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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study of performance parameters of combine harvesters(CCSHAU, 2010) Dinesh Kumar; Bansal, N.K.The investigation was carried out on the comparative study of performance parameters of combine-harvesters. The main objectives of the study were to compare the existing engine performance data with the results obtained from the test report released by testing institutes and to study the extent of labor, fuel and cost involved in testing the engine. Kirloskar engine (Model 6R-1080) used in three different makes of combine harvesters, was tested three times with combines at NRFMT&TI (Hisar) during different years. Although this model of engine was already tested at A.R.A.I.(Pune) as per the BIS codes. The average mean values of engine performance data, tested at NRFMT&TI (Hisar) were compared with the engine performance obtained at A.R.A.I. (Pune). Ashok Leyland engine (Model ALU-400) used in 22 different makes of combine harvesters was tested 22 times with combines at NRFMT&TI (Hisar) in different years. The testing performances of Ashok Leyland engines used in 22 different combines were compared on the basis of mean values of performance data. Four testing performance parameters of engine viz. power (kW), torque (N-m), fuel consumption (l/h) and specific fuel consumption (g/kW-h) were selected to compare the engine performance, as given in the engine test report of the combine harvester. Mean values of all the performance parameters in Kirloskar engines (Model 6R 1080) obtained under varying speed and varying loads in different testing institutes were similar. The percentages of variations in all the testing parameters were found to be very low in varying speed and varying load test. There was no significant effect on performance parameters of the engine tested during different periods and different testing institutes. So, there was unnecessary expenditure in conducting testing of Kirloskar engines (Model 6R 1080) again at combine testing institute with no fruitful contribution to the results already obtained at A.R.A.I.(Pune). Performance of all testing parameters in Ashok Leyland engines (Model ALU-400) obtained under varying speed and varying load tests were also similar. There was no significant effect on engine performance parameters in varying speed and varying load tests in engines tested during different periods, at NRFMT&TI (HISAR). Performance of all the testing parameters in Ashok Leyland engines (Model ALU-400) obtained in maximum power test and five hours rating test were similar. The percentages of variations in all the performance parameters were found to be very low in maximum power test and five hours rating test. There was non-significant difference in engine performance parameters under maximum power test and five hours rating test of engine tested during different periods, at NRFMT&TI (HISAR). Total cost of complete testing of engine of combine harvester, at NRFMT&TI (Hisar) observed was Rs. 1.38 lacs. Retesting of Kirloskar and Ashok Leyland engines used on combine harvesters, resulted in extra expenditure of Rs.1.38 lacs on testing and also unavoidable delays. Therefore this practice needs to be reviewed at the testing institute level to economize the cost of combine testing. Retesting of engines of combines at testing institutes may be discontinued to save time, labor, energy and money.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of bed planter for intercropping in castor(CCSHAU, 2011) Ajit Singh; Vijaya RaniIn India, the area and production of castor is 0.74 million hectares and 0.93 million tonnes, respectively. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is most important oilseed crop of India due to the fact that its oil has diversified uses and has great value in foreign trade. The intercropping in castor is carried out on flat bed. Firstly, castor is sown manually or by pora method and the other pulse crops of short duration are inter-sowed by seed drill. The process of sowing castor which is done manually or by animals drawn sowing plough is very tedious and time consuming. Thus, there was a need to evaluate the feasibility of raised bed system for intercropping of pulse crop in castor over existing practice of intercropping. The different physical properties of the castor seed were determined for dry seed (5.9 %), seed soaked for 6 hours (25.8 %) and seed soaked and 12 hours (32.8 %). The average length, average width and average thickness were found to increase with increased moisture content. The values for spherecity and roundness were not close to 100 % and hence seed shape could be considered oval. The gravimetric properties of the castor seed as 1000 seed weight, single seed volume and bulk density increased as soaking hours increased from 0 to 12 hours. True density and porosity increased for first 6 hrs of soaking and then the values decreased when the hours of soaking further increased form 6 to 12 hours. The effective field capacity of planter was 0.50 ha h-1at average operating speed of 3.9 km h-1. The missing index, multiplying index and quality of feed index recorded for bed planter were 10.71 %, 1.19 % and 88.10%, respectively. Payback period of bed planter and seed drill were calculated were 1.51 and 0.58 year. Break-even points in hr per year were 44.75 and 25.85 in case of bed planter and seed drill. The plant stand obtained after 21days of sowing was higher for raised bed than flat bed by 24.33%, 23.33% and 24.33 % for castor intercropped with green gram, moth bean and cluster bean. Significant difference was obtained for plant height at 30, 45, 60 days and at primary spike for castor crop. The plant height was more for raised bed intercropping than flat bed intercropping for both castor and pulse crop. Number of capsules/spike, number of pods/plant, length of spike and length of pod were also higher for the raised bed intercropping than flat bed intercropping. Thousand grain and seed weight for pulse and castor obtained was higher for castor crop and for pulse crop on raised bed than flat bed. The yield (q ha-1) for pulse and castor obtained was 31.33 %, 29.77 % and 30.43 % higher for castor crop and 4.51 %, 5.2 % and 6.27 % for pulse crop, respectively on raised bed than flat bed.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance evaluation of mechanical transplanting and direct seeding of rice under puddle and unpuddle conditions(CCSHAU, 2011) Rakesh Kumar; Bansal, N.K.Rice is a major crop that is grown in more than 110 countries. The total area planted under rice in India is 44.0 million hectares which is largest in the world against a total area of 156.6 million hectares. The total rice production in the world was 650.19 million tonnes out of which 141.13 million tonnes were produced in India. The average yield of rice in India is 3.20 tonnes/hectare. The lowest yield of (29.75 q. /ha) was obtained in Zero till-mechanical transplanting (T4) and the maximum yield (32.67 q./ha) was obtained in Unpuddle-mechanical transplanting (T5.). Economic of rice cultivation under different crop establishment techniques is presented in the Table 4.6. The rental value of the land is assumed to remain the same offset the price fluctuation. The gross returns of T4 and T2 (Zero till-direct seeded rice without residues) were found less as compared to other treatments. The lowest and highest net returns were found to be Rs.5314 (T7) and Rs.16090 (T3) with per hectare, respectively. The height benefit cost ratio was obtained as 1.27 and 1.30 for T2 and T3, respectively. The lowest benefit cost ratio was obtained as 1.08 and 1.16 for T7 and T4, respectively. A comparison between transplanting treatments T4 & T5 (unpuddled field) and T6 & T7 (puddle field) clearly shows that any attempt to switch from the irrigating practice of transplanting under puddle conditions to transplanting under unpuddled conditions will require additional water applications i.e., the water applied in transplanted treatments with unpuddled field was more than 20 cm than that applied under puddled field conditions. It is also important to note that the fields of study were historically under puddle transplanted conditions. It is assumed that there may be slight effect of previous years puddling on the infiltration rate of the soil. Consequently, the water required for unpuddled field is expected to be even more than what was observed under this study.ThesisItem Open Access Design, development and testing of modular metering mechanism for multi crop planter(CCSHAU, 2012) Chaudhary, Pooja; Bansal, N. K.India will have to produce 300 million tonnes of food grains to feed her 1.19 billion populations. Sowing technique is most important operation performed in agriculture because production mainly depends upon field emergence and initial crop establishment. Presently, different sowing machines are used for various crops like Bt. cotton planter, zero till machine for wheat and DSR machine for direct seeding of rice and it is not possible for a farmer to have different machines for sowing different crops. Therefore, tractor drawn multi-crop planter was designed, developed and evaluated having provision of sowing all major cereal crops, pulses and oilseeds at desired row to row as well as seed to seed spacing especially for paddy by direct seeding technique and Bt. Cotton. The developed ground wheel was of 380 mm diameter having provision of chain sprocket arrangement of power transmission through a designed gear box with varying speed ratio of 1.6 to 4.5 times reduction from ground wheel to seed metering plate. The diameter of seed metering plate was 140 mm with varying number of cells and cell size to suit recommended spacing of major crops. The speed reduction of ground wheel to fertilizer metering shaft is 2.3:1. The fertilizer hopper has inclinations for accomplishing easy emptying and better utilization of fertilizer from hopper to fertilizer box having vertical roller discs with eight cells in each disc. The two depth control levers and separate seed hopper and seed metering mechanism/attachment with six vertical roller discs having 8 cells each was provided for small seeded crops. The performance evaluation of developed prototype was carried out under field condition for Bt. cotton and direct seeding of rice. The effective field capacity of machine for both crops was 0.50 ha h-1 and 0.45ha h-1 respectively at an average forward speed of 3 km h-1 with time lost in turning of prototype 35 sec/turn and the corresponding field efficiencies were 61 per cent and 83 per cent respectively. The field emergence (No. of plants /10m furrow length) observed in Bt. cotton planter was 12-21 plants (7days after planting), 18-30 plants (15 days after planting) and 20-28 plants (21days after planting) in Bt. cotton crop whereas field emergence of 125-140, 135-155 and 140-150 plants 7DAS, 15DAS and 21DAS was recorded in DSR crop. The distribution of plants in row and crop response at field indicated that mean plant spacing observed was 48 cm and 10 cm with a quality of feeding index 77 per cent and 78 per cent respectively for Bt. cotton and DSR crop. The missing index and multiplying index recorded in Bt. cotton were 15% and 8% respectively, while, 16% and 6 % in DSR crop. The precision in spacing observed was 6.3 percent and 7.08 per cent in Bt. cotton and DSR respectively. The average plant height recorded 21 DAS in Bt. cotton and DSR was 15 cm and 13 cm respectively. The cost of operation calculated for Bt. cotton and DSR crop was Rs ha-1 700 and Rs ha-1 777 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of weeders in cotton(CCSHAU, 2014) Mor, Aman; Bansal, N.K.The performance of different types of weeder was evaluated so that the farmers can make a decision while purchasing the weeder of good quality. The present study was carried out to predict the performance of tractor operated and engine operated inter row rotary weeder and it was compared with traditionally used tractor drawn high clearance cultivator and manual hand hoe (Kasola). The crop and machine performance parameter were recorded at three stages of cotton crop i.e. pre-square, square and flowering. The soil resistance was recorded before, just after weeding (3rd stage) and at the time of harvest. The plant height, canopy of plant & weeding efficiency were recorded at three stages i.e. pre-square, square and flowering. Yield data (g/plant) was recorded under all the treatments taken in both varieties. The weeding efficiency with the use of tractor operated weeders was obtained up to the level of 74 to 76 per cent whereas it was 85.5 to 89.59 per cent with manual hand hoe. There was a significant difference in plant height at square and flowering stage whereas the canopy of plant was significant only at flowering stage. There was no significant effect on bolls per plant and lint yield per plant with the use of mechanical weeder. The field capacity of tractor operated inter row rotary weeder was in the range of 0.54 to 0.59 ha/h whereas it was 0.8 ha/h in tractor operated high clearance cultivator, 0.16 ha/h with engine operated power weeder and 0.05 ha/h with manual hand hoe. The per cent saving in cost of operation with mechanical weeder over manual hand hoe was in the range of 80 to 93. The B:C ratio of mechanical weeder selected for study was in the range of 1.57 to 4.4 and payback period was in the range of 0.44 to 1.7 years. Time saving over manual hand hoe in weeding operation with the use of tractor operated weeder was 90 to 93 per cent whereas in engine operated weeder it was 68.7 per cent over manual hand hoe. The per cent saving in labour requirement with the use of mechanical weeder was in the range of 96 to 99 per cent over manual hand hoe. The pulse rate after weeding operation in all the treatment were in the range of 104 to122 beats/min whereas the blood pressure was slightly higher with the use of engine operated power weeder (142/90) and manual hand hoe (135/88). Based on study the tractor operated inter row rotary weeder (Make, M2) is recommended.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of water application attachment in seed drill for dryland farming(CCSHAU, 2014) Verma, Kanishk; Vijaya RaniIn India around 75% of area i.e. 108 million hectares is rainfed of total 143 million hectares of arable land. Whereas, in Haryana out of 44.02 lac ha geographical area, 35.65 lac ha is a cultivable land with 8.25 lac ha is rainfed which is about 19 % of the total area. Dry lands contribute 42% of the total food grain production of the country. These areas produce 75% of pulses and more than 90% of sorghum, millet, groundnut from arid and semi-arid regions. Due to dependency on rains the sowing is often delayed in dryland area which substantially reduces the yield of crop upto 35 %. A water application attachment seed drill was designed at COAE&T CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar which provides water to seeds at time of sowing and help farmer to sow seed timely. The machine was tested and evaluated at CCS Haryana Agricultural University Farm. The performance was compared with ridger seeder, seed drill and hand plough. The effective field capacity of water application attachment on seed drill was observed 0.47 ha h-1 at average operating speed of 3.6 km hr-1. The field efficiency calculated was 73%. The water application rate of water application attachment on seed drill was fixed at 3000 l ha-1. Seed emergence per cent in water application attachment on seed drill was 8% higher than ridger seeder, 27% higher than hand plough and 16 % higher than seed drill. Number of plants per meter row length by water application attachment on seed drill was 13 %, 22 % and 18 % higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Number of pods per plant in water application attachment on seed drill was 8%, 11 % and 12.5% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. 1000 seed weight by water application attachment on seed drill was 2% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Yield in water application attachment on seed drill was 15%, 24% and 27% higher than ridger seeder, hand plough and seed drill, respectively. Thus the water application attachment seed drill may be used by farmer of dryland for timely sowing of crop and increase in production may be achieved.ThesisItem Open Access Application of artificial neural network in prediction of tractor performance(CCSHAU, 2014) Karwasra, Nitin; Anil KumarPrediction of tractor performance can lead to simulation and optimization of tractor performance, allowing optimum setting of different parameters as well as enhancing decisionmaking of manufacturer in design of new tractor. In the present study was carried out to predict tractor drawbar and PTO performance. 20 input different parameters selected for both drawbar and PTO performance prediction. The data used as input to train the network is collected from 141 tractor test reports tested between 1997-2013 at Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute, Budni (M.P.). A Back propagation artificial neural network was developed using Neural Network Toolbox in Matlab software. Matrix of 1140x20 and 1140x1 was made as input and target values for drawbar prediction and 1704x20 and 1704x1 for PTO prediction in ANN. The optimum structure of neural network was determined by a trial and error method and 30 different structures were tried. For prediction of tractor drawbar performance the highest performance was obtained for the network with two hidden layer each having 35 neurons which employed Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. Regression coefficient and mse for this model is 0.994 and 1.284 respectively. For prediction of tractor PTO performance ANN model with 2 hidden layers having 40 and 35 neurons in first and second layer respectively gives highest performance. Regression coefficient and mse for this model is 0.996 and 1.080. Both the models are now ready to predict the tractor performance based on 20 input parameters.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of sugarcane trash chopper cum spreader(CCSHAU, 2013) Malik, Nadeem Ahmad; Anil KumarIn India sugarcane is an important commercial crop occupying about 4.4 million hectares of land with an annual sugarcane produce of 283 million tonnes. One of the biggest problems faced by the sugarcane growers is the disposal of trash. To overcome this problem the farmers usually burn sugarcane trash which causes harmful impact on the environment and leads to loss of nutrients. On the other hand, trash mulching has been found to be advantageous in increasing the soil fertility and conservation of soil moisture. However, the trash size in the field is of large size so it needs to be reduced in size to increasing the composting process. Keeping in view the above problems, a prototype of sugarcane trash chopper cum spreader was developed to chop the trash and spread it to the field uniformly. The dimensions of the prototype were 4100 mm x 1840 mm x 1910 mm. The machine was tested at five levels of moisture content viz. M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 having values 18.75%, 16.54%, 15.15%, 13.19% and 13.13% (db) respectively and four different velocities V1, V2, V3, V4 having corresponding values of 2.76, 2.8, 2.9 and 3.2 km h -1 . The maximum shredding capacity of the machine was found to be 4.31 t h -1 at moisture content of 13.13 % and forward speed of 2.9 km h -1 with maximum shredding efficiency of 90.4 per cent. The prototype chopped up sugarcane trash of about 4 to 12 cm length. The average field capacity of the machine was found out to be 0.40 ha/h with efficiency of 78.2 per cent. The uniformity of trash spreading varied from 0.90-0.95. The cost of operation of the machine was found to be Rs. 786/h. the B:C ration was 1.5 and payback period of the machine was 1.3 year if operated for 250 hours per year. The break-even point of machine was 17.7 ha.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of root crop digger(CCSHAU, 2012) Narender; Vijaya RaniIndia is world s largest producer of vegetables after China and contributes about 14% of world vegetable production in year 2010-2011. In vegetables, potato, onion and carrot are the important root crops. In Haryana, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is grown in an area of 0.03 million hectares and production is 0.59 million tonnes and onion (Allium Cepa L.) in an area of 0.022 million hectares with a production of 0.45 million tonnes and carrot in an area of 0.02 million hectares giving a production of 0.315 million tonnes. The harvesting of root crop is presently done manually in India which is very tedious and time consuming. Moreover, sometime labour problem arises during harvesting operation. Though there are diggers available for different crops independently, they are not much accepted by the farmers. Therefore, it was proposed to evaluate the root crop digger which was designed to dig different crops namely potato, onion, carrot, turmeric, garlic etc. Five parameters i.e. exposed, cut, undug, bruised crop and digging efficiency of digger were studied at three different forward speed and blade angle to evaluate the performance of root crop digger for potato, carrot and onion crop. The optimized value for performance of the root crop digger was at speed 2.3 km h-1 and blade angle 230 for potato, speed 2.2 km h-1 and the blade angle 230 for carrot and speed 3.2 km h-1 and the blade angle 170 for onion crop. The field capacity of root crop digger was 0.21, 0.18 and 0.25 ha h-1 in potato, carrot and onion crop, respectively. The field efficiency of the root crop digger was 65 %, 65 % and 80 % for potato, carrot and onion, respectively. The saving in cost of mechanical digging was found to be 8384 Rs ha-1, 7359 Rs ha-1 and 5615 Rs ha-1 for potato, carrot and onion, respectively in comparison to conventional method. The break-even point for root crop digger was 35.14 hour per year. The payback period of root crop digger was 0.24 year.