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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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Subject: Plant Pathology × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2023 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on seasonal cultivation of Schizophyllum commune (Fries) medicinal mushroom in Haryana
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Jain, Sourabh; Jagdeep Singh
    Schizophyllum commune (Fries) is a valuable medicinal mushroom. Various factors such as growth media, temperature regimes, and pH levels were examined to determine the optimal conditions for its mycelial growth. The most suitable growth medium was potato dextrose agar (PDA). The ideal temperature range for mycelial growth was found to be 30±1˚C, while the optimal pH level was 5, although the mushroom can tolerate temperatures between 30-35˚C and pH levels of 4-6. When evaluating different combinations of substrates and supplements, it was observed that the mycelia grew faster when a mixture of wheat straw and sawdust (1:1) was supplemented with 10 per cent wheat bran. Among the four base materials tested for spawn production, sorghum grains were the most suitable. In March 2023, a study was conducted on the cultivation of S. commune using a substrate consisting of wheat straw and sawdust supplemented with wheat bran. The substrate was amended with 3 per cent calcium sulphate and 1 per cent calcium carbonate, filled into polypropylene bags, sterilized, and inoculated with spawn made from sorghum grains (2 per cent). The bags were placed in a dark mushroom house with a temperature of 30±1˚C, high carbon dioxide levels, and a relative humidity of at least 80 per cent. This cultivation method resulted in optimal spawn growth, pinhead formation, fruit body production, yield, and biological efficiency. Three flushes of mushrooms were obtained during the 37-day crop cycle, and a biological efficiency of 15 per cent was achieved using the supplemented substrate mixture throughout the cropping season.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiology and induction of systemic resistance in sorghum against Cercospora sorghi (Ellis & Everh.) causing grey leaf spot
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Janvi; Manjeet Singh
    The grey leaf spot disease of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) caused by Cercospora sorghi has emerged as a seriousprobleminmost ofthe sorghumgrowingplaces of India,leadingtoconsiderableyieldlosses. The present investigation on epidemiology, management and biochemical analysis were carried out during Kharif 2022-23. Epidemiology of the pathogen was studied under field condition in two varieties (HC 136 and CSV32F) of sorghumby sowing the cropatthreedifferentdates. Outofthethree datesof sowingof sorghum,higherdisease severity,AUDPC andAIR was observed on early sown crop (15thJune) followed by normal sown crop (30th June) and least in late sown crop (15th July) on both the varieties. Disease severity,AUDPC andAIR was higher in HC 136 as compared to CSV32F in all three dates of sowingduring Kharif 2022.Temporal increasewas maximumin 30th to 31st standard meteorological week (SMW) followed by 38th to 39th SMW in both the varieties. The inhibitory effect of chemical inducers was evaluated against Cercospora sorghi under in vitro conditions and maximum mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in salicylic acid followed by indole butyric acid. Among the biorational components evaluated against C. sorghi, neem leaves extract at 20 per cent concentration and Trichodermaharzianumandwerefoundthemost effectiveinmyceliumgrowthinhibitionofthepathogenunder in vitro conditions. Out of eight fungicides evaluated against C. sorghi, under in vitro conditions, Carbendazim 50% WP and Propiconazole 25% EC at 50 µg/ml were found most effective. Under screen house conditions, salicylic acid showed maximum per cent disease control at 100 µg/ml concentration in both the variety i.e., HC 136 (susceptible) and SH 1951 (moderately resistant). The analysis of biochemical parameters like determination of total phenol content and different enzyme activities i.e., Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), Phenylalanine AmmoniaLyase(PAL)andTyrosineAmmoniaLyase(TAL)revealedsignificantresults.Totalphenolswerefoundmaximum in plants inoculated with conidial suspension of Cercospora sorghi and increase from 0 to 96 HAI. But in other treatments it increased upto 72 HAI and then decreased in both the varieties and being higher in SH 1951. The enzyme activities were higher in plants sprayed with salicylic acid. Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) activity continuously increased from 0 to 96 HAI in all treatments. Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) and Tyrosine AmmoniaLyase(TAL)activitiesincreased upto48HAIand thendecreased from48 to96HAIin alltreatmentsof both varieties. Among the best promising non conventional chemicals, botanicals, bioagents and fungicides, carbendazim 50% WP and Propiconazole 25% EC at 50 µg/ml were found under field conditions. Out of eighty five varieties of sorghum screened against grey leaf spot, twenty three and twelve varieties were highly resistant and resistant respectively. For sorghum, which is grown as fodder crop, fungicides are often not advised due to their residual impact, therefore use of chemical inducers to induce systemic resistance in plants and integrated approaches for management of grey leaf spot is, therefore, a high-priority research area.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiology and management of Alternaria leaf spot of Bael incited by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Deepak; Manoj Kumar
    The present investigation entitled “Epidemiology and management of Alternaria leaf spot of Bael incited by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler” was conducted in the laboratory in department of plant pathology, COA, Hisar and research farm of Regional Research Station, Bawal, CCS HAU during 2022-23. Characteristic symptoms were observed on leaves as concentric circles in the centre of the leaf spots surrounded by a chlorotic yellow halo. The presence of brown to black necrotic lesions on older leaves that produce a bulll’s eye pattern. The pathogen, A. alternata was isolated as pure culture on PDA medium. The colony appeared as black or olivaceous black and sometimes of grey color. The fungus produces conidia that are light brown, having muriform shape with both cross and longitudinal septa and having conical or cylindrical beak of 2 to 5 µm thickness. The average size of the conidia was 25-60 x 10-16 µm and the conidiophores were dark bearing a chain of conidia. Epidemiology of disease was studies under field condition revealed that significant but negative correlation was observed between per cent disease severity and temperature (minimum and maximum), average evening relative humidity (RHe), wind speed and rainfall. The average morning relative humidity (RHm) and Sun shine hours showed non-significant positive correlation with disease severity. Tmax. 28°C and relative humidity 79% were found most favourable conditions for the progression of the disease. Among four bioagents evaluated in dual culture under in vitro conditions against A. alternata, Trichoderma viride showed highest mycelial growth inhibition of 72.62 per cent followed by Trichoderma harzianum (68.43 per cent ) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (61.56 per cent) while least effective was Bacillus subtilis (54.37 per cent). Out of six fungicides/non-conventional chemicals evaluated against A. alternata, metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5% WG and tebuconazole 50 + trifloxystrobin 25% (75 WG) with 78.92 and 71.25 percnet mycelial growth inhibition, respectively were found most effective and significantly superior among the treatments under in vitro conditions. Under field conditions, metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5 % WG was found superior over other treatments with highest per cent disease reduction over control (82.43 per cent) followed by tebuconazole 50 + trifloxystrobin 25 % (75 WG) (76.83 per cent). The maximum yield was recorded in plants treated with metriam 55% pyraclostrobin 5% WG @ 0.25 per cent (63.27 kg/tree) followed by tebuconazole 50+ trifloxystrobin 25% (75 WG) @ 0.10 per cent (60.24 kg/tree). An increasing consciousness about environmental pollution due to fungicides and development of fungicide resistance in pathogen population has challenged the plant pathologist to search for eco-friendly tools for A. alternata management. The use of integrated approaches to disease management is, therefore, a high-priority research area.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the interaction and management of fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Sapna; Saini, Anil Kumar
    The devastating disease known as root knot nematode-Fusarium wilt disease complex is caused by the synergistic relationship of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. Due to the significant losses caused by these pathogens the present investigation aimed to develop effective management strategies that reduce the reliance on fungicides by focusing on the utilization of plant extracts, bioagents enriched with organic amendments to mitigate the risk of the disease. The study indicated that the severity of fusarium wilt increased when Meloidogyne incognita predisposed plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici which highlighting the importance of managing these pathogens effectively. The investigations on the interaction of both pathogens demonstrated that the presence of nematodes in the rhizosphere heightened severity of fusarium wilt disease. Based on the management practices implemented it was observed that neem cake among the organic amendments, Trichoderma harzianum among the bioagents, seedling dip with a 20% concentration of neem leaf extract was most promising in reducing the severity of the fusarium wilt and also enhanced antioxidant factors such as peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. The study implied that the combination of Trichoderma harzianum enriched with neem cake results lower infection rate and a reduced area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) compared to the control inoculated with the pathogens. Additionally, treatment exhibited higher chlorophyll content and increased photosynthetic rate results enhance plant health and promote photosynthetic activity in tomato plants affected by the fusarium wilt disease complex.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Population dynamics of cotton bollworms and management of Earias spp. on Gossypium arboreum L.
    (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2023-01) Yadav, Shweta; Anil
    Field experiments on population dynamics of cotton bollworms and management of Earias spp. on Gossypium arboreum L. were conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) during kharif, 2020. Data on trap catches indicated that first peak activity of Earias spp., Helicoverpa armigera and Pectinophora gossypiella was recorded in 29th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) whereas highest peak of all bollworms was found in 41st SMW. Square damage (8.47%) and green boll damage (30.43%) were recorded maximum in 30th and 43rd SMWs, respectively. Weather parameters also affected the population and infestation of bollworm complex. Adult catches of P. gossypiella showed a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature and a highly significant negative correlation with relative humidity (evening). Minimum temperature and relative humidity (evening) showed a highly significant negative correlation with green boll infestation. Also, morning relative humidity had a significant negative correlation with green boll damage. Out of 20 genotypes of desi cotton, the minimum mean square damage due to Earias spp. was recorded on genotype FDK 124 (0.75%) followed by HD 541 (0.79%) and HD 558 (0.92%) whereas minimum mean boll damage due to Earias spp. was recorded on genotype HD 550 (5.56%) followed by AAH-1 (6.22%) and HD 535 (6.63%). Maximum yield (27.98 q/ha) was recorded in genotype HD 550 and HD 535 followed by 27.57 q/ha in HD 541 and AAH-1 and 27.16 q/ha in HD 545. All the insecticides were found significantly superior to untreated control in suppressing the incidence of Earias spp. Combination product of chlorantraniliprole 9.30% + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.60% ZC @ 250 ml ha-1 was found most effective against Earias spp. with lowest larval population (5.00 and 2.89 larvae/50 green bolls) and green boll damage (8.00 and 4.44%) after first and second spray, respectively. It was followed by spinosad 45.00% SC @ 220 ml ha-1 (5.33 & 3.56 larvae/50 green bolls; 8.44 & 5.11% green boll damage) and chlorantraniliprole 18.50% SC @ 150 ml ha-1 (5.67 & 3.44 larvae/50 green bolls; 8.44 & 5.11% green boll damage) after first and second spray, respectively. All the insecticides suppressed the natural enemy population at 3 days after both sprays over untreated control however, non-significant differences were observed after 7 days of first and 14 days of each spray. Among insecticides, spinosad 45.00% SC @ 220 ml/ha treated plots had maximum natural enemy population of 1.24 and 1.09 natural enemies/plant after first and second spray, respectively. Also, spinosad 45.00% SC resulted in maximum incremental yield (7.09 q/ha) followed by chlorantraniliprole 9.30% + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.60% ZC (6.63 q/ha), chlorantraniliprole 18.50% SC (6.51 q/ha) and flubendiamide 39.35% SC (6.06 q/ha). However, maximum Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) was obtained with emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 220 g/ha (1: 6.12) followed by chlorantraniliprole 9.30% + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.60% ZC (1:4.99), chlorantraniliprole 18.50% SC (1:4.35) and indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 500 ml/ha (1:3.35).