7.5 dS m-1), silicon (1.5 mM) and salicylic acid (1.5 mM). Salt stress lowered seed yield, biological yield and harvest index considerably. In all types of sorghum, salicylic acid, silicon and their combinations boost yield characteristics and yield through maintaining plant water status and different physiological and biochemical processes.ThesisItem Open Access Applicability of salicylic acid and glycinebetaine to alleviate the effect of salinity stress in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-06) Agarwal, Vishnu Prakash; Neeraj KumarThe present investigation was carried out to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and glycinebetaine (GB) to mitigate the adverse effect of salinity on Indian mustard by growing seeds of genotype RH 0725 in plastic pots filled with dune sand maintaining four different levels of salinity (control, 8, 10 and 12 dS m-1). The crop was sprayed with different concentrations of SA (control, 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM and 1.5 mM) and GB (control, 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM) at 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Sampling was done at five days after spray i.e. 45 and 65 DAS. The growth and reproductive parameters, physio-biochemical attributes, antioxidant defense mechanism, yield and yield attributing characters, and protein profile through SDS-PAGE were observed at various growth stages of the crop. Results showed that photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC), water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), quantum yield, chlorophyll content (SPAD), chlorophyll stability index (CSI), pollen viability, pollen germination and tube growth, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches (plant-1), number of siliqua (plant-1), number of seeds (siliquae-1), test weight (g), biological yield (BY; g plant-1), economical yield (EY; g plant-1) and salt susceptibility index (SSI); protein, ascorbate oxidized (DHA) and glutathione oxidized (GSSG) contents were decreased whereas days to 50 % flowering (DTA), proline, glycine-betaine, total soluble sugar (TSS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents; relative stress injury (RSI), specific activity of antioxidants; and ascorbate reduced (AsA) and glutathione reduced (GSH) contents were increased with increasing salinity levels. Foliar application of SA (upto 1.0 mM) and GB (upto 20 mM) significantly increased the days to maturity, pollen viability, pollen germination and tube growth, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, RWC, Ψw, quantum yield, chlorophyll content (SPAD), CSI; proline, glycine-betaine, TSS and protein contents, specific activity of antioxidants, and AsA, DHA, GSH and GSSG contents in leaves and roots at both the sampling stages (45 and 65 DAS); and all the yield and yield attributes but slight early in DTA and reduced transpiration rate, RSI, and H2O2 and MDA contents over control in all the salinity levels. Application of SA 1.5 mM showed opposite effects on salinity tolerance as observed in SA 1.0 mM treatment. Application of GB 30 mM gradually enhanced the salinity tolerance by improving all the parameters but the rate of improvement was lower than that of GB 20 mM treatment. The SSI was lower recorded in SA 1.0 mM treatment followed by GB 30 mM treatment in all the salinity levels. The correlation coefficient analysis of various morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield characters indicating the contribution in imparting EY of Indian mustard. Analysis of protein samples in SDS-PAGE further confirmed the results. Overall, it is concluded that all the morpho-physiological, biochemical, yield and yield attributes of Indian mustard genotype (RH 0725) were decreased on account of increasing salinity whereas DTA, proline, glycine-betaine, TSS, H2O2, MDA, RSI, specific activity of antioxidants and, AsA and GSH contents were increased. Sprays of SA 1.0 mM and GB 20 mM particularly at 40 and 60 DAS showedThesisItem Open Access Effect of different sowing dates on morpho-physiological and yield traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Ajeev Kumar; Neeraj KumarThe present study was conducted with ten genotypes viz ICCV 88503, ICCV 92944, HC- 1, HC-3, HC-5, H12-64, H13-01, H13-02, H14-01 and H14-04 for three dates of sowing i.e 15th October, 15th November and 15th December in the field in randomized block design during Rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with objective to identify promising chickpea genotypes in terms of morpho-physiological and yield traits for different sowing dates. Among different sowing dates, phenological traits (Days to 50 % flowering, podding and physiological maturity) were minimum (81.1, 97.1,126.2 days) in 15th December and maximum (89.2, 107.6, 137.8 days) in 15th October. Among genotypes, H12-64 and H13-01 took minimum days while H14-04 took maximum days for all phenological traits. Plant height, dry weight, CGR, RGR, NAR and LAI were found to be maximum in 15th October and minimum in 15th December sowing at all the growth stages of chickpea. Maximum growth parameters recorded in genotypes H12-64 and H13-01 and minimum were in H14-04. Among physiological traits, maximum leaf water potential (-30 Mpa), leaf osmotic potential (-71 Mpa), relative water content (RWC, 88.5%), chlorophyll contents (5.402 mg g-1DW), carotenoids content (3.742 mg g-1DW), chlorophyll a fluorescence (0.689 Fv/Fm) and pollen viability (69.00 %) were in 15th November and minimum (-35 Mpa, -87 Mpa, 61.5%, 3.516 mg g-1DW, 2.967 mg g-1DW, 0.667, 64.11%) respectively, in 15th November sowing and among genotypes, H13-01had maximum (-26 Mpa, -73 Mpa, 82.3%, 5.027 mg g-1DW, 3.859 mg g-1DW, 0.717, 72.1%) and genotype H14-04 had minimum (-44 Mpa, -99 Mpa, 67.1%, 4.160 mg g-1DW, 2.858 mg g-1DW, 0.638 and 60.4%) physiological traits while RSI, CTD and anthocyanin content were maximum (11.03 %, -2.20 0C, 2.79 mg g-1DW) in 15th December and minimum (9.86 %, -0.28 0C, 1.51 mg g-1DW) respectively, in 15th November sowing and among genotypes, H13-01 showed lowest (9.33%, -0.500C, 2.19 mg g-1DW) and H14-04 showed highest RSI, CTD and anthocyanin content (11.26%, -1.700C, 2.41 mg g-1DW). However, maximum proline content, glycine betaine, TSC, H2O2 content, MDA content (0.915, 0.204, 7.5 mg g-1 DW, 15.4, 63.8μ moles g-1 DW,) were in 15th December and lowest (0.581, 0.028, 4.5 mg g-1 DW, 10.9 μ moles g-1 DW, 42.0 μ moles g-1 DW) respectively, were in 15th November sowing and in genotypes, maximum proline content glycine betaine, TSC (0.899, 0.206, 7.6 mg g-1 DW) were recorded in H13-01 and minimum (0.656, 0.077 and 5.9 mg g-1 DW) respectively, were recorded in H14-04 while minimum MDA content (45.9 μ moles MDA g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (6.9 μ moles g-1 DW) in were recorded in H13-01 and maximum MDA content (57.8 μ moles MDA g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (16.3 μ moles g-1 DW) were recorded in H14-04. Maximum specific activity of enzymes, SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR{6.7, 7.0, 6.0, 0.45, 0.55 Units mg-1 (protein) min-1}and more accumulations of antioxidants i.e Ascorbate content, glutathione content (0.91,1.24 μ mol g-1 DW) were recorded in December 15th and minimum {2.2, 2.0, 2.7, 0.23, 0.23 Units mg-1 (protein) min-1 and 0.56, 0.75 μ mol g-1 DW} respectively, were in November 15th sowing. The maximum seed yield (2113 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters like number of branches (6.2), number of pods per plant (79.0), 100 seed weight (16.12 g), biological yield (6923 kg/ha) and harvest index (30.5 %) were in 15th October and lowest seed yield (1889 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters (3.9, 38.5,13.47g, 6333 kg/ha and 29.5%) respectively, were in 15th December sowing and among genotypes, maximum seed yield (2325 kg /ha) and yield attributing characters like number of branches (5.2), number of pods per plant (77.7), 100 seed weight (16.45 g), biological yield (7358 kg/ha) and harvest index (31.6%) were found to be in genotype H13-01 and lowest seed yield (1593 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters (4.4, 43.0, 13.10, 5625 kg/ha and 27.1%) respectively, were exhibited by genotype H14-04.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of brassinosteroids and sucrose under moisture and cadmium stress on the growth of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. at juvenile stage(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Varma, Suraj; Beniwal, R.SAn experiment was carried out in nursery with the aim of investigating the effect of cadmium and moisture stresses on the growth and physiological characters and also to establish the effective combination of BRs and sucrose to combat these stresses at juvenile stage of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [P-23 clones] seedlings. The clonal seedlings were planted in pots in nursery containing sand and soil in 2:1 proportion. Mineral composition of the pot soil was assessed before planting the plants. All the pots received normal watering till 90 days of seedling growth. Three months old potted seedlings were subjected to i) moisture stress by withholding water and ii) cadmium stress through application of different cadmium levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm). The different levels of brassinosteroids (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) and sucrose (0, 1, 3 and 5% (w/v) were applied to the seedlings. It was observed that increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters declined significantly at various Cd (50 to 150 ppm) stresses. The moisture stress resulted in increased underground biomass of the sedlings; however, whole plant biomass decreased with increasing levels of moisture stress. Chlorophyll pigments, RWC and TSP values responded negatively to the increasing levels of Cd and moisture stresses. Maximum reduction in Chlorophyll (1.09%), carotenoid content (0.24%), RWC (60.31%) and TSP (0.40%) was observed at 150 ppm Cd application. However, the values of RSI, H2O2, MDA content and ROS, increased under both the stresses (cadmium and moisture). Significant enhancement was noticed in accumulation of osmolytes under both the stresses. Specific activity of SOD, CAT, POX, GR & APX enzymes and non-enzymatic AsA, MDHAR, DHAR & Glutathione enhanced abruptly with increase in levels of both the stresses, but maximum increase was observed under cadmium stress i.e. 275.87, 32.85, 79.84, 26.51 & 41.32 and 3.47, 32.86, 27.22 & 1.21, respectively compared to control. During observance of Cd accumulating pattern in different plant organs, it was maximum in roots (129.83) followed by stem (110.23) and leaves (106.71). Under cadmium and moisture stress, combat effect was observed after exogenous application of the various levels of BRs and sucrose. At various levels of both the stresses; chlorophyll, carotenoid content, RWC and TSP values increased with the exogenous application of the BRs and sucrose, but the combination of BRs (20 ppm) and Su (5 ppm) resulted in overcoming the serious negative effects that could happen to plants under both the stresses as indicated under control. Though, the ameliorative effects in lipid peroxidation, RSI, ROS and H2O2 content under both the stresses (Cd and moisture) were seen at all levels of exogenous application of the BRs and sucrose, but the maximum protection was found at the interaction of BRs (20 ppm) & Su (5 ppm). Exogenous application of BRs and Su caused further enhancement in the osmolytes, SOD activity, CAT, POX, GR & APX enzymes and non-enzymatic AsA, MDHAR, DHAR & Glutathione but these values were more under cadmium stress compared to moisture stress. Maximum decrease in cadmium uptake in roots, stem and leaf was found with application of (BRs 20 × Su 5) ppm. When compared the negative effects of Cd and moisture stresses on the plants, moisture stress was less deteriorative. Exogenous application of BRs alone in stressed (Cd and moisture stress) condition protected the eucalyptus seedlings in better way when compared with Su exogenous application.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on flowering, Fruiting behaviour and ripening management of sapota (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-05) Rinku Rani; Sharma, J. R.The present investigations entitled Studies on flowering, fruiting behaviour and ripening management of sapota (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen), was carried out in orchard and laboratory of Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2017-20. For field experiment to studies the flowering and fruiting behaviour of sapota, the tagging was done at 1st and 3rd week of every month on the three branches in different directions on sapota cultivar Kalipatti and Cricket Ball. The T1 is marked for the date 15/09, T2 for 01/10, T3 for 15/10 and up to T24 (01/09). The results revealed that the more number of flowers per shoot and flower intensity was observed in month of September, October and August during 2017-18 and 2018-19. During 2017-18, there was no flowering observed in three months December, January and February (T6 to T11). Whereas, no flowering observed after 15th December to April (T7 to T15) during 2018-19 in both cultivars. Fruit set per cent in both cultivars was showed increasing trends from July flowering to reaching maximum in September flowering and then followed declining trend to no fruit set in 15th November flowering. It was observed that sapota is a climate sensitive crop and climatic parameters viz., temperatures (maximum and minimum), relative humidity, sunshine hours and rainfall etc. had a profound influence on various flowering characters of sapota. The number of days taken for fruit set was showed increasing trends from June to November flowering. Whereas, the days required to attain the maturity was showed decreasing trends from June to November flowering in both cultivars. The fruits from winter season flowering (September, October and November) followed a characteristic double sigmoid pattern growth Whereas, fruits from rainy season flowering (June, July and August) followed somewhat linear pattern growth. The fruit weight was increased from September to November flowering and decreased in fruits from June to September flowering in both cultivars. All physico-chemical attributes were decreased in fruits from June to November flowering in both cultivars. Number of flowers per shoot, flower intensity, fruit set, TSS and total sugars were recorded higher in Kalipatti. Whereas, fruit drop, days taken for fruit setting, days taken for fruit maturity, firmness, ascorbic acid, acidity, pectin, tannin, Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were more in Cricket Ball as compared to Kalipatti. Cricket Ball has round shaped fruits in all flowering dates. Whereas, in Kalipatti shape was influenced by different flowering dates. Efficacy of ethephon was tested with different concentrations for ripening and physico-chemical quality of harvested sapota fruits. The fruits treated with ethephon were more uniform in ripening and had higher rate of ripening than the fruits under control. The effect increased with increasing concentrations of ethephon during ripening. Moreover, all quality parameters were retained in higher amount when the fruits were treated with ethephon. While, shelf life of fruits reduced with the increased concentrations of ethephon in both cultivars and seasons. Fruit treated with ethephon registered higher PME, PG and cellulase activity as compare to control in both cultivars. Kalipatti ripened earlier and registered higher TSS, total sugars, pH and enzymes activity as compared to Cricket Ball. Whereas, Cricket Ball registered longer shelf life and registered higher titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, firmness, pectin, tannin, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content as compared to Kalipatti. During August, the retention of the firmness, ascorbic acid, pectin, tannin, chlorophyll a and b was more as compared to May. Whereas, TSS, total sugars, Titratable acidity, activity of PG and cellulase enzymes were observed higher during May as compared to August at every days of observation. Carotenoid content and PME activity were more during May at 4th day of observation as compared to August and after that carotenoid and activity of PME were decreased on 7th day and rate of decrease was more during May.
