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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of manually operated ridge vegetable planter(2016) Vinod Kumar; Vijaya RaniIndia is second largest producer of vegetables with vegetable production of 121.02 million tonne contributing 10.65% of world’s total vegetable production next only to China and it occupies first position in okra production. At this level of vegetable production, sowing or planting operations are one of the least mechanized operations in vegetable production. The availability of agricultural labourers and lower wages for agricultural labourer worsen the problem. Power operated planters pose limits on precision and control with which planting operation can be performed while keeping them affordable. Also, manual method of seed planting results in irregular seed to seed spacing and poor depth control of seed placement in addition to fatigue. Thus this study was undertaken to design, develop and evaluate a manually operated ridge vegetable planter. The manual ridge vegetable planter consisted of seed metering mechanism–a plastic (ABS) seed roller having the Anjul cells on its periphery, main frame, speed reduction unit, handle, seed tube and tyne. Roller tyres were mounted on two forks which were attached to the main frame. Seed metering mechanism received power from rear roller tyre. Seed tube with conical seed capturing funnel were provided to guide seed to the boot of tyne. Tyne was mounted on tyne bolt for intra-row spacing adjustment. At forward speed of travel 1.60 kmh–1, and at optimum 7 mm cell and 1.40 kmh–1 peripheral speed of seed roller, it was evaluated for okra planting. There was no seed damage caused by the planter. Effective field capacity of the planter was 0.046 hah–1 with field efficiency of 86.79%. No missing and multiple index was observed. The draft requirement of the planter was 4.4 kgf. Planting of okra seeds by developed planter resulted into net saving of Rs. 813 per hectare. The payback period and benefit cost ratio of the planter was 2.01 years and 1.56, respectively. The labour requirements with the developed planter was 21.73 man-hours per hectare saving 51.1% time of planting in one hectare area in comparisons to manual dibbling.ThesisItem Open Access Design, development and testing of modular metering mechanism for multi crop planter(CCSHAU, 2012) Chaudhary, Pooja; Bansal, N. K.India will have to produce 300 million tonnes of food grains to feed her 1.19 billion populations. Sowing technique is most important operation performed in agriculture because production mainly depends upon field emergence and initial crop establishment. Presently, different sowing machines are used for various crops like Bt. cotton planter, zero till machine for wheat and DSR machine for direct seeding of rice and it is not possible for a farmer to have different machines for sowing different crops. Therefore, tractor drawn multi-crop planter was designed, developed and evaluated having provision of sowing all major cereal crops, pulses and oilseeds at desired row to row as well as seed to seed spacing especially for paddy by direct seeding technique and Bt. Cotton. The developed ground wheel was of 380 mm diameter having provision of chain sprocket arrangement of power transmission through a designed gear box with varying speed ratio of 1.6 to 4.5 times reduction from ground wheel to seed metering plate. The diameter of seed metering plate was 140 mm with varying number of cells and cell size to suit recommended spacing of major crops. The speed reduction of ground wheel to fertilizer metering shaft is 2.3:1. The fertilizer hopper has inclinations for accomplishing easy emptying and better utilization of fertilizer from hopper to fertilizer box having vertical roller discs with eight cells in each disc. The two depth control levers and separate seed hopper and seed metering mechanism/attachment with six vertical roller discs having 8 cells each was provided for small seeded crops. The performance evaluation of developed prototype was carried out under field condition for Bt. cotton and direct seeding of rice. The effective field capacity of machine for both crops was 0.50 ha h-1 and 0.45ha h-1 respectively at an average forward speed of 3 km h-1 with time lost in turning of prototype 35 sec/turn and the corresponding field efficiencies were 61 per cent and 83 per cent respectively. The field emergence (No. of plants /10m furrow length) observed in Bt. cotton planter was 12-21 plants (7days after planting), 18-30 plants (15 days after planting) and 20-28 plants (21days after planting) in Bt. cotton crop whereas field emergence of 125-140, 135-155 and 140-150 plants 7DAS, 15DAS and 21DAS was recorded in DSR crop. The distribution of plants in row and crop response at field indicated that mean plant spacing observed was 48 cm and 10 cm with a quality of feeding index 77 per cent and 78 per cent respectively for Bt. cotton and DSR crop. The missing index and multiplying index recorded in Bt. cotton were 15% and 8% respectively, while, 16% and 6 % in DSR crop. The precision in spacing observed was 6.3 percent and 7.08 per cent in Bt. cotton and DSR respectively. The average plant height recorded 21 DAS in Bt. cotton and DSR was 15 cm and 13 cm respectively. The cost of operation calculated for Bt. cotton and DSR crop was Rs ha-1 700 and Rs ha-1 777 respectively.ThesisItem Unknown Optimization of machine crop parameters for harvesting of scented and non- scented paddy varieties by head feed combine(CCSHAU, 2016) Ingole, Omprakash Avdhut; Anil KumarPaddy is one of the most important crop for food security in India, contributing significantly towards providing food and livelihood for 130 million people. The area under paddy cultivation in India is around 44 million ha with production of 105 million tones in 2014 (Anonymous, 2015). The head feed combine (DSM 72) having loop type threshing mechanism was tested at Tohana in Fatehabad, Haryana for optimization of machine parameters viz., cylinder speed (14.42, 15.53 and 16.64 m s -1 ), forward speed (3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 km h -1 ) and crop parameter viz., grain moisture content (18.1 to 22.4 per cent) were studied in relation to threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency and total grain losses for scented and non-scented paddy varieties. Moisture content of 18.1 per cent, cylinder speed of 15.53 m s -1 and forward speed of 4.0 km h -1 was found optimum for harvesting of scented paddy variety Pusa – 1121 and CSR – 30. Moisture content of 18.1 per cent, cylinder speed of 16.64 m s -1 and forward speed of 4.5 km h -1 was found optimum for harvesting of non scented paddy variety HKR - 127 and HKR - 47. Moisture content was the most important factor influencing threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency and total grain losses followed by cylinder speed and forward speed in all scented and non scented varieties. The average threshing efficiency varied from 99.76 to 99.81 per cent, whereas cleaning efficiency varied from 99.14 to 99.16 per cent in scented paddy varieties. The average threshing efficiency varied 99.62 to 99.72 per cent, whereas cleaning efficiency varied from 98.95 to 99.14 per cent in non scented paddy varieties. The total losses varied from 1.43 to 1.64 per cent in scented and 1.34 to 1.45 per cent in non scented paddy varieties at optimum parameters. The cost of operation was Rs 2772 ha -1 and Rs 2625 ha -1 in scented and non scented paddy varieties, respectively at optimum parameters. The break-even point, pay back period and B:C ratio were found to be 340 and 603 hours, 3.22 and 5.71 years and 1.62 and 1.33 in scented and non scented paddy varieties, respectively. The head feed combine was found economical and viable in scented varieties. It was because of negligible breakage losses and less break- even point, resulted more beneficial for rice millers and farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of farm mechanization gaps and identification of farm machines to be developed alongwith their specifications in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2016) Naveen Kumar; S. MukeshA study was conducted to assess the level of mechanization and identification of farm machines required to be developed as per prevalent socio-agro-economic conditions in Haryana. The districts were arranged in the descending order of tractor density and divided in four homogeneous groups for selection of districts. The districts Karnal, Fatehabad, Bhiwani and Mewat were selected for survey. From these districts 10 villages were selected from each district and a total of 200 farmers of different farm size category were interviewed through a predesigned questionnaire. The results showed that percentage area irrigated in the districts Bhiwani, Fatehabad, Karnal and Mewat were 62.7, 98.37, 100 and 68.7, respectively. Cropping intensity in these four districts were 187, 200, 195 and 172 per cent, respectively. Out of 200 surveyed farmers, 5 per cent farmers had small size farm (upto 1 ha), 33 per cent had semi-medium (1-4 ha), 43.5 per cent farmers belonged to medium (4-10 ha) size and 18.5 per cent farmers had large size farm (more than 10 ha). Amongst the farmers of the four surveyed districts, 18, 33 and 49 per cent have low, medium and high socioeconomic status. The overall adoption level of farm machinery in the crops paddy, wheat, cotton, mustard and cluster bean was 36.99, 53.35, 52.40, 61.44 and 61.53 per cent, respectively. The average farm power availability on the surveyed farms in Haryana was found to be 5.5 kW/ha. In the surveyed farms of the districts Karnal, Fatehabad, Bhiwani and Mewat farm power availability has been found to be 5.4, 6.2, 5.1 and 5.3 kW/ha, respectively. Out of 200 farmers, majority of farmers (46.8 %) had 30-50 HP range tractors. Farmers having tractor of above 50 HP and below 30 HP range were 36.5 and 16.7 per cent, respectively. It was observed that productivity has a positive correlation with the mechanization level. The mechanization gaps were present in paddy, sugarcane, interculturing and harvesting of cotton, mustard, cluster bean and vegetable crops. Wheat was the highest mechanized crop in Haryana. The farm machines required to be developed were identified and specifications were finalized.ThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of sowing machine for wheat under relay cotton(CCSHAU, 2016) Saini, Karan; Bansal, N.K.Cottonñ wheat is the second most impo r tant cropping sy stem af ter riceñwheat in India. The re are pockets of Cottonñ wheat sy stems in Madhy a Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharas htra states of India. The optimum time of sowing of wheat in the region is between the four th week of Oct ober and the second week of November , and delay in its sowing causes marked reduction in y ield. Sowing wheat af ter 20th November in this region reduces the productivity at the rate of 1.0-1.5 % per day (Nas rullah et. al. 2010), reducing average y ield af ter cotton by 0.5 t ha -1 . Cotton being a cas h crop, its early picking for timely sowing of wheat seems impossible. Planting of wheat af ter cotton harvest is ge nerally dela y ed by about one mo nth beyond the optimum date because of late picking of cotton and subsequent tillage and f ield operations prior to wheat planting. Delay in sowing of wheat without disturbing our cas h c rop can be avoided by relay ing in standing cotton at optimum sowing time with optimum seeding rate. Thus, this study was unde r taken to develop a mac hine for relay sowing of wheat in standing cotton and evaluate the pe r formance of the machine with that of broadcasting method of sowing wheat in standing cotton and conventio nal practice of sowing wheat af ter cotton harvest. The ef fective f ield capacity of devel oped machine was 0.12 ha h -1 with average forward speed of 1.73 km h -1 . The cost of operatio n of developed machine was Rs. 1898.75/ha with a benef it ñ cost ratio of 2.19. The biological y ield of wheat was observed lower by using developed mac hine for relay sowing of wheat in s tanding cotton when compared with that of conventional practice. The grain y ield was found almost similar when compared with that of conventional practice. The devel oped machine for relay sowing of wheat in cotton was found suitable but economical advantage in terms of increase in y ield (timely sown) was not observed. However , the re was net s aving in the cost of operation (Rs. 2460/ha) with the use of developed machine in comparison to that of conventional practice. This technology may be more suitable and prof itable if the re is remarkable tempe rature dif ference during the eme rge nce period of timely sown and late sown wheat. For this , long te rm expe r ime nts need to be conducted. Further ref ineme nts need to be incorpo rated under the conditio ns of high population of cotton c rop, weeds and high moisture conte nt. The re is also need to conduct its feasibility and adoption by providing two suppor ting wheel (casto r wheel) for the proper balanc ing of machine during operation.ThesisItem Open Access Occupational hazards among women labourer in construction industry(CCSHAU, 2015) Yadav, Garima; Singh, KiranIn India, the construction industry is the second largest industry which provide employment after agriculture. In construction industry most of the materials and equipment’s are handled manually by the women construction labourer usually in ergonomically hazardous postures. The awkward posture while performing head load activity can develop musculoskeletal disorders. The present study was conducted on the construction women labourer to indicate the work complexity in the actual field and occupational hazards. The present study was conducted in three phase. In phase I, work profile and occupational hazards was assessed among fifty women labourer engaged in residential and commercial sites each from Hisar and Gurgaon District respectively with the help of interview schedule. In phase II, ergonomical assessment of30 women labourer of 20-40 years of age engaged in head load (cement mixture) carrying activity was evaluated for their WMSDs. In phase III, plastic gloves and head load manager developed by Mrunalini, 2011 was given as an ergo solution for its feasibility testing in reducing the WMSDs. Results revealed that majority of the respondents were illiterate (93%) and hailed from Madhya Pradesh (45%). Majority of the respondents (71%) were employed on the temporary basis. And were having no facility for toilet (72%) and medical (77%) as well. About half of them received drinking water facility (50%). Head load carrying activity (74%) was carried out by maximum women labourer followed by breaking bricks (14%) and cleaning activity (12%). About two-third of respondents lifted load by bending their back whereas only 28 percent of them lifted the load by bending their knees. After carrying the head load, highly significant increase was observed in pulse rate (27.9 b.min -1 ), heart rate (HR) (32.7 b.min -1 ), energy expenditure (EE) (6.4 kJ.min -1 ). Oxygen uptake volume of respondents were found to be decreased after the work. It was calculated that pre value was found to be non-significant to post value of lung function capacity. On the basis of RPE, load carrying was perceived as moderately heavy activity (3.7) followed by load lifting also moderately heavy activity (3.4) and load landing wasperceived as very light activity (2.1). Grip strength of right hand (19.7%) as well as left hand (15.4%) was reduced after performing the activity. Deviation was 2.7 percent in spinal angle in terms of lumbar region (exterior posterior) and cervical region by 3. 1 percent (anterior posterior) was observed during carrying the load on head. REBA and VAD indicated that load carrying stage was observed to be more critical in comparison to load lifting and load landing. Hence, high risk was involved in the adopted posture and needed an immediate correction in the posture. BPDS in carrying head load was highest in the head (4.2), lower back (4.2), neck (3.9), shoulders and buttocks (3.7 each) and upper back (3.6).The average temperature was 34.8 0 C and the average level of humidity was 47 percent which depicted that women labourer had to work in dry and hot environment. The average noise level was 90.8db which was not suited to human ear. Plastic gloves were acceptable in work output and field acceptability. There is need to modify the plastic gloves. Head load manager was not acceptable by the women labourer as it was difficult to handle while carrying heavy load on the head and hence needed modifications.ThesisItem Unknown Design, development and evaluation of carrot digger(CCSHAU, 2015) Naresh; Vijaya RaniIndia is the second largest producer of vegetables next to China. India ranks 14th in production of carrot (Dacus Carota L.), among more than 125 countries those cultivating this vegetable. The major carrot growing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. In India, the cultivated area of carrot in 2013-14 was 62.41 thousand ha with production of 1073.71 thousand tonnes and in Haryana, it was 17.86 thousand ha with production of 276.81 thousand tonnes. Harvesting is a most critical operation in carrot cultivation because it requires 350 – 450 manhours for digging and pulling out one hectare area which is very costly, tedious and time consuming for farmers. Thus, this study was undertaken to design, develop and evaluate a tractor operated carrot digger. The carrot digger consisted of digging unit, conveying unit, de-topping unit, collecting unit, main frame and power transmission system. The forward speed was taken constant, 0.75 m s-1. Power was transmitted from tractor PTO to conveying and de-topping unit through chain sprocket system, universal shafts, gear box and bevel gears. The overall transmission ratio was 3.6. The transmission ratio of gear box and bevel gears was 1.8 and 2, respectively. Sweep type blade was used for digging the carrots and two triple pitch roller chains rotating in opposite direction were used to catch the leaves of carrots digged by the blade. De-topping of carrots was done by the two serrated discs rotating in opposite direction, provided below the conveying unit. Crates were used for colleting the de–topped carrots. It was evaluated under the operating parameters: three blade angle (150, 180, 210), three conveyor angle (250, 350, 450) and three catch height (2, 4, 6 cm). The optimum parameters obtained for carrot digger were blade angle 210, conveyor angle 250 and catch height 2 cm. The digging efficiency, cut carrots, bruised carrots, picking efficiency and cutting efficiency of de-topping unit were 100 %, 0.62 %, 0.90 %, 61.56 % and 100 %, respectively. Effective field capacity of the digger was 0.11 ha h-1 with field efficiency of 61.70 %. The through output capacity was 1750 kg h-1. The labour requirement in man-h ha-1 with digger and manual harvesting was 27.27 and 450, respectively. The cost of operation was Rs 8241.82 ha-1 with John Deree 5204 tractor. The draft recorded was 570 kgf. It can be operated with 35 horse power tractor. It saved time and cost of operation 63.36 and 94 per cent, respectively in comparison to manual method of harvesting. The break-even point was146.5 hours, this was 36.63 % of the annual utility. The payback period was 2.21 years. The benefit cost ratio was 1.56.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of weeders in cotton(CCSHAU, 2014) Mor, Aman; Bansal, N.K.The performance of different types of weeder was evaluated so that the farmers can make a decision while purchasing the weeder of good quality. The present study was carried out to predict the performance of tractor operated and engine operated inter row rotary weeder and it was compared with traditionally used tractor drawn high clearance cultivator and manual hand hoe (Kasola). The crop and machine performance parameter were recorded at three stages of cotton crop i.e. pre-square, square and flowering. The soil resistance was recorded before, just after weeding (3rd stage) and at the time of harvest. The plant height, canopy of plant & weeding efficiency were recorded at three stages i.e. pre-square, square and flowering. Yield data (g/plant) was recorded under all the treatments taken in both varieties. The weeding efficiency with the use of tractor operated weeders was obtained up to the level of 74 to 76 per cent whereas it was 85.5 to 89.59 per cent with manual hand hoe. There was a significant difference in plant height at square and flowering stage whereas the canopy of plant was significant only at flowering stage. There was no significant effect on bolls per plant and lint yield per plant with the use of mechanical weeder. The field capacity of tractor operated inter row rotary weeder was in the range of 0.54 to 0.59 ha/h whereas it was 0.8 ha/h in tractor operated high clearance cultivator, 0.16 ha/h with engine operated power weeder and 0.05 ha/h with manual hand hoe. The per cent saving in cost of operation with mechanical weeder over manual hand hoe was in the range of 80 to 93. The B:C ratio of mechanical weeder selected for study was in the range of 1.57 to 4.4 and payback period was in the range of 0.44 to 1.7 years. Time saving over manual hand hoe in weeding operation with the use of tractor operated weeder was 90 to 93 per cent whereas in engine operated weeder it was 68.7 per cent over manual hand hoe. The per cent saving in labour requirement with the use of mechanical weeder was in the range of 96 to 99 per cent over manual hand hoe. The pulse rate after weeding operation in all the treatment were in the range of 104 to122 beats/min whereas the blood pressure was slightly higher with the use of engine operated power weeder (142/90) and manual hand hoe (135/88). Based on study the tractor operated inter row rotary weeder (Make, M2) is recommended.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of water application attachment in seed drill for dryland farming(CCSHAU, 2014) Verma, Kanishk; Vijaya RaniIn India around 75% of area i.e. 108 million hectares is rainfed of total 143 million hectares of arable land. Whereas, in Haryana out of 44.02 lac ha geographical area, 35.65 lac ha is a cultivable land with 8.25 lac ha is rainfed which is about 19 % of the total area. Dry lands contribute 42% of the total food grain production of the country. These areas produce 75% of pulses and more than 90% of sorghum, millet, groundnut from arid and semi-arid regions. Due to dependency on rains the sowing is often delayed in dryland area which substantially reduces the yield of crop upto 35 %. A water application attachment seed drill was designed at COAE&T CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar which provides water to seeds at time of sowing and help farmer to sow seed timely. The machine was tested and evaluated at CCS Haryana Agricultural University Farm. The performance was compared with ridger seeder, seed drill and hand plough. The effective field capacity of water application attachment on seed drill was observed 0.47 ha h-1 at average operating speed of 3.6 km hr-1. The field efficiency calculated was 73%. The water application rate of water application attachment on seed drill was fixed at 3000 l ha-1. Seed emergence per cent in water application attachment on seed drill was 8% higher than ridger seeder, 27% higher than hand plough and 16 % higher than seed drill. Number of plants per meter row length by water application attachment on seed drill was 13 %, 22 % and 18 % higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Number of pods per plant in water application attachment on seed drill was 8%, 11 % and 12.5% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. 1000 seed weight by water application attachment on seed drill was 2% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Yield in water application attachment on seed drill was 15%, 24% and 27% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Thus the water application attachment seed drill may be used by farmer of dryland for timely sowing of crop and increase in production may be achieved.