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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Study of biochemical and histological alterations due to some aquatic pollutants in freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala(College Of Basic Sciences And Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Sharma, Mukta; Jain, K. LThesisItem Open Access Ectoparasitic diseases of coltorable species of fresh water fIshes(College Of Basic Sciences And Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Barman, Anindya Sundar; Yadava, N. KThesisItem Open Access Culture and growth performance of Mugil cephalus (Linn.) and Chanos Chanos (Forsskal) in underground saline water(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Barman, Utpal Kumar; Garg, S. KThesisItem Open Access Effect of probiotics, mineral supplementation and biofertilizers on growth performance of some euryhaline fish species in inland saline groundwater(CCSHAU, 2006) Nalle Datta A.; Garg, S.K.In this thesis an attempt has been made to study the role of microbial fertilizers in pond productivity, role of probiotics, Lactobacillus sporogenes and minerals (Ca-P) supplementation on growth performance and some aspects of nutritive physiology of two euryhaline fish species. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I describes the role of Azotobacter chroococcum and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus 35-47 in nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization in inland saline ground-water ponds stocked with milkfish, Chanos chanos. Studies have shown significantly (P<0.05) high values for alkalinity, kjeldahl's nitrogen, NO3-N, turbidity, pigment concentration and fish growth in ponds inoculated with co-culture (Mac-27+ PS-21), followed by Mac-27 and PS-21, o-PO4 concentration was significantly (P<0.05) high both in PS-21 and in mixed culture inoculated ponds. Alkanity, hardness, TDS and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly (P<0.05) higher in ponds inoculated with high temperature tolerant mutant of A. chroococcum, while total kjeldahl nitrogen, NH4-N, NO2-N, o-PO4 concentration and fish growth were high in ponds inoculated with salinity tolerant strain of G. diazotrophicus. Not much variations in DO concentration were observed among different treatments. Irrespective of bioinoculants, a significant (P<0.05) increase in viable counts were observed upto day 7 after inoculation, and thereafter a significant decline in microbial population was observed. To study the effect of Lactobacillus sporogenes (Probiotics) on growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus, four diets containing varying concentration (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0g 100 g-1 of diet) of probiotics were formulated. A diet without supplementation of probiotics was also formulated which served as control diet. All diets contained about 40% of crude protein. Significantly highest growth performance, carcass protein, apparent protein digestibility, nutrient retention (PER, GPR, GER and APD), digestive enzyme activity were observed in the group fed diet containing probiotics at a concentration of 0.75 g, 100 g-1 of diet. Excretion of metabolites remained low, while the values of VSI and HSI remained high at this treatment. Muscle glycogen and liver glycogen were also low, while the values of muscle protein were high in fish fed diet-3 containing probiotics at a concentration of 0.75g, 100g-1 of diet. These studies indicate that supplementation of diets with appropriate concentration of probiotics can be a useful tool in the utilization of supplementery diets in aquaculture. An experiment was carried out with Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus to determine their phosphorus requirements and its interaction with dietary calcium. Ten isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were prepared using basal ingredients (groundnut oilcake, processed soybean, rice bran and wheat flour etc.) containing various concentration of phosphorus as potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (0.25g, 0.375g and 0.5g 100g-1 of diet) and calcium as calcium chloride (0.5g, 0.75g and 1.0 g 100 g-1 of diet). These concentrations resulted in varying Ca-P ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 3:2, 4:1, 4:3, 8:3). Calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the water at 10 ppt were 425 mg and 0.03 mg l-1 of water, respectively. Irrespective of the fish species, significantly (P<0.05) high growth performance (growth per cent gain in body weight, SGR and final length, APD, GPR, GER and PER were observed in the groups which were fed on a diet containing calcium and phosphorus at a concentration of 0.5g 100g-1 of diet in the ratio of 1:1. Low FCR and excretion of metabolites (N-NH4, o-PO4) and significantly (P<0.05) highest digestive enzyme activity were also observed in fish fed on this concentration. Low muscle and liver glycogen levels and high muscle protein content coincided with the highest growth performance observed in these studies. VSI and HSI values were also high in fish which had the highest growth performance. Carcass composition also indicated high accumulation of protein. These studies indicated that diets must be supplemented with minerals especially calcium and phosphorus in optimum concentrations and ratios for obtaining the full benefit of supplementary diets.ThesisItem Open Access Age dependent changes in liver composition and enzyme activity in Cyprinus carpio(CCSHAU, 2007) Simmi; Jain, K.L.The Comman carp (C. carpio) fish is used as a test animal both for stressed studies and various other aspects of nutrition and reproduction. There has been so far no such studies indicating changes in growth rate, tissue composition and the metabolic enzyme activities which could accurately prescribed comparative test parameters particularly with reference to the age dependent changes in the early stages of fish growth (juvenile stages) were studied about these parameters. Growth rate in terms of length and mass in this stage was positively correlated in age group upto 130 days of growth cases, although rates varied considerably between different age in length and in mass. Maximum growth increment in terms of gain in length was evident in 130 days old fish i.e.10.85, as compared to the earlier growth stages. The 40 days old fish showed percent length gain of 7.0% only. Likewise growth rate in terms of mass gain was also lowest in 40 days old fish (6.4%) and 16.6% in 130 days old fish. The regression equation showed a strong relationship between growth in length and in mass (R2=0.973, p<0.0001). The regression equation for the data for growth rate in length and in mass gain with condition factor was also significant and it expressed 67% variability in length and 62% variability in mass gain in C. carpio fish due to the condition factor (Fig. 4). The highest HSI increment was also noticed in 130 days old fish i.e. it showed on increased in 130 days old fish, 11.45), whereas HSI increment in 70 and 100 days old fish was 7.17 and 8.72, respectively and 4.58 in the early stage of growth period in 40 days. Data on age related changes in glycogen and protein contents in the liver also varied significantly with different growth periods (Table 3). The glycogen contents (mg/g of wet tissue) in liver was almost double in 70 days old fish as indicated by the mean values of 67.025 mg/g of wet tissue in 70 days and 35.25mg/g of wet tissue in 40 days old fish. Likewise the fish showed 40.69% gain in liver protein contents after 70 days of growth. HSI was highly correlated with growth rate in length (R2=0.893, p<0.0001) as compared to condition factor (R2=0.688, p<0.0001). Glycogen and protein contents in liver of fish C. carpio were both significantly affected by growth rate and condition factor. The enzyme activity of Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) both in liver and in serum increased rapidly from 70 days old fish to 100 days old fish. But Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) showed a significant increase from 40 days old fish to 70 days old fish in liver and in serum. There was a strong relationship of their activity with growth rate both in length and mass, than with condition factor. Among the metabolic enzymes in liver and in serum, PDH alone showed highest variability of 95% with growth in length in serum and 68% variability with condition factor in serum. Enzyme activities of Phosphatases such as acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes in fish liver and in serum increased considerably from 70 days old fish to 100 days old fish. Acid phosphatase explained 95% of the variability of growth rate in length in liver and in serum and 94% in mass growth in liver. However, alkaline phosphatase explained 87% of the variability in growth rate in length and in mass in serum, which was weak as compared to variability observed in liver. Age dependent changes in growth rate vis or vis changes in tissue composition and enzyme activities in early growth stage of fishes with reference to their application as biomarkers closely evidence their application both as age determinant as well as in study of stress effect in fish C. carpio. However up to 70 days old is appropriate for energy parameters and thereafter for structural changes.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of chronic effects of deltamethrin on Cyprinus carpio and its amelioration through dietary ascorbic acid(CCSHAU, 2007) Dushyant Kumar; Jain, K.L.The extensive use of deltamethrin a synthetic pyrethorids has led to increase in its residue in water. The primary aim of this study was to workout biomarkers which are measurable biological parameters that can change in response to toxicity exposure and amelioration of toxicity effects with in Cyprinus carpio. Sublethal dose level of deltamethrin studied in L. cerfies for behavioural and certain hematogoical changes with and without dietary supplement of Vitamin C ascorbic acid. Among behavioural changes the most distinct features was increasing exitation with increase positive in concentration as evident from the increase in operculum movements/minutes from 63 in controls to 83 at 0.006ppm of Depetamethrin. Among haematolgoical parameters the estimates of haemoglobin haemato crit, total orthrocytes counts and total levocyte count manifested significant reduction with increasing concentration of deltamethrin upto 23.70, 23.33, 23.07 and 30.48% respectively, likewise there have been marked decline in tissue proteins and lipids in muscles upto 37.93 and 13.33% respectively. The total muscle cholesterol however enhanced by 82.88% at 0.006 ppm of deltamethrin. There were also significant changes in the activity of glycolytic enzymes GDH & PDH showing respectively a decline up to 57.31 and 45.87% with the increase in concentration of the pesticide. The Ascorbic acid feeding of Ascorbic acid along with pesticide showed lesser toxicity effects showing relatively about 8 to 10% lesser changes in haematolgoical, Biochemical and enzymolgoical parameters. Maximum amelioration of toxicity effects was evident in haemoglobin and PCV contents among haematolgoical parameters and muscle cholesterols. Later showed an improvement by 26% with ascorbic acid voer the normal diet fed fish i.e. the cholesterol contents increased by 76.02% at 0.06 ppm with normal diet and 50.70% with ascorbic acid mixed diet. In a pesticide concentration. This studies thus clearly evidence the application of this haematoglocial and biochemical parameters in assessing toxicity effects and their amelioration with ascorbic acid.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Natural and artificial feeding on growth performance and survival of fry and fingerlings of Clarias batrachus (Linn.)(CCSHAU, 2008) Manju Rani; Yadava, N.K.Present studies, ten diets (1-10) for the fry and fingerling of magur Clarias batrachus were prepared the with varying protein levels (35, 38, 40, 42 and 45%) were formulated using fishmeal (diet 1-5) and the processed soybean (diets 6-10), as the protein sources. Two hundred fry and fingerlings were randomly released @ 15 per aquaria and then fed for 45 days at 5 percent body weight, per day on the ten experimental diets. Fry and fingerlings were maintained under laboratory conditions (LD 12:12 at 25°C). Studies have revealed that, when live feed is given to fry, then better growth was obtained in comparison to the group fed on the supplementary feed (soybean based) which shows that live feed is the better feed for fry. The studies have further shown that optimum dietary protein levels, which have resulted significantly (P<0.05) with high growth, in terms of live weight and length gain, SGR (% d-¹), growth percent gain, nutrient retention (PER and APD%) and accumulation of carcass protein and fat were observed in the groups, fed on diets containing 4025% protein irrespective of the protein source. Activities at 40.25% dietary protein also support high digestibility and nutrient retention. Studies have further revealed that the growth, nutrient retention and energy retention values were significantly ((P<0.05) high in the group fed on diet containing 40.25% dietary protein from processed soybean (plant based) in comparison with the group fed on diet containing fishmeal (animal based), as the protein source. Postprandial excretory patterns of ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate production were not affected by the dietary protein quality and quantities, however, fingerlings fed on soybean containing diets excreted significantly (P<0.05) low levels ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate, in comparison with the fingerlings fed on fishmeal based diets. Therefore, it is evident that supplementary diets with 40.25% crude protein is required for the optimum growth for the magur, Clarias batrachus fingerlings and live feed is best for the fry of C.batrachus.ThesisItem Open Access Some ectoparasitic diseases in fresh water ornamental fish species(CCSHAU, 2008) Sunita Rani; Yadava, N.K.Parasitic diseases are infectious extoparasitic diseases caused by the parasites. A survey on some ectoparasitic disease in fresh water ornamental fish species was carried out at various shops of New Delhi. Saidpur fish aquarium House, Karnal, Department of Fisheries, Government of Haryana and at three aquarium shops of Hisar, four residential and office areas. The studies revealed that the level of infection of various ectoparasitic diseases were correlated with hydrobiological parameters were they related. They affect the fish directly or indirectly “Lernaeosis” infection was found in Gold fish, whereas “White spot” disease was found in Gold fish and Black moor. The correlation between hydro-biological parameters and per cent infected fish clearly showed that temperature, pH, DO and turbidity factors were negatively xvi correlated with per cent of infected fish, whereas total alkalinity, total hardness and free CO2 were positively correlated with per cent of infected fish. The studies showed that for the treatment of “Lerneaeosis” and “white spot” disease a combination of methylene blue + potassium permanagate; methylene blue + malachite green; copper sulphate + malachite green and formaline + malachite green was given to the infected fish at laboratory level, then 100 per cent recovery was observed in the infected fish. When sodium chloride was used alone for the treatment of infected fish then 100 per cent recovery was observed but recovery takes more time.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the breeding behaviour of guppy fish, poecilia reticulata (Peters), under laboratory conditions(CCSHAU, 2009) Godara, Sunita; Yadava, N. K.Guppy (Poecilia reticulata (Peters)) is an important ornamental aquarium fish. Courtship behaviour of this fish has been of interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. This is a cannibalistic fish which creates problems in keeping this fish in the aquaria. The adult guppy fishes were procured from the local market. These fishes were put in an aquarium of 24” ×12”×12” size, having filled with pond water. The fishes were fed on natural food @ 800-1000 zooplankton per aquarium on alternate days and artificial food (Toya Fish Food) @ 1g per aquarium twice a day was given. These feed levels kept the hydrological factors at optimum range. The aquarium was provided with water plants like Hydrilla and Ceratophyllum to give shelter to the new born. The latter were segregated each day and then transferred to other culture tanks as explained above to avoid predation by the adult fishes. The length and weight of the growing male and female fishes fed on above mentioned feed was monitored at different ages. The age specific size of the fishes was then determined. Mature males and females in different ratios were taken in the experimental aquarium and their behavioural displays towards each other were recorded in large number of trials and comparisons were made. The observations on female and male mate choices as influenced by the size, color and number of opposite sex and reproductive stages were recorded. The time budget of males and females of different ages and reproductive stages, and in different sex ratios were also recorded. The effect of previous feeding levels on the future time budgets of males was also studied. In breeding experiments, effect of different sex ratios (female: male) on the fecundity of female guppy fish was recorded. Likewise, effect of four protection designs on the gestation period and fecundity of female, and survival of young guppy fish were determined. Guppy fish raised on the recommended food source showed proportionate body growth with age. The anal fin in 8 weeks old males (2.5 cm) developed in to gonopodium and in 12 weeks old males (3.0 cm) gonopodium hood was developed. At this age/size, the males were considered to be capable of mating, although it was not certain whether sperms were available or not in such males. Males showed sigmoid displays and sneaky mating attempts where as females showed approach and fleeing behavior. In 1: 1 female: male ratio, all the males showed sigmoid displays only, and none showed sneaky mating attempts. However, when the males of different ages/sizes competed for the mate, they showed both kinds of displays; the frequency of sneaky display/ attempt was lower than the sigmoid display. It was further indicated that males of 3.5 cm length were sexually mature to attract the virgin females for mating, and female of guppy fish preferred large males for mating over the smaller ones and orange males over the dull coloured males. The female of guppy fish were found to copy the mate choice behaviour of other female in competition. Like female guppy fish, the males also had distinct choice for females of large size and a reproductive stage. The males showed maximal preference for mature virgin and bearer-unmated females. When two males compete for a virgin or bearer-unmated female, the first male showed, in majority of the cases, sigmoid display whereas second male in majority cases resorted to sneaky mating attempts. The same trend was followed in case of females with other reproductive stages. Young males of guppy fish (up to 4 weeks old) spent most of their time in feeding, which was reduced gradually with the age (size) of the fish. When a virgin mature female was provided to a male, the young males engaged mostly in feeding whereas mature males engaged in the pursuit of females. When multiple females were provided to a male, the latter involved more and more in the chasing of females. The present feeding level of the males also influenced the future feeding and courtship behaviour of the males. Female fishes in all the reproductive stages, if kept alone, spent most of their time in feeding. Presence of males severely influenced the time budget of female guppy fishes. Variation in sex ratio was found to influence the fecundity in female guppy fish. An optimum 1: 3 sex-ratio resulted into maximum fecundity in the females of this fish. All the female showed almost equal gestation period before giving birth to the young ones (range 21-25 days). The fecundity, though could not reach at optimum level as realized in previous experiment, yet it was uniform (about 58) in all the four types of aquaria. The survival of young fry and young fishes in aquarium design-II was significantly higher than those in other three aquarium designs.